Search (9 results, page 1 of 1)

  • × theme_ss:"Theorie verbaler Dokumentationssprachen"
  • × theme_ss:"Wissensrepräsentation"
  1. Boteram, F.: Semantische Relationen in Dokumentationssprachen : vom Thesaurus zum semantischen Netz (2010) 0.03 
    0.026700988 = product of:
  0.10680395 = sum of:
    0.020441556 = weight(_text_:und in 4792) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
      0.020441556 = score(doc=4792,freq=12.0), product of:
        0.04868482 = queryWeight, product of:
          2.216367 = idf(docFreq=13101, maxDocs=44218)
          0.021966046 = queryNorm
        0.41987535 = fieldWeight in 4792, product of:
          3.4641016 = tf(freq=12.0), with freq of:
            12.0 = termFreq=12.0
          2.216367 = idf(docFreq=13101, maxDocs=44218)
          0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=4792)
    0.022566179 = weight(_text_:des in 4792) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
      0.022566179 = score(doc=4792,freq=6.0), product of:
        0.06083074 = queryWeight, product of:
          2.7693076 = idf(docFreq=7536, maxDocs=44218)
          0.021966046 = queryNorm
        0.3709667 = fieldWeight in 4792, product of:
          2.4494898 = tf(freq=6.0), with freq of:
            6.0 = termFreq=6.0
          2.7693076 = idf(docFreq=7536, maxDocs=44218)
          0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=4792)
    0.022427438 = weight(_text_:der in 4792) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
      0.022427438 = score(doc=4792,freq=14.0), product of:
        0.049067024 = queryWeight, product of:
          2.2337668 = idf(docFreq=12875, maxDocs=44218)
          0.021966046 = queryNorm
        0.4570776 = fieldWeight in 4792, product of:
          3.7416575 = tf(freq=14.0), with freq of:
            14.0 = termFreq=14.0
          2.2337668 = idf(docFreq=12875, maxDocs=44218)
          0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=4792)
    0.010510888 = product of:
      0.021021776 = sum of:
        0.021021776 = weight(_text_:29 in 4792) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.021021776 = score(doc=4792,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.07726968 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5176873 = idf(docFreq=3565, maxDocs=44218)
              0.021966046 = queryNorm
            0.27205724 = fieldWeight in 4792, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5176873 = idf(docFreq=3565, maxDocs=44218)
              0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=4792)
      0.5 = coord(1/2)
    0.020441556 = weight(_text_:und in 4792) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
      0.020441556 = score(doc=4792,freq=12.0), product of:
        0.04868482 = queryWeight, product of:
          2.216367 = idf(docFreq=13101, maxDocs=44218)
          0.021966046 = queryNorm
        0.41987535 = fieldWeight in 4792, product of:
          3.4641016 = tf(freq=12.0), with freq of:
            12.0 = termFreq=12.0
          2.216367 = idf(docFreq=13101, maxDocs=44218)
          0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=4792)
    0.010416336 = product of:
      0.020832673 = sum of:
        0.020832673 = weight(_text_:22 in 4792) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.020832673 = score(doc=4792,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.07692135 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
              0.021966046 = queryNorm
            0.2708308 = fieldWeight in 4792, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
              0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=4792)
      0.5 = coord(1/2)
  0.25 = coord(6/24)
    Abstract
    Moderne Verfahren des Information Retrieval verlangen nach aussagekräftigen und detailliert relationierten Dokumentationssprachen. Der selektive Transfer einzelner Modellierungsstrategien aus dem Bereich semantischer Technologien für die Gestaltung und Relationierung bestehender Dokumentationssprachen wird diskutiert. In Form einer Taxonomie wird ein hierarchisch strukturiertes Relationeninventar definiert, welches sowohl hinreichend allgemeine als auch zahlreiche spezifische Relationstypen enthält, die eine detaillierte und damit aussagekräftige Relationierung des Vokabulars ermöglichen. Das bringt einen Zugewinn an Übersichtlichkeit und Funktionalität. Im Gegensatz zu anderen Ansätzen und Überlegungen zur Schaffung von Relationeninventaren entwickelt der vorgestellte Vorschlag das Relationeninventar aus der Begriffsmenge eines bestehenden Gegenstandsbereichs heraus.
    Date
    2. 3.2013 12:29:05
    Series
    Fortschritte in der Wissensorganisation; Bd.11
    Source
    Wissensspeicher in digitalen Räumen: Nachhaltigkeit - Verfügbarkeit - semantische Interoperabilität. Proceedings der 11. Tagung der Deutschen Sektion der Internationalen Gesellschaft für Wissensorganisation, Konstanz, 20. bis 22. Februar 2008. Hrsg.: J. Sieglerschmidt u. H.P.Ohly
    Theme
    Konzeption und Anwendung des Prinzips Thesaurus
  2. Boteram, F.: Semantische Relationen in Dokumentationssprachen : vom Thesaurus zum semantischen Netz (2008) 0.01 
    0.014494911 = product of:
  0.086969465 = sum of:
    0.020441556 = weight(_text_:und in 2461) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
      0.020441556 = score(doc=2461,freq=12.0), product of:
        0.04868482 = queryWeight, product of:
          2.216367 = idf(docFreq=13101, maxDocs=44218)
          0.021966046 = queryNorm
        0.41987535 = fieldWeight in 2461, product of:
          3.4641016 = tf(freq=12.0), with freq of:
            12.0 = termFreq=12.0
          2.216367 = idf(docFreq=13101, maxDocs=44218)
          0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=2461)
    0.029132808 = weight(_text_:des in 2461) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
      0.029132808 = score(doc=2461,freq=10.0), product of:
        0.06083074 = queryWeight, product of:
          2.7693076 = idf(docFreq=7536, maxDocs=44218)
          0.021966046 = queryNorm
        0.4789159 = fieldWeight in 2461, product of:
          3.1622777 = tf(freq=10.0), with freq of:
            10.0 = termFreq=10.0
          2.7693076 = idf(docFreq=7536, maxDocs=44218)
          0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=2461)
    0.016953548 = weight(_text_:der in 2461) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
      0.016953548 = score(doc=2461,freq=8.0), product of:
        0.049067024 = queryWeight, product of:
          2.2337668 = idf(docFreq=12875, maxDocs=44218)
          0.021966046 = queryNorm
        0.34551817 = fieldWeight in 2461, product of:
          2.828427 = tf(freq=8.0), with freq of:
            8.0 = termFreq=8.0
          2.2337668 = idf(docFreq=12875, maxDocs=44218)
          0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=2461)
    0.020441556 = weight(_text_:und in 2461) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
      0.020441556 = score(doc=2461,freq=12.0), product of:
        0.04868482 = queryWeight, product of:
          2.216367 = idf(docFreq=13101, maxDocs=44218)
          0.021966046 = queryNorm
        0.41987535 = fieldWeight in 2461, product of:
          3.4641016 = tf(freq=12.0), with freq of:
            12.0 = termFreq=12.0
          2.216367 = idf(docFreq=13101, maxDocs=44218)
          0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=2461)
  0.16666667 = coord(4/24)
    Abstract
    Moderne Verfahren des Information Retrieval verlangen nach aussagekräftigen und detailliert relationierten Dokumentationssprachen. Der selektive Transfer einzelner Modellierungsstrategien aus dem Bereich semantischer Technologien für die Gestaltung und Relationierung bestehender Dokumentationssprachen wird diskutiert. Am Beispiel des Gegenstandsbereichs "Theater" der Schlagwortnormdatei wird ein hierarchisch strukturiertes Relationeninventar definiert, welches sowohl hinreichend allgemeine als auch zahlreiche spezifische Relationstypen enthält, welche eine detaillierte und damit funktionale Relationierung des Vokabulars ermöglichen. Die Relationierung des Gegenstandsbereichs wird als Ontologie im OWL-Format modelliert. Im Gegensatz zu anderen Ansätzen und Überlegungen zur Schaffung von Relationeninventaren entwickelt der vorgestellte Vorschlag das Relationeninventar aus der Begriffsmenge eines vorgegebenen Gegenstandsbereichs heraus. Das entwickelte Inventar wird als eine hierarchisch strukturierte Taxonomie gestaltet, was einen Zugewinn an Übersichtlichkeit und Funktionalität bringt.
    Theme
    Konzeption und Anwendung des Prinzips Thesaurus
  3. Boteram, F.: Semantische Relationen in Dokumentationssprachen : vom Thesaurus zum semantischen Netz (2008) 0.01 
    0.0136136 = product of:
  0.0816816 = sum of:
    0.020231893 = weight(_text_:und in 1837) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
      0.020231893 = score(doc=1837,freq=16.0), product of:
        0.04868482 = queryWeight, product of:
          2.216367 = idf(docFreq=13101, maxDocs=44218)
          0.021966046 = queryNorm
        0.41556883 = fieldWeight in 1837, product of:
          4.0 = tf(freq=16.0), with freq of:
            16.0 = termFreq=16.0
          2.216367 = idf(docFreq=13101, maxDocs=44218)
          0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=1837)
    0.024970978 = weight(_text_:des in 1837) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
      0.024970978 = score(doc=1837,freq=10.0), product of:
        0.06083074 = queryWeight, product of:
          2.7693076 = idf(docFreq=7536, maxDocs=44218)
          0.021966046 = queryNorm
        0.41049933 = fieldWeight in 1837, product of:
          3.1622777 = tf(freq=10.0), with freq of:
            10.0 = termFreq=10.0
          2.7693076 = idf(docFreq=7536, maxDocs=44218)
          0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=1837)
    0.016246837 = weight(_text_:der in 1837) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
      0.016246837 = score(doc=1837,freq=10.0), product of:
        0.049067024 = queryWeight, product of:
          2.2337668 = idf(docFreq=12875, maxDocs=44218)
          0.021966046 = queryNorm
        0.3311152 = fieldWeight in 1837, product of:
          3.1622777 = tf(freq=10.0), with freq of:
            10.0 = termFreq=10.0
          2.2337668 = idf(docFreq=12875, maxDocs=44218)
          0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=1837)
    0.020231893 = weight(_text_:und in 1837) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
      0.020231893 = score(doc=1837,freq=16.0), product of:
        0.04868482 = queryWeight, product of:
          2.216367 = idf(docFreq=13101, maxDocs=44218)
          0.021966046 = queryNorm
        0.41556883 = fieldWeight in 1837, product of:
          4.0 = tf(freq=16.0), with freq of:
            16.0 = termFreq=16.0
          2.216367 = idf(docFreq=13101, maxDocs=44218)
          0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=1837)
  0.16666667 = coord(4/24)
    Abstract
    Moderne Verfahren des Information Retrieval verlangen nach aussagekräftigen und detailliert relationierten Dokumentationssprachen. Der selektive Transfer einzelner Modellierungsstrategien aus dem Bereich semantischer Technologien für die Gestaltung und Relationierung bestehender Dokumentationssprachen wird diskutiert. Am Beispiel des Gegenstandsbereichs "Theater" der Schlagwortnormdatei wird ein hierarchisch strukturiertes Relationeninventar definiert, welches sowohl hinreichend allgemeine als auch zahlreiche spezifische Relationstypen enthält, welche eine detaillierte und damit funktionale Relationierung des Vokabulars ermöglichen. Die Relationierung des Gegenstandsbereichs wird als Ontologie im OWL-Format modelliert. Im Gegensatz zu anderen Ansätzen und Überlegungen zur Schaffung von Relationeninventaren entwickelt der vorgestellte Vorschlag das Relationeninventar aus der Begriffsmenge eines vorgegebenen Gegenstandsbereichs heraus. Das entwickelte Inventar wird als eine hierarchisch strukturierte Taxonomie gestaltet, was einen Zugewinn an Übersichtlichkeit und Funktionalität bringt.
    Footnote
    Überarb. Version der Diplomarbeit im Studiengang Bibliothekswesen
    Imprint
    Köln : Fachhochschule, Fakultät für Informations- und Kommunikationswissenschaften, Institut für Informationswissenschaft
    Series
    Kölner Arbeitspapiere zur Bibliotheks- und Informationswissenschaft; Bd. 54
    Theme
    Konzeption und Anwendung des Prinzips Thesaurus
  4. Mazzocchi, F.; Plini, P.: Refining thesaurus relational structure : implications and opportunities (2008) 0.01 
    0.011233545 = product of:
  0.053921018 = sum of:
    0.006274925 = product of:
      0.018824775 = sum of:
        0.018824775 = weight(_text_:p in 5448) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.018824775 = score(doc=5448,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.078979194 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5955126 = idf(docFreq=3298, maxDocs=44218)
              0.021966046 = queryNorm
            0.23835106 = fieldWeight in 5448, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5955126 = idf(docFreq=3298, maxDocs=44218)
              0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=5448)
      0.33333334 = coord(1/3)
    0.010115947 = weight(_text_:und in 5448) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
      0.010115947 = score(doc=5448,freq=4.0), product of:
        0.04868482 = queryWeight, product of:
          2.216367 = idf(docFreq=13101, maxDocs=44218)
          0.021966046 = queryNorm
        0.20778441 = fieldWeight in 5448, product of:
          2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
            4.0 = termFreq=4.0
          2.216367 = idf(docFreq=13101, maxDocs=44218)
          0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=5448)
    0.011167361 = weight(_text_:des in 5448) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
      0.011167361 = score(doc=5448,freq=2.0), product of:
        0.06083074 = queryWeight, product of:
          2.7693076 = idf(docFreq=7536, maxDocs=44218)
          0.021966046 = queryNorm
        0.18358089 = fieldWeight in 5448, product of:
          1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
            2.0 = termFreq=2.0
          2.7693076 = idf(docFreq=7536, maxDocs=44218)
          0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=5448)
    0.016246837 = weight(_text_:der in 5448) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
      0.016246837 = score(doc=5448,freq=10.0), product of:
        0.049067024 = queryWeight, product of:
          2.2337668 = idf(docFreq=12875, maxDocs=44218)
          0.021966046 = queryNorm
        0.3311152 = fieldWeight in 5448, product of:
          3.1622777 = tf(freq=10.0), with freq of:
            10.0 = termFreq=10.0
          2.2337668 = idf(docFreq=12875, maxDocs=44218)
          0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=5448)
    0.010115947 = weight(_text_:und in 5448) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
      0.010115947 = score(doc=5448,freq=4.0), product of:
        0.04868482 = queryWeight, product of:
          2.216367 = idf(docFreq=13101, maxDocs=44218)
          0.021966046 = queryNorm
        0.20778441 = fieldWeight in 5448, product of:
          2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
            4.0 = termFreq=4.0
          2.216367 = idf(docFreq=13101, maxDocs=44218)
          0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=5448)
  0.20833333 = coord(5/24)
    Series
    Fortschritte in der Wissensorganisation; Bd.10
    Source
    Kompatibilität, Medien und Ethik in der Wissensorganisation - Compatibility, Media and Ethics in Knowledge Organization: Proceedings der 10. Tagung der Deutschen Sektion der Internationalen Gesellschaft für Wissensorganisation Wien, 3.-5. Juli 2006 - Proceedings of the 10th Conference of the German Section of the International Society of Knowledge Organization Vienna, 3-5 July 2006. Ed.: H.P. Ohly, S. Netscher u. K. Mitgutsch
    Theme
    Konzeption und Anwendung des Prinzips Thesaurus
  5. Schmitz-Esser, W.: Formalizing terminology-based knowledge for an ontology independently of a particular language (2008) 0.00 
    0.0038191183 = product of:
  0.030552946 = sum of:
    0.0071530542 = weight(_text_:und in 1680) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
      0.0071530542 = score(doc=1680,freq=2.0), product of:
        0.04868482 = queryWeight, product of:
          2.216367 = idf(docFreq=13101, maxDocs=44218)
          0.021966046 = queryNorm
        0.14692576 = fieldWeight in 1680, product of:
          1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
            2.0 = termFreq=2.0
          2.216367 = idf(docFreq=13101, maxDocs=44218)
          0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=1680)
    0.016246837 = weight(_text_:der in 1680) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
      0.016246837 = score(doc=1680,freq=10.0), product of:
        0.049067024 = queryWeight, product of:
          2.2337668 = idf(docFreq=12875, maxDocs=44218)
          0.021966046 = queryNorm
        0.3311152 = fieldWeight in 1680, product of:
          3.1622777 = tf(freq=10.0), with freq of:
            10.0 = termFreq=10.0
          2.2337668 = idf(docFreq=12875, maxDocs=44218)
          0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=1680)
    0.0071530542 = weight(_text_:und in 1680) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
      0.0071530542 = score(doc=1680,freq=2.0), product of:
        0.04868482 = queryWeight, product of:
          2.216367 = idf(docFreq=13101, maxDocs=44218)
          0.021966046 = queryNorm
        0.14692576 = fieldWeight in 1680, product of:
          1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
            2.0 = termFreq=2.0
          2.216367 = idf(docFreq=13101, maxDocs=44218)
          0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=1680)
  0.125 = coord(3/24)
    Series
    Fortschritte in der Wissensorganisation; Bd.10
    Source
    Kompatibilität, Medien und Ethik in der Wissensorganisation - Compatibility, Media and Ethics in Knowledge Organization: Proceedings der 10. Tagung der Deutschen Sektion der Internationalen Gesellschaft für Wissensorganisation Wien, 3.-5. Juli 2006 - Proceedings of the 10th Conference of the German Section of the International Society of Knowledge Organization Vienna, 3-5 July 2006. Ed.: H.P. Ohly, S. Netscher u. K. Mitgutsch
  6. Peters, I.; Weller. K.: Paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations in knowledge organization systems (2008) 0.00 
    0.0013908718 = product of:
  0.016690461 = sum of:
    0.0083452305 = weight(_text_:und in 1593) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
      0.0083452305 = score(doc=1593,freq=2.0), product of:
        0.04868482 = queryWeight, product of:
          2.216367 = idf(docFreq=13101, maxDocs=44218)
          0.021966046 = queryNorm
        0.17141339 = fieldWeight in 1593, product of:
          1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
            2.0 = termFreq=2.0
          2.216367 = idf(docFreq=13101, maxDocs=44218)
          0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1593)
    0.0083452305 = weight(_text_:und in 1593) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
      0.0083452305 = score(doc=1593,freq=2.0), product of:
        0.04868482 = queryWeight, product of:
          2.216367 = idf(docFreq=13101, maxDocs=44218)
          0.021966046 = queryNorm
        0.17141339 = fieldWeight in 1593, product of:
          1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
            2.0 = termFreq=2.0
          2.216367 = idf(docFreq=13101, maxDocs=44218)
          0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1593)
  0.083333336 = coord(2/24)
    Source
    Information - Wissenschaft und Praxis. 59(2008) H.2, S.100-107
  7. Schmitz-Esser, W.: Language of general communication and concept compatibility (1996) 0.00 
    6.2002003E-4 = product of:
  0.01488048 = sum of:
    0.01488048 = product of:
      0.02976096 = sum of:
        0.02976096 = weight(_text_:22 in 6089) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.02976096 = score(doc=6089,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.07692135 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
              0.021966046 = queryNorm
            0.38690117 = fieldWeight in 6089, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
              0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=6089)
      0.5 = coord(1/2)
  0.041666668 = coord(1/24)
    Pages
    S.11-22
  8. Jia, J.: From data to knowledge : the relationships between vocabularies, linked data and knowledge graphs (2021) 0.00 
    3.1001001E-4 = product of:
  0.00744024 = sum of:
    0.00744024 = product of:
      0.01488048 = sum of:
        0.01488048 = weight(_text_:22 in 106) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.01488048 = score(doc=106,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.07692135 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
              0.021966046 = queryNorm
            0.19345059 = fieldWeight in 106, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
              0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=106)
      0.5 = coord(1/2)
  0.041666668 = coord(1/24)
    Date
    22. 1.2021 14:24:32
  9. Khoo, S.G.; Na, J.-C.: Semantic relations in information science (2006) 0.00 
    1.8487677E-4 = product of:
  0.0044370424 = sum of:
    0.0044370424 = product of:
      0.013311126 = sum of:
        0.013311126 = weight(_text_:p in 1978) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.013311126 = score(doc=1978,freq=4.0), product of:
            0.078979194 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5955126 = idf(docFreq=3298, maxDocs=44218)
              0.021966046 = queryNorm
            0.16853966 = fieldWeight in 1978, product of:
              2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                4.0 = termFreq=4.0
              3.5955126 = idf(docFreq=3298, maxDocs=44218)
              0.0234375 = fieldNorm(doc=1978)
      0.33333334 = coord(1/3)
  0.041666668 = coord(1/24)
    Abstract
    This chapter examines the nature of semantic relations and their main applications in information science. The nature and types of semantic relations are discussed from the perspectives of linguistics and psychology. An overview of the semantic relations used in knowledge structures such as thesauri and ontologies is provided, as well as the main techniques used in the automatic extraction of semantic relations from text. The chapter then reviews the use of semantic relations in information extraction, information retrieval, question-answering, and automatic text summarization applications. Concepts and relations are the foundation of knowledge and thought. When we look at the world, we perceive not a mass of colors but objects to which we automatically assign category labels. Our perceptual system automatically segments the world into concepts and categories. Concepts are the building blocks of knowledge; relations act as the cement that links concepts into knowledge structures. We spend much of our lives identifying regular associations and relations between objects, events, and processes so that the world has an understandable structure and predictability. Our lives and work depend on the accuracy and richness of this knowledge structure and its web of relations. Relations are needed for reasoning and inferencing. Chaffin and Herrmann (1988b, p. 290) noted that "relations between ideas have long been viewed as basic to thought, language, comprehension, and memory." Aristotle's Metaphysics (Aristotle, 1961; McKeon, expounded on several types of relations. The majority of the 30 entries in a section of the Metaphysics known today as the Philosophical Lexicon referred to relations and attributes, including cause, part-whole, same and opposite, quality (i.e., attribute) and kind-of, and defined different types of each relation. Hume (1955) pointed out that there is a connection between successive ideas in our minds, even in our dreams, and that the introduction of an idea in our mind automatically recalls an associated idea. He argued that all the objects of human reasoning are divided into relations of ideas and matters of fact and that factual reasoning is founded on the cause-effect relation. His Treatise of Human Nature identified seven kinds of relations: resemblance, identity, relations of time and place, proportion in quantity or number, degrees in quality, contrariety, and causation. Mill (1974, pp. 989-1004) discoursed on several types of relations, claiming that all things are either feelings, substances, or attributes, and that attributes can be a quality (which belongs to one object) or a relation to other objects.
    Linguists in the structuralist tradition (e.g., Lyons, 1977; Saussure, 1959) have asserted that concepts cannot be defined on their own but only in relation to other concepts. Semantic relations appear to reflect a logical structure in the fundamental nature of thought (Caplan & Herrmann, 1993). Green, Bean, and Myaeng (2002) noted that semantic relations play a critical role in how we represent knowledge psychologically, linguistically, and computationally, and that many systems of knowledge representation start with a basic distinction between entities and relations. Green (2001, p. 3) said that "relationships are involved as we combine simple entities to form more complex entities, as we compare entities, as we group entities, as one entity performs a process on another entity, and so forth. Indeed, many things that we might initially regard as basic and elemental are revealed upon further examination to involve internal structure, or in other words, internal relationships." Concepts and relations are often expressed in language and text. Language is used not just for communicating concepts and relations, but also for representing, storing, and reasoning with concepts and relations. We shall examine the nature of semantic relations from a linguistic and psychological perspective, with an emphasis on relations expressed in text. The usefulness of semantic relations in information science, especially in ontology construction, information extraction, information retrieval, question-answering, and text summarization is discussed. Research and development in information science have focused on concepts and terms, but the focus will increasingly shift to the identification, processing, and management of relations to achieve greater effectiveness and refinement in information science techniques. Previous chapters in ARIST on natural language processing (Chowdhury, 2003), text mining (Trybula, 1999), information retrieval and the philosophy of language (Blair, 2003), and query expansion (Efthimiadis, 1996) provide a background for this discussion, as semantic relations are an important part of these applications.

Authors

Years

Languages

Types

Themes