-
Suchenwirth, L.: Sacherschliessung in Zeiten von Corona : neue Herausforderungen und Chancen (2019)
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- Abstract
- Eine der wesentlichen Aufgaben als Fachreferent*in ist die inhaltliche Erschließung der neuerworbenen Literatur, sowie die Begutachtung und Auswahl der neu erschienenen Werke in den jeweiligen Fachgebieten hinsichtlich der Relevanz für die eigenen Sammlungen gemäß dem Sammlungsprofil der TU Wien Bibliothek. Im Zuge der Corona-Krise wurde die herkömmliche Arbeitsweise in der Sacherschließung beeinträchtigt, und es haben sich neue Herausforderungen, aber auch Möglichkeiten ergeben. Neben der fehlenden Autopsie der Literatur leidet auch die Sichtung und Erwerbung neuer Literatur unter der physischen Abwesenheit vom Arbeitsplatz bzw. der entsprechenden technischen Infrastruktur. Auch der persönliche Austausch mit den Kolleg*innen wurde deutlich erschwert. Neben den Schwierigkeiten wurden aber auch die neuen Handlungsoptionen auf beruflicher und individueller Ebene positiv gesehen. In dem Artikel werden unsere individuellen Erfahrungen an der TU Wien Bibliothek sowie Ausblicke in die Zukunft wiedergegeben.
- Footnote
- https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.univie.ac.at%2Findex.php%2Fvoebm%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F5332%2F5271%2F&usg=AOvVaw2yQdFGHlmOwVls7ANCpTii.
- Source
- Mitteilungen der Vereinigung Österreichischer Bibliothekarinnen und Bibliothekare. 73(2020) H.3/4, S.496-503
-
Herb, U.; Beucke, D.: ¬Die Zukunft der Impact-Messung : Social Media, Nutzung und Zitate im World Wide Web (2013)
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- Abstract
- Wissenschaftliche Karrieren und Publikationen benötigen Reputation und möglichst viel Beachtung. Literatur, die diese Aufmerksamkeit findet, wird - so die gängige Annahme - häufig zitiert. Ausgehend von dieser Überlegung wurden Verfahren der Zitationsmessung entwickelt, die Auskunft über die Relevanz oder (wie im- und explizit oft auch postuliert wird) gar die Qualität einer Publikation oder eines Wissenschaftlers geben sollen.
- Content
- Vgl. unter: https://www.leibniz-science20.de%2Fforschung%2Fprojekte%2Faltmetrics-in-verschiedenen-wissenschaftsdisziplinen%2F&ei=2jTgVaaXGcK4Udj1qdgB&usg=AFQjCNFOPdONj4RKBDf9YDJOLuz3lkGYlg&sig2=5YI3KWIGxBmk5_kv0P_8iQ.
-
Schrodt, R.: Tiefen und Untiefen im wissenschaftlichen Sprachgebrauch (2008)
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- Content
- Vgl. auch: https://studylibde.com/doc/13053640/richard-schrodt. Vgl. auch: http%3A%2F%2Fwww.univie.ac.at%2FGermanistik%2Fschrodt%2Fvorlesung%2Fwissenschaftssprache.doc&usg=AOvVaw1lDLDR6NFf1W0-oC9mEUJf.
- Source
- Wissenschaft, helldunkler Ort. Sprache im Dienst des Verstehens. Hrsg.: Maria Nicolini
-
Axelos, C.; Flasch, K.; Schepers, H.; Kuhlen, R.; Romberg, R.; Zimmermann, R.: Allgemeines/Besonderes (1971-2007)
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- Abstract
- Als Erfinder des «Allgemeinen» gilt, gemäß dem Bericht des Aristoteles und seit diesem Bericht, Sokrates. Er ist es, der nicht mehr danach suchte, woraus ein Ding zu dem geworden ist, was es ist, oder wie es entstanden ist, sondern danach, «was [ein Ding] ist», und somit ist Sokrates der erste gewesen, der die Herausarbeitung des Allgemeinen (?a?????) forderte und mit seinen Fragen seine Gesprächspartner zu dieser Herausarbeitung trieb bzw. lockte; die Definition (???sµ??) war das Ziel des sokratischen Gesprächs, und die sokratische Aporie war das Vehikel.
- Footnote
- DOI: 10.24894/HWPh.5033. Vgl. unter: https://www.schwabeonline.ch/schwabe-xaveropp/elibrary/start.xav#__elibrary__%2F%2F*%5B%40attr_id%3D%27verw.allgemeinesbesonderes%27%5D__1515856414979.
-
Li, L.; Shang, Y.; Zhang, W.: Improvement of HITS-based algorithms on Web documents
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- Content
- Vgl.: http%3A%2F%2Fdelab.csd.auth.gr%2F~dimitris%2Fcourses%2Fir_spring06%2Fpage_rank_computing%2Fp527-li.pdf. Vgl. auch: http://www2002.org/CDROM/refereed/643/.
- Language
- e
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Popper, K.R.: Three worlds : the Tanner lecture on human values. Deliverd at the University of Michigan, April 7, 1978 (1978)
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- Language
- e
- Source
- https%3A%2F%2Ftannerlectures.utah.edu%2F_documents%2Fa-to-z%2Fp%2Fpopper80.pdf&usg=AOvVaw3f4QRTEH-OEBmoYr2J_c7H
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Vetere, G.; Lenzerini, M.: Models for semantic interoperability in service-oriented architectures (2005)
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- Content
- Vgl.: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5386707&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fxpls%2Fabs_all.jsp%3Farnumber%3D5386707.
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Mas, S.; Marleau, Y.: Proposition of a faceted classification model to support corporate information organization and digital records management (2009)
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- Date
- 29. 8.2009 21:15:48
- Footnote
- Vgl.: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore/login.jsp?reload=true&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fiel5%2F4755313%2F4755314%2F04755480.pdf%3Farnumber%3D4755480&authDecision=-203.
- Language
- e
-
Hotho, A.; Bloehdorn, S.: Data Mining 2004 : Text classification by boosting weak learners based on terms and concepts (2004)
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- Content
- Vgl.: http://www.google.de/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CEAQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fdownload%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.91.4940%26rep%3Drep1%26type%3Dpdf&ei=dOXrUMeIDYHDtQahsIGACg&usg=AFQjCNHFWVh6gNPvnOrOS9R3rkrXCNVD-A&sig2=5I2F5evRfMnsttSgFF9g7Q&bvm=bv.1357316858,d.Yms.
- Date
- 8. 1.2013 10:22:32
- Language
- e
-
Donsbach, W.: Wahrheit in den Medien : über den Sinn eines methodischen Objektivitätsbegriffes (2001)
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- Abstract
- Das Problem der Wahrnehmung und Darstellung von Wahrheit durch die Medien führt zu vier zentralen Fragen: Wie viel Wahrheit gibt es in der Welt, über die Journalisten berichten müssen? Wie ermittelt oder recherchiert man diese Wahrheit? Wie trennt man die Spreu vom Weizen? Und wie geht man als Journalist mit dem um, was man als Wahrheit erkannt hat oder erkannt zu haben glaubt? Hier gibt es ganz offensichtlich eine Parallele zwischen Journalisten und Wissenschaftlern. Journalisten und Wissenschaftler brauchen erstens Hypothesen, zweitens geeignete Hypothesentests, drittens ein gutes Abgrenzungs-Kriterium und viertens Verfahren, um die erkannten Sachverhalte auf angemessene Weise für eine Kommunikation mit anderen zu repräsentieren, das heißt sie darzustellen. Es gibt zwei große Unterschiede zwischen Journalisten und Wissenschaftlern: Journalisten sind in der Regel auf raum-zeitlich begrenzte Aussagen aus, Wissenschaftler in der Regel auf raumzeitlich unbegrenzte Gesetze. Aber diese Unterschiede sind fließend, weil Wissenschaftler raum-zeitlich begrenzte Aussagen brauchen, um ihre All-Aussagen zu überprüfen, und Journalisten sich immer häufiger auf das Feld der allgemeinen Gesetzes-Aussagen wagen oder doch zumindest Kausalinterpretationen für soziale Phänomene anbieten. Der zweite Unterschied besteht darin, dass die Wissenschaft weitgehend professionalisiert ist (zumindest gilt dies uneingeschränkt für die Naturwissenschaften und die Medizin), was ihr relativ klare Abgrenzungs- und Güte-Kriterien beschert hat. Diese fehlen weitgehend im Journalismus.
- Content
- Der Beitrag basiert auf einem Vortrag beim 9. Ethiktag "Wissenschaft und Medien" am Zentrum für Ethik und Recht in der Medizin des Universitätsklinikums Freiburg im Februar 2001.
- Source
- Politische Meinung. 381(2001) Nr.1, S.65-74 [https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dgfe.de%2Ffileadmin%2FOrdnerRedakteure%2FSektionen%2FSek02_AEW%2FKWF%2FPublikationen_Reihe_1989-2003%2FBand_17%2FBd_17_1994_355-406_A.pdf&usg=AOvVaw2KcbRsHy5UQ9QRIUyuOLNi]
-
Zeng, Q.; Yu, M.; Yu, W.; Xiong, J.; Shi, Y.; Jiang, M.: Faceted hierarchy : a new graph type to organize scientific concepts and a construction method (2019)
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- Vgl.: https%3A%2F%2Faclanthology.org%2FD19-5317.pdf&usg=AOvVaw0ZZFyq5wWTtNTvNkrvjlGA.
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Noever, D.; Ciolino, M.: ¬The Turing deception (2022)
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Malsburg, C. von der: ¬The correlation theory of brain function (1981)
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Plath, J.: Glück und Tücke der Volltext-Suche : der neue "Kindler" ist online - Erste Eindrücke (2009)
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- Abstract
- Am 4. September erscheint die neue, dritte Auflage von "Kindlers Literatur Lexikon". Erarbeitet hat sie ein Redaktionsteam um Generalherausgeber Heinz Ludwig Arnold in nur fünf Jahren. Schneller geht es bei 18 Bänden mit insgesamt 14.760 Seiten wohl kaum. Möglich wurde die Rekordzeit durch die elektronische Kommunikation mit den 1500 Autoren aus aller Welt und durch eine gewaltige Datenbank, die die 21.200 Einzeltexte in verschiedenen Bearbeitungsstadien aufnahm. Bald kann jedermann in dieser Datenbank zu Werken der Weltliteratur stöbern in der gedruckten, 32,5 kg schweren Fassung, in der Online-Variante oder in beiden.
- Content
- "Interessenten können sich die Online-Variante schon jetzt bei einigen Buchhändlern zur Probe freischalten lassen. Mit ihr ist der Kindler von Verleger Helmut Kindler bereits in den 50er Jahren nach dem Vorbild italienischer und französischer Werklexika konzipiert und 1965 herausgebracht, die zweite Auflage folgte 1988 in einer für Nachschlagewerke schwierigen Gegenwart angekommen: Die kostenlose Konkurrenz im Netz ließ die Lexikonlegende Brockhaus im letzten Jahr aufgeben. Um so erstaunlicher, dass der Online-Kindler genauso viel kosten wird wie der gedruckte: 1950 Euro (ab 1.1.2010: 2400 Euro). Die Kombination beider Ausgaben ist für 2730 Euro (ab 1.1.2010: 3360 Euro), die Online-Aktualisierung für jährlich 99,95 Euro zu haben. Ob der Metzler Verlag sein erhebliches wirtschaftliches Risiko bei diesem Mammutunternehmen ausgerechnet durch eine prohibitive Preisgestaltung für die Online-Variante vermindern kann? Zumindest ein moderater Kombipreis wäre wünschenswert. Die Käufer erhielten damit das, was Thomas Rohde eine "statusdienliche Komponente" nennt (FR v. 30.6.2009). Das Buch sei "als ein überaus materielles Gut in der kollektiven Wahrnehmung verankert", daher müsse man, so Rohde, für eine gewisse Zeit die Preise für immaterielle E-Books mit einer materiellen Dreingabe rechtfertigen.
Wer sich dennoch für den Online-Kindler entscheidet, den erwartet eine äußerst aufgeräumte Startseite. Hinter jedem Buchstaben verbirgt sich eine überwältigende Liste von Autorennamen. Darunter eine einfache Maske für die Suche im Volltext, in den biographischen Angaben, Biogramme genannt, in den Werken (einzeln oder zusammengefasst zu Werkgruppenartikeln) sowie den Literaturangaben. Bei den Autoren lässt sich nach Lebensdaten, Geschlecht, Geburtsort/-Land und Sterbeort/-Land fahnden, bei den Werken nach Titel, Erscheinungsjahr, Sprache, Haupt- und Untergattung. Die Textfelder sind schreibartentolerant, so dass sowohl "Dostojewski" wie "Dostoevskij" Erfolg hat. Etwas Geduld kann hingegen bei ausländischen Titeln nicht schaden. Denn die achtköpfige Redaktion und die 75 Fachberater für die 231 im Kindler vertretenen Sprachen haben sich zwar für die Anordnung der Werke unter dem Autorennamen entschieden während die letzte Auflage nach dem fremdsprachigen Originaltitel ordnete. Nun bewahrt ausgerechnet der Online-Kindler den originalsprachlichen Titel wie ein Relikt: Bei Dostojewski darf man sich zwischen "Zapiski iz mërtvogo doma" und "Chozjajka" entscheiden und erfährt erst in dem Artikel selbst, dass es sich um "Aufzeichnungen aus einem Totenhaus" und "Die Wirtin" handelt. Faszinierend wäre eine Suchmöglichkeit nach Motiven, Stoffen, Bildern. Was gänzlich fehlt, ist eine Speichermöglichkeit bisheriger Suchen; so aber muss man jedes Mal von Neuem beginnen. Und schmerzlich vermisst man die Möglichkeit, die Lexikontexte mit Bemerkungen, Bewertungen und Erinnerungen an die eigene Lektüre zu versehen. Der gedruckte Kindler hat also unübersehbare Vorteile.
Nur die Online-Variante aber gibt Gewichtungen und Kanonentscheidungen schnell preis. 2349 Biogramme und Werke deutscher Autoren enthält der Kindler. Für Frankreich finden sich 1504, für Italien 778, für den Kongo 29 und für Sri Lanka 32. Wer die deutschen Autoren nach ihrem Geburtsjahr ordnet, findet nur 14, die nach 1960 geboren wurden: neben Ingo Schulze, Durs Grünbein, Felicitas Hoppe und Daniel Kehlmann auch die weithin unbekannte Katrin Seebacher. Die Auswahl wird für einige Diskussionen sorgen. Allerdings kann die Kindler-Redaktion geschmeidig reagieren: Schon jetzt wird an den Online-Aktualisierungen gearbeitet. 50 Texte sollen zum 1.1.2010 folgen, weitere 50 im Laufe des Jahres 2010. Unverständlicherweise ist die Aktualisierung nur mit der Online-Ausgabe zu abonnieren. Als Supplement zur Print-Ausgabe wäre sie ebenso sinnvoll."
- Date
- 17. 7.1996 9:33:22
- Source
- Frankfurter Rundschau. Nr.160 vom 14.7.2009, S.29
-
dpa: Zweisprachige Menschen haben mehr graue Zellen (2004)
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- Content
- "Wer zweisprachig aufwächst, hat eine dichtere graue Hirnsubstanz. Das Lernen einer zweiten Sprache scheine die Struktur des Gehirns zu verändern, berichten britische und italienische Forscherjetzt im Fachjournal Nature (Bd. 431). Die Beobachtung stütze die wachsende Zahl von Hinweisen darauf, dass sich die Struktur des Gehirns in Anpassung an Umweltanforderungen verändern kann. Cathy Price vom Wellcome Department of Imaging Neuroscience in London und ihre Mitarbeiter hatten die Gehirne von zweisprachigen mit denen von einsprachigen Menschenverglichen. Die zweisprachigen Probanden besaßen durchweg eine dichtere graue Substanz in einem Gehirnbereich, der für das flüssige Sprechen zuständig ist. Der Unterschied war umso größer, je eher die Untersuchten mit dem Lernen der zweiten Sprache begonnen hatten."
- Date
- 22.10.2004 12:38:20
- Series
- Wissen und Bildung: Hirnforschung
-
Beyer, H.: ¬Die Bibliothek Hartmann Schedels : Sammelleidenschaft und Statusbewusstsein im spätmittelalterlichen Nürnberg (2012)
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- Abstract
- Der Aufsatz untersucht die von dem Nürnberger Arzt und Humanisten Hartmann Schedel zusammengebrachte Bibliothek in Hinblick auf ihre Größe, Zusammensetzung, Aufstellung und Buchgestaltung und geht der Frage nach, welche Werte und Zielsetzungen für diese größte humanistischen Privatbibliothek nördlich der Alpen maßgeblich waren. Dabei wird auch Schedels literarisches Opus, das ebenfalls den Charakter von Sammlungen hat, herangezogen. Trotz eines namhaften Bestandes an medizinischer Literatur ist die Schedelsche Bibliothek nur unzureichend als Gelehrtenbibliothek charakterisiert. Sie diente zunächst der Befriedigung der notorischen Sammelleidenschaft ihres Besitzers, die Schedel selbst in humorvoller Weise vor sich hertrug, und die sich besonders auf neuere lateinische Literatur aus Italien sowie italienische und deutsche Geschichtsdenkmäler richtete. Darüber hinaus lässt sich zeigen, dass Hartmann Schedel seine Bibliothek als ein Statussymbol der Familie Schedel konzipiert hat, das die drei Kriterien für die Zugehörigkeit zur Nürnberger Ehrbarkeit reflektiert, nämlich akademische Bildung, Verwandtschaft mit Patrizierfamilien und materiellen Wohlstand. Der Aufsatz setzt sich am Schluss kritisch mit der Auffassung auseinander, die überlieferte Sachordnung der Schedelschen Kataloge sei der bewusste Neuentwurf einer humanistischen Wissenschaftssystematik.
-
Schmidgall, K.; Walter, J.: Literatur im Netz : Sammeln, Erschließen, Archivieren. Praxisbericht über eine neue Herausforderung für die klassische Bibliothek (2011)
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- Abstract
- Die Bibliothek des Deutschen Literaturarchivs sammelt, erschließt und archiviert die neuere deutschsprachige Literatur. Sie ist mit weit über 700.000 Bänden eine der größten Spezialbibliotheken für diesen Bereich und wird von Forschern aus aller Welt frequentiert. Zu ihren Besonderheiten zählen über 130 Autoren-, Gelehrten- und Sammlerbibliotheken, Verlagsarchivproduktionen und gattungsspezifische Sammlungen. Der Bestand an literarischen Zeitschriften der Moderne seit 1880 gehört zu den umfangreichsten in der Bundesrepublik. Seit 1959 werden literarische und literaturwissenschaftliche Zeitschriften, Jahrbücher und Sammelwerke retrospektiv und in einem fortlaufenden Programm ausgewertet. Monographien und Beiträge werden bibliographisch, dokumentarisch und sachlich erschlossen und sind im Onlinekatalog differenziert suchbar. In seinen Sammlungen bildet das Deutsche Literaturarchiv Marbach (DLA) das Netzwerk des literarischen Lebens in all seinen Facetten ab. Im Zentrum des quellenorientierten Sammelns und der Erschließung steht der Autor (bzw. die Autorin). Die Literatur wird dokumentiert vom Entstehungsprozess eines Werkes über die verschiedenen Ausgaben und dessen Rezeption in der Literaturkritik, seine dramaturgische Umsetzung in Hörfunk, Film, auf der Bühne und in der Musik. Seit 2008 bezieht das DLA auch Internetquellen wie literarische Zeitschriften, Netzliteratur und Weblogs in sein Spektrum mit ein und reagiert damit auf die zunehmende Bedeutung des Internets als Publikationsforum. Sammeln, Erschließen und Archivieren bilden eine notwendige Einheit; gerade die Flüchtigkeit der netzbasierten Ressourcen macht eine langfristige Sicherung der Verfügbarkeit erforderlich. Notwendig sind daher mehrere Säulen, auf denen diese neue Sammlung von "Literatur im Netz" basiert. Mit der Marbacher Datenbank Kallias steht ein EDV-Standardsystem zur Verfügung, das den spezifischen Anforderungen des Deutschen Literaturarchivs angepasst wurde und über eine Schnittstelle zum Katalog des Südwestdeutschen Bibliotheksverbundes (SWB) verfügt. Seine Aufgabe ist der integrierte Nachweis aller Bestände. Diese sind über den SWB, die Zeitschriftendatenbank (ZDB) und Kalliope, den Verbundkatalog für Nachlässe und Autographen, zugleich in das nationale Bibliotheks- und Archivnetzwerk eingebunden.
- Date
- 29. 5.2012 13:58:08
29. 5.2012 14:20:04
- Source
- ¬Die Kraft der digitalen Unordnung: 32. Arbeits- und Fortbildungstagung der ASpB e. V., Sektion 5 im Deutschen Bibliotheksverband, 22.-25. September 2009 in der Universität Karlsruhe. Hrsg: Jadwiga Warmbrunn u.a
-
Lewandowski, D.: Web Information Retrieval (2005)
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- Abstract
- WebInformationRetrieval hat sich als gesonderter Forschungsbereich herausgebildet. Neben den im klassischen Information Retrieval behandelten Fragen ergeben sich durch die Eigenheiten des Web neue und zusätzliche Forschungsfragen. Die Unterschiede zwischen Information Retrieval und Web Information Retrieval werden diskutiert. Derzweite Teil des Aufsatzes gibt einen Überblick über die Forschungsliteratur der letzten zwei Jahre. Dieser Aufsatz gibt einen Überblick über den Stand der Forschung im Bereich Web Information Retrieval. Im ersten Teil werden die besonderen Probleme, die sich in diesem Bereich ergeben, anhand einer Gegenüberstellung mit dem "klassischen" Information Retrieval erläutert. Der weitere Text diskutiert die wichtigste in den letzten Jahren erschienene Literatur zum Thema, wobei ein Schwerpunkt auf die - so vorhanden-deutschsprachige Literatur gelegt wird. Der Schwerpunkt liegt auf Literatur aus den Jahren 2003 und 2004. Zum einen zeigt sich in dem betrachteten Forschungsfeld eine schnelle Entwicklung, so dass viele ältere Untersuchungen nur noch einen historischen bzw. methodischen Wert haben; andererseits existieren umfassende ältere Reviewartikel (s. v.a. Rasmussen 2003). Schon bei der Durchsicht der Literatur wird allerdings deutlich, dass zu einigen Themenfeldern keine oder nur wenig deutschsprachige Literatur vorhanden ist. Leider ist dies aber nicht nur darauf zurückzuführen, dass die Autoren aus den deutschsprachigen Ländern ihre Ergebnisse in englischer Sprache publizieren. Vielmehr wird deutlich, dass in diesen Ländern nur wenig Forschung im Suchmaschinen-Bereich stattfindet. Insbesondere zu sprachspezifischen Problemen von Web-Suchmaschinen fehlen Untersuchungen. Ein weiteres Problem der Forschung im Suchmaschinen-Bereich liegt in der Tatsache begründet, dass diese zu einem großen Teil innerhalb von Unternehmen stattfindet, welche sich scheuen, die Ergebnisse in großem Umfang zu publizieren, da sie fürchten, die Konkurrenz könnte von solchen Veröffentlichungen profitieren. So finden sich etwa auch Vergleichszahlen über einzelne Suchmaschinen oft nur innerhalb von Vorträgen oder Präsentationen von Firmenvertretern (z.B. Singhal 2004; Dean 2004). Das Hauptaugenmerk dieses Artikels liegt auf der Frage, inwieweit Suchmaschinen in der Lage sind, die im Web vorhanden Inhalte zu indexieren, mit welchen Methoden sie dies tun und ob bzw. wie sie ihre Ziele erreichen. Ausgenommen bleiben damit explizit Fragen der Effizienz bei der Erschließung des Web und der Skalierbarkeit von Suchmaschinen. Anders formuliert: Diese Übersicht orientiert sich an klassisch informationswissenschaftlichen Fragen und spart die eher im Bereich der Informatik diskutierten Fragen weitgehend aus.
Eine regelmäßige Übersicht neuer US-Patente und US-Patentanmeldungen im Bereich Information Retrieval bietet die News-Seite Resourceshelf (www.resourceshelf.com).
- Source
- Information - Wissenschaft und Praxis. 56(2005) H.1, S.5-12
-
Dotzler, B.: Digitalisierte Bibliotheken - CD-ROM - Die Alternative zum Buch (2003)
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- Content
- "«Die Wunde schliesst der Speer nur, der sie schlug». Richtig: Wagner, «Parsifal». Im «Büchmann» würde man vergeblich danach suchen. Dank der soeben erschienenen CD-ROM mit den Libretti der wichtigsten, wichtigeren und sogar weniger wichtigen Opern von Jacopo Peris «Dafne» (1597) bis Ferruccio Busonis «Doktor Faust» (1925) ist es kein Problem mehr, das Zitat ebenso rasch wie verlässlich zu belegen. Als vor fünfjahren der erste «Band» der «Digitalen Bibliothek» erschien, war die Begeisterung einhellig. Über 70 000 Bildschirmseiten mit Werken von 58 Autoren enthielt die CD-ROM, und man wünschte sich mehr. Inzwischen ist das Korpus allein dieser Studienbibliothek auf 108 Autoren angewachsen; die Menge an erfasstem Text beläuft sich auf derzeit rund 2 Millionen Seiten. Hinzugekommen sind der komplette Shakespeare und eine riesige Auswahl angloamerikanischer Literatur, die grösste je zusammengestellte Anthologie deutscher Lyrik, Nachschlagewerke wie Adelungs Wörterbuch im Volltext und als Faksimile, die Bildergeschichten von Wilhelm Busch sowie «Brehms Tierleben». Zudem wird die Bildstrecke von einem Tochterunternehmen des Verlags der «Digitalen Bibliothek» weitergeführt. Mit ihren 10 000 Gemälden auf einer DVD (alternativ auch auf 11 CD-ROM erhältlich) verwandelt die «Gesellschaft für Bildarchivierung» Malraux' imaginäres Museum von einst in ein elektronisches Museum - für den Hausgebrauch. Daneben soll ein «Atlas des Historischen Bildwissens» jene «Massenbildbestände» seit der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts neu vor Augen führen, die von populären Vergangenheitsentwürfen zeugen. Als ersten Teil dieser Zusammenschau hat das Göttinger Max-Planck-Institut für Geschichte - nur scheinbar abseitig- die Sammelbilder ediert, mit denen «Liebig's Fleisch-Extract» zwischen 1872 und 1940 etablierte, was heute so manchem Produkt zum Kundenfang dient. Die Menge an Texten und Bildern, die so in kürzester Zeit digital verfügbar gemacht worden ist, darf wohl als sensationell bezeichnet werden. Gleichzeitig schreitet die «Digitale Bibliothek» fast sang-und klanglos voran. Nicht die Spur, so scheint es, einer Verdrängung des alten Mediums Buch durch das neue Medium CD-ROM. Vielmehr sieht alles nach friedlicher Koexistenz der beiden Präsentationsformen aus. Als jüngstes Produkt der «Digitalen Bibliothek» sind nun sogar die Werke Karl Mays erschienen. Und doch ist klar: Kein Fan wird darauf verzichten wollen, seinen «Karl May» als Buch in Händen zu halten, um darin zu schmökern. Nur wird der wahre Fan das wenige Geld auch nicht scheuen, elektronisch über alle Episoden, alle Namen, alle Variationen dieser immer gleichen Abenteuer zu gebieten. Noch die süchtigsten Leser, heisst das, könnten so dazu verführt werden, von der alten Welt des Buchs zur neuen Welt des Bildschirms überzulaufen. Auf dem Bildschirm aber hat die Literatur längst aufgehört, Literatur zu sein. Kaum jemand wird auf absehbare Zeit in den Beständen einer elektronischen Bibliothek ernsthaft lesen. Man recherchiert, man surft. Und dennoch, ja deshalb saugt das neue Medium jetzt schon Regalmeter um Regalmeter der herkömmlichen Bücherwelt in sich ein."
- Date
- 20. 2.1996 10:41:52
- Footnote
- Vgl. auch: www.digitale-bibliothek.de und www.yorckprojekt.de
-
Niggemann, E.: Im Netz gut aufgehoben : Die großen Bibliotheken müssen sich den neuen Lesegewohnheiten anpassen. Sie sollten ihre Bestände digitalisieren - sofern diese nicht urheberrechtlich geschützt sind (2007)
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- Content
- "Als Google im Herbst 2004 das Projekt der Digitalisierung von Bibliotheksbeständen bekannt gab, wurde wieder einmal deutlich, wie sehr sich die Welt der Bücher in den letzten Jahren verändert hat. Die Erwartungshaltung der Nutzer von Bibliotheken ist heute eine völlig andere, als noch vor 15 Jahren. War es vorher die Kernaufgabe von Bibliotheken, das Wissen der Menschheit und die Weltliteratur in gedruckter Form zur Verfügung zu stellen, so geschieht das heute immer mehr in elektronischer Form. Das Internet ist fundamentaler Teil des Informationsverhaltens der Menschen geworden und Bibliotheken suchen und treffen ihre Leser immer häufiger auch dort. Der Nutzer möchte alles jederzeit und überall zur Verfügung haben und der Dienstleister Bibliothekar ist gut beraten, den Wunsch so weit er darf und kann zu erfüllen. Internetsuchmaschinen haben ihre Dienste auf gedruckte Publikationen ausgeweitet und bieten Volltextsuchen und Texte an, ganz oder als kleine Passagen am Bildschirm, sowie Links auf die Bibliotheken, die das Buch im Bestand haben. Jetzt den Rückzug aus diesem angestammten Dienstleistungsbereich anzutreten, wäre keine gute Strategie für Bibliotheken und schlecht für die Nutzer. Deshalb erweitern Bibliotheken ihre Angebote um digitale Bibliotheken für die das Digitale gewöhnten Nutzer: Sie nehmen genuin digitale Werke, also Werke, die nie in gedruckter Form erschienen sind, in ihren Bestand auf. So wurde der gesetzliche Sammelauftrag der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek erst im vergangenen Jahr um Netzpubli kationen erweitert. Sie digitalisieren gedruckte Werke und sie entwickeln bessere Portale, bessere Zugangswege, zu Katalogen und anderen "Buch-Surrogaten" - überall dort; wo der Volltext nicht oder noch nicht zur Verfügung steht. Die Konferenz der europäischen Nationalbibliothekare hat mit The European Library ein Portal zu ihren Katalogen und zu ihren bereits digital vorliegenden Beständen geschaffen. Viviane Reding, EU-Kommissarin für Informationsgesellschaft und Medien, will mit ihrer Initiative i2010 European Digital Library einen integrierten Zugang zu Verzeichnissen und Beständen europäischer Bibliotheken, Museen und Archive schaffen. Sie hat die Mitgliedsstaaten der Europäischen Union aufgerufen, Digitalisierungszentren einzurichten, um die Europäische Digitale Bibliothek mit Inhalten zu versorgen. Bis zum Jahr 2010 sollen mehr als sechs Millionen Kulturgüter auf diese Weise verfügbar sein.
Warum eigentlich muss es eine solche initiative der EU, warum muss es die Bemühungen einzelner Bibliotheken um ihre Digitale Bibliothek geben, wo es doch Google und die anderen Internetsuchmaschinen oder Internetbuchhändler gibt? Ich sehe täglich, wie zuverlässig kommerzielle Suchmaschinen für die schnelle Beantwortung von Alltagsfragen sind. Sie sind allerdings weniger zufriedenstellend, sobald es um die Beantwortung von spezielleren Fachfragen geht. Hier ist und bleibt es die Aufgabe der Bibliotheken, erste Anlaufstelle - auch im Internet - bei Literaturwünschen zu Fachfragen zu sein. Dazu werden Digitale Bibliotheken dienen - in Zusammenarbeit von Bibliotheken mit kommerziellen Suchmaschinen, in Zusammenarbeit mit anderen Kultureinrichtungen, in Zusammenarbeit mit Verlagen und anderen Rechteinhabern. Deshalb ist die Digitalisierung urheberrechtsfreier Werke durch wen auch immer zu begrüßen. Je mehr kulturelles Erbe auf diese Weise weltweit jederzeit genutzt werden kann, um so besser wird die bibliothekarische Dienstleistung sein. Je mehr Teilnehmer und je mehr Sprachen an den Projekten beteiligt sind, um so vielfältiger wird das Angebot sein. Erst in der vergangenen Woche wurde die Teilnahme einer weiteren europäischen Bibliothek am Google Projekt bekannt (FR, vom 11. Januar). Und es ist gut, dass es sich bei der neuen Teilnehmerin um eine Bibliothek außerhalb des anglo-amerikanischen Sprachraums handelt, wird doch immer wieder die vermutete Dominanz der englischen Sprache bei den im Google Projekt entstehenden Digitalisaten kritisiert. Letztlich zwar zu Unrecht, denn der befürchtete "Sprachimperialismus" ist in den Sammlungen der bisher beteiligten Bibliotheken sehr viel weniger ausgeprägt, als vermutet wird, Große Universalbibliotheken sammeln eben sehr viel Fremdsprachiges. Aber je mehr nicht-englische Bibliotheken hinzukommen, desto geringer muss die Sorge der Kritiker sein.
Privat- öffentliche Zusammenarbeit Eine spürbare Einschränkung des Programms ist selbstverständlich die Begrenzung auf urheberrechtsfreie Werke. Das deutsche Urheberrecht schützt die Rechte der Urheber noch 70 Jahre nach deren Tod. Das ist eine gute Regelung für die Literatur, für Autoren und Verlage. Für die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek kommt dadurch eine Teilnahme am bisherigen Digitalisierungsprogramm von Google allerdings nicht in Betracht. Da die Sammlung erst 1913 beginnt, fällt der überwiegende Teil der Bestände unter den Schutz des Urheberrechts. So können zwar keine digitalisierten Bücher aus dem urheberrechtsgeschützten Bestand angeboten werden, die Angebote an Informationssuchende sollen aber auf anderen Wegen ausgebaut werden, etwa durch Kooperation mit dem Projekt Volltextsuche Online des Börsenvereins des Deutschen Buchhandels, das vor allem den digitalen Zugang zu Neuerscheinungen und zur aktuellen Produktion der Verlage schaffen wird. Das Google-Digitalisierungsprogramm ist ein Beispiel dafür, wie im Zusammenwirken von Privatwirtschaft und öffentlicher Hand öffentliche Digitale Bibliotheken aufgebaut werden können. Entscheidend ist dabei die Vertragsgestaltung, mit der die Rechte der Partner an den digitalisierten Werken geregelt wird. Für Bibliotheken ist eine solche Zusammenarbeit umso sinnvoller, je mehr eigenen Nutzen sie aus den Ergebnissen der Digitalisierung ziehen können, damit ihre Benutzer von dieser Partnerschaft profitieren."
