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Spink, A.; Jansen, B.J.: Web searching : public searching of the Web (2004)
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- Footnote
- Rez. in: Information - Wissenschaft und Praxis 56(2004) H.1, S.61-62 (D. Lewandowski): "Die Autoren des vorliegenden Bandes haben sich in den letzten Jahren durch ihre zahlreichen Veröffentlichungen zum Verhalten von Suchmaschinen-Nutzern einen guten Namen gemacht. Das nun erschienene Buch bietet eine Zusammenfassung der verstreut publizierten Aufsätze und stellt deren Ergebnisse in den Kontext eines umfassenderen Forschungsansatzes. Spink und Jansen verwenden zur Analyse des Nutzungsverhaltens query logs von Suchmaschinen. In diesen werden vom Server Informationen protokolliert, die die Anfragen an diesen Server betreffen. Daten, die aus diesen Dateien gewonnen werden können, sind unter anderem die gestellten Suchanfragen, die Adresse des Rechners, von dem aus die Anfrage gestellt wurde, sowie die aus den Trefferlisten ausgewählten Dokumente. Der klare Vorteil der Analyse von Logfiles liegt in der Möglichkeit, große Datenmengen ohne hohen personellen Aufwand erheben zu können. Die Daten einer Vielzahl anonymer Nutzer können analysiert werden; ohne dass dabei die Datenerhebung das Nutzerverhalten beeinflusst. Dies ist bei Suchmaschinen von besonderer Bedeutung, weil sie im Gegensatz zu den meisten anderen professionellen Information-Retrieval-Systemen nicht nur im beruflichen Kontext, sondern auch (und vor allem) privat genutzt werden. Das Bild des Nutzungsverhaltens wird in Umfragen und Laboruntersuchungen verfälscht, weil Nutzer ihr Anfrageverhalten falsch einschätzen oder aber die Themen ihrer Anfragen nicht nennen möchten. Hier ist vor allem an Suchanfragen, die auf medizinische oder pornographische Inhalte gerichtet sind, zu denken. Die Analyse von Logfiles ist allerdings auch mit Problemen behaftet: So sind nicht alle gewünschten Daten überhaupt in den Logfiles enthalten (es fehlen alle Informationen über den einzelnen Nutzer), es werden keine qualitativen Informationen wie etwa der Grund einer Suche erfasst und die Logfiles sind aufgrund technischer Gegebenheiten teils unvollständig. Die Autoren schließen aus den genannten Vor- und Nachteilen, dass sich Logfiles gut für die Auswertung des Nutzerverhaltens eignen, bei der Auswertung jedoch die Ergebnisse von Untersuchungen, welche andere Methoden verwenden, berücksichtigt werden sollten.
Den Autoren wurden von den kommerziellen Suchmaschinen AltaVista, Excite und All the Web größere Datenbestände zur Verfügung gestellt. Die ausgewerteten Files umfassten jeweils alle an die jeweilige Suchmaschine an einem bestimmten Tag gestellten Anfragen. Die Daten wurden zwischen 199'] und 2002 erhoben; allerdings liegen nicht von allen Jahren Daten von allen Suchmaschinen vor, so dass einige der festgestellten Unterschiede im Nutzerverhalten sich wohl auf die unterschiedlichen Nutzergruppen der einzelnen Suchmaschinen zurückführen lassen. In einem Fall werden die Nutzergruppen sogar explizit nach den Suchmaschinen getrennt, so dass das Nutzerverhalten der europäischen Nutzer der Suchmaschine All the Web mit dem Verhalten der US-amerikanischen Nutzer verglichen wird. Die Analyse der Logfiles erfolgt auf unterschiedlichen Ebenen: Es werden sowohl die eingegebenen Suchbegriffe, die kompletten Suchanfragen, die Such-Sessions und die Anzahl der angesehenen Ergebnisseiten ermittelt. Bei den Suchbegriffen ist besonders interessant, dass die Spannbreite der Informationsbedürfnisse im Lauf der Jahre deutlich zugenommen hat. Zwar werden 20 Prozent aller eingegebenen Suchbegriffe regelmäßig verwendet, zehn Prozent kamen hingegen nur ein einziges Mal vor. Die thematischen Interessen der Suchmaschinen-Nutzer haben sich im Lauf der letzten Jahre ebenfalls gewandelt. Während in den Anfangsjahren viele Anfragen aus den beiden Themenfeldern Sex und Technologie stammten, gehen diese mittlerweile zurück. Dafür nehmen Anfragen im Bereich E-Commerce zu. Weiterhin zugenommen haben nicht-englischsprachige Begriffe sowie Zahlen und Akronyme. Die Popularität von Suchbegriffen ist auch saisonabhängig und wird durch aktuelle Nachrichten beeinflusst. Auf der Ebene der Suchanfragen zeigt sich weiterhin die vielfach belegte Tatsache, dass Suchanfragen in Web-Suchmaschinen extrem kurz sind. Die durchschnittliche Suchanfrage enthält je nach Suchmaschine zwischen 2,3 und 2,9 Terme. Dies deckt sich mit anderen Untersuchungen zu diesem Thema. Die Länge der Suchanfragen ist in den letzten Jahren leicht steigend; größere Sprünge hin zu längeren Anfragen sind jedoch nicht zu erwarten. Ebenso verhält es sich mit dem Einsatz von Operatoren: Nur etwa in jeder zehnten Anfrage kommen diese vor, wobei die Phrasensuche am häufigsten verwendet wird. Dass die SuchmaschinenNutzer noch weitgehend als Anfänger angesehen werden müssen, zeigt sich auch daran, dass sie pro Suchanfrage nur drei oder vier Dokumente aus der Trefferliste tatsächlich sichten.
In Hinblick auf die Informationsbedürfnisse ergibt sich eine weitere Besonderheit dadurch, dass Suchmaschinen nicht nur für eine Anfrageform genutzt werden. Eine "Spezialität" der Suchmaschinen ist die Beantwortung von navigationsorientierten Anfragen, beispielsweise nach der Homepage eines Unternehmens. Hier wird keine Menge von Dokumenten oder Fakteninformation verlangt; vielmehr ist eine Navigationshilfe gefragt. Solche Anfragen nehmen weiter zu. Die Untersuchung der Such-Sessions bringt Ergebnisse über die Formulierung und Bearbeitung der Suchanfragen zu einem Informationsbedürfnis zutage. Die Sessions dauern weit überwiegend weniger als 15 Minuten (dies inklusive Sichtung der Dokumente!), wobei etwa fünf Dokumente angesehen werden. Die Anzahl der angesehenen Ergebnisseiten hat im Lauf der Zeit abgenommen; dies könnte darauf zurückzuführen sein, dass es den Suchmaschinen im Lauf der Zeit gelungen ist, die Suchanfragen besser zu beantworten, so dass sich brauchbare Ergebnisse öfter bereits auf der ersten Ergebnisseite finden. Insgesamt bestätigt sich auch hier das Bild vom wenig fortgeschrittenen Suchmaschinen-Nutzer, der nach Eingabe einer unspezifischen Suchanfrage schnelle und gute Ergebnisse erwartet. Der zweite Teil des Buchs widmet sich einigen der bei den Suchmaschinen-Nutzern populären Themen und analysiert das Nutzerverhalten bei solchen Suchen. Dabei werden die eingegebenen Suchbegriffe und Anfragen untersucht. Die Bereiche sind E-Commerce, medizinische Themen, Sex und Multimedia. Anfragen aus dem Bereich E-Commerce sind in der Regel länger als allgemeine Anfragen. Sie werden seltener modifiziert und pro Anfrage werden weniger Dokumente angesehen. Einige generische Ausdrücke wie "shopping" werden sehr häufig verwendet. Der Anteil der E-Commerce-Anfragen ist hoch und die Autoren sehen die Notwendigkeit, spezielle Suchfunktionen für die Suche nach Unternehmenshomepages und Produkten zu erstellen bzw. zu verbessern. Nur zwischen drei und neun Prozent der Anfragen beziehen sich auf medizinische Themen, der Anteil dieser Anfragen nimmt tendenziell ab. Auch der Anteil der Anfragen nach sexuellen Inhalten dürfte mit einem Wert zwischen drei und knapp 1'7 Prozent geringer ausfallen als allgemein angenommen.
Der relativ hohe Wert von 17 Prozent stammt allerdings aus dem Jahr 1997; seitdem ist eine deutliche Abnahme zu verzeichnen. Betont werden muss außerdem, dass Anfragen nach sexuellen Inhalten nicht mit denen nach Pornographie gleichzusetzen sind. Die Suche nach Multimedia-Inhalten hat sich von den allgemeinen Suchinterfaces der Suchmaschinen hin zu speziellen Suchmasken verschoben, die inzwischen von allen großen Suchmaschinen angeboten werden. Die wichtigste Aussage aus den untersuchten Daten lautet, dass die Suche nach Multimedia-Inhalten komplexer und vor allem interaktiver ist als die übliche Websuche. Die Anfragen sind länger und enthalten zu einem deutlich größeren Teil Operatoren. Bei der Bildersuche stellen weiterhin sexuell orientierte Anfragen den höchsten Anteil. Bei der Bilderund Video-Suche sind die Anfragen deutlich länger als bei der regulären Suche; bei der Audio-Suche sind sie dagegen kürzer. Das vorliegende Werk bietet die bisher umfassendste Analyse des Nutzerverhaltens bezüglich der Web-Suche; insbesondere wurden bisher keine umfassenden, auf längere Zeiträume angelegten Studien vorgelegt, deren Ergebnisse wie im vorliegenden Fall direkt vergleichbar sind. Die Ergebnisse sind valide und ermöglichen es Suchmaschinen-Anbietern wie auch Forschern, künftige Entwicklungen stärker als bisher am tatsächlichen Verhalten der Nutzer auszurichten. Das Buch beschränkt sich allerdings auf die US-amerikanischen Suchmaschinen und deren Nutzer und bezieht nur bei All the Web die europäischen Nutzer ein. Insbesondere die Frage, ob die europäischen oder auch deutschsprachigen Nutzer anders suchen als die amerikanischen, bleibt unbeantwortet. Hier wären weitere Forschungen zu leisten."
- Language
- e
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Spink, A.: Information behavior : an evolutionary instinct (2010)
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- Footnote
- Rez. in: iwp 62(2011) H.1, S.48 (D. Lewandowski): "... Es ist sehr schade, dass die Autorin aus diesem interessanten und für die Zukunft des Fachs sicherlich entscheidenden Thema nicht mehr gemacht hat. Gerade bei einem Thema, das noch nicht intensiv beackert wurde, ist eine ausführliche Darstellung von großer Bedeutung. Auch in Hinblick auf die Unmenge an Literatur, die in diesem Buch zitiert wird, erscheint die Form der Darstellung in keiner Weise angemessen. Ebenso unangemessen wirkt der Preis von 85 Euro für dieses schmale Werk, welches auch gut in der Form von einem oder zwei längeren Aufsätzen hätte veröffentlicht werden können."
-
Khopkar, Y.; Spink, A.; Giles, C.L.; Shah, P.; Debnath, S.: Search engine personalization : An exploratory study (2003)
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- Date
- 10. 7.2003 20:01:37
- Language
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Spink, A.; Greisdorf, H.: Regions and levels : Measuring and mapping users' relevance judgements (2001)
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- Date
- 29. 9.2001 13:59:20
- Language
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Spink, A.; Goodrum, A.: ¬A study of search intermediary working notes : implications for IR system design (1996)
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- Date
- 31. 1.1997 20:05:41
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Spink, A.; Goodrum, A.; Robins, D.: Elicitation behavior during mediated information retrieval (1998)
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- 31. 1.1997 20:05:41
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Spink, A.; Saracevic, T.: Human-computer interaction in information retrieval : nature and manifestations of feedback (1998)
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- Date
- 30. 5.1999 20:38:46
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Spink, A.; Danby, S.; Mallan, K.; Butler, C.: Exploring young children's web searching and technoliteracy (2010)
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20. 6.2010 16:18:05
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Ozmutlu, S.; Spink, A.; Ozmutlu, H.C.: ¬A day in the life of Web searching : an exploratory study (2004)
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Spink, A.; Park, M.: Information and non-information multitasking interplay (2005)
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Spink, A.: Multitasking information behavior and information task switching : an exploratory study (2004)
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Desai, M.; Spink, A.: ¬A algorithm to cluster documents based on relevance (2005)
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Jansen, B.J.; Spink, A.; Pedersen, J.: ¬A temporal comparison of AItaVista Web searching (2005)
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Zhang, Y.; Jansen, B.J.; Spink, A.: Identification of factors predicting clickthrough in Web searching using neural network analysis (2009)
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Spink, A.; Ozmutlu, H.C.; Ozmutlu, S.: Multitasking information seeking and searching processes (2002)
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- Abstract
- Recent studies show that humans engage in multitasking behaviors as they seek and search information retrieval (IR) systems for information on more than one topic at the same time. For example, a Web search session by a single user may consist of searching on single topics or multitasking. Findings are presented from four separate studies of the prevalence of multitasking information seeking and searching by Web, IR system, and library users. Incidence of multitasking identified in the four different studies included: (1) users of the Excite Web search engine who completed a survey form, (2) Excite Web search engine users filtered from an Excite transaction log from 20 December 1999, (3) mediated on-line databases searches, and (4) academic library users. Findings include: (1) multitasking information seeking and searching is a common human behavior, (2) users may conduct information seeking and searching on related or unrelated topics, (3) Web or IR multitasking search sessions are longer than single topic sessions, (4) mean number of topics per Web search ranged of 1 to more than 10 topics with a mean of 2.11 topic changes per search session, and (4) many Web search topic changes were from hobbies to shopping and vice versa. A more complex model of human seeking and searching levels that incorporates multitasking information behaviors is presented, and a theoretical framework for human information coordinating behavior (HICB) is proposed. Multitasking information seeking and searching is developing as major research area that draws together IR and information seeking studies toward a focus on IR within the context of human information behavior. Implications for models of information seeking and searching, IR/Web systems design, and further research are discussed.
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-
Spink, A.; Jansen, B.J.; Pedersen , J.: Searching for people on Web search engines (2004)
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- Date
- 10. 3.1997 20:31:13
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Spink, A.; Currier, J.: Towards an evolutionary perspective for human information behavior : an exploratory study (2006)
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- Date
- 10. 3.1997 20:31:13
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-
Jansen, B.J.; Spink, A.: ¬An analysis of Web searching by European Allthe Web.com users (2005)
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- Date
- 26.12.2007 20:18:18
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-
Spink, A.; Wolfram, D.; Jansen, B.J.; Saracevic, T.: Searching the Web : the public and their queries (2001)
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- Abstract
- In previous articles, we reported the state of Web searching in 1997 (Jansen, Spink, & Saracevic, 2000) and in 1999 (Spink, Wolfram, Jansen, & Saracevic, 2001). Such snapshot studies and statistics on Web use appear regularly (OCLC, 1999), but provide little information about Web searching trends. In this article, we compare and contrast results from our two previous studies of Excite queries' data sets, each containing over 1 million queries submitted by over 200,000 Excite users collected on 16 September 1997 and 20 December 1999. We examine how public Web searching changing during that 2-year time period. As Table 1 shows, the overall structure of Web queries in some areas did not change, while in others we see change from 1997 to 1999. Our comparison shows how Web searching changed incrementally and also dramatically. We see some moves toward greater simplicity, including shorter queries (i.e., fewer terms) and shorter sessions (i.e., fewer queries per user), with little modification (addition or deletion) of terms in subsequent queries. The trend toward shorter queries suggests that Web information content should target specific terms in order to reach Web users. Another trend was to view fewer pages of results per query. Most Excite users examined only one page of results per query, since an Excite results page contains ten ranked Web sites. Were users satisfied with the results and did not need to view more pages? It appears that the public continues to have a low tolerance of wading through retrieved sites. This decline in interactivity levels is a disturbing finding for the future of Web searching. Queries that included Boolean operators were in the minority, but the percentage increased between the two time periods. Most Boolean use involved the AND operator with many mistakes. The use of relevance feedback almost doubled from 1997 to 1999, but overall use was still small. An unusually large number of terms were used with low frequency, such as personal names, spelling errors, non-English words, and Web-specific terms, such as URLs. Web query vocabulary contains more words than found in large English texts in general. The public language of Web queries has its own and unique characteristics. How did Web searching topics change from 1997 to 1999? We classified a random sample of 2,414 queries from 1997 and 2,539 queries from 1999 into 11 categories (Table 2). From 1997 to 1999, Web searching shifted from entertainment, recreation and sex, and pornography, preferences to e-commerce-related topics under commerce, travel, employment, and economy. This shift coincided with changes in information distribution on the publicly indexed Web.
- Language
- e
-
Spink, A.; Wilson, T.D.; Ford, N.; Foster, A.; Ellis, D.: Information seeking and mediated searching : Part 3: successive searching (2002)
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- Date
- 21. 7.2006 14:29:18
- Language
- e
