-
Strebe, R.: Empirische Untersuchtung von emotionalen Reaktionen im Prozess der Informationsrecherche im Web (2009)
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- Abstract
- In diesem Beitrag wird eine Studie vorgestellt, die eine beobachtende Perspektive auf affektive Phänomene entlang des Websuchprozesses eröffnet. Untersuchungsgegenstände sind Art, Häufigkeit und Intensität von Gefühlsausschlägen, die Auslöser von emotionalen Reaktionen sowie der Zusammenhang zwischen Gefühlsausschlägen und bestimmten Aktionsmerkmalen. Die Websuche zeigt sich als gefühlsintensive Tätigkeit. Besonders häufige Auslöser von Gefühlsausschlägen stehen in enger Beziehung zu erwarteter Relevanz und Relevanzbewertung. Bei Auslösern von besonders intensiven emotionalen Reaktionen ist der optische Eindruck einer Webseite ein wichtiger Faktor. Weiterer Untersuchungsbedarf zeigt sich vor allem in der Frage der Rolle affektiver Vorgänge innerhalb des Relevanzkonzeptes.
- Date
- 23. 3.2009 14:49:32
- Source
- Information - Wissenschaft und Praxis. 60(2009) H.2, S.75-81
-
Poll, R.: Informationsverhalten und Informationsbedarf der Wissenschaft : Teil 1 der Nutzungsanalyse des Systems der überregionalen Literatur- und Informationsversorgung (2004)
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- Abstract
- Die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft fördert in 23 Universitätsbibliotheken (Sondersammelgebieten), 47 Spezialbibliotheken und 3 zentralen Fachbibliotheken ein System der überregionalen Literatur- und Informationsversorgung. Dieses System kooperativer umfassender Sammlung weltweit vorhandener wissenschaftlicher Literatur sollte erstmals aus der Nutzerperspektive evaluiert werden. Es sollten Form und Umfang der tatsächlichen wie der potentiellen Nutzung sowie jetzige und zukünftige Bedarfe ermittelt werden, und zwar beispielhaft in den Fächern Anglistik, Betriebswirtschaft, Biologie, Geschichte und Maschinenbau. Das Projekt wurde 2002/2003 von der Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Münster zusammen mit infas-Institut für angewandte Sozialwissenschaft GmbH durchgeführt. Diese Veröffentlichung zeigt den ersten Teil der Ergebnisse, die das Informationsverhalten von Wissenschaftlern und Wissenschaftlerinnen in den fünf Fächern betreffen.
- Source
- Zeitschrift für Bibliothekswesen und Bibliographie. 51(2004) H.2, S.59-75
-
Kluck, M.: ¬Die Informationsanalyse im Online-Zeitalter : Befunde der Benutzerforschung zum Informationsverhalten im Internet (2004)
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- Abstract
- Die Notwendigkeit des professionellen Einsatzes von empirischen Methoden als Grundvoraussetzung für den Entwurf und die Gestaltung von Informationsdiensten, Informationsprodukten und Informationssystemen ist seit den frühen sechzigerfahren in der Informationsarbeit erkannt worden. Anfänglich wurde - ausgedrückt durch die Bezeichnung "Benutzerforschung" oder "fachliche Rezipientenforschung" -versucht, den Informationsbedarfvon unterschiedlichen Benutzergruppen (im Rahmen einer Typologie der Benutzer von Informationssystemen) zu messen und aufgrund dieser Daten zu Einschätzungen von Art, Menge, Umfang und Tiefe von Informationsbedürfnissen zu gelangen. "Benutzerforschung sollte den Lebensweg von Informationsprodukten beziehungsweise Informationsdiensten begleiten. Sie kann erste Anregungen geben, sie liefert Entscheidungshilfen im Planungsstadium und kontrolliert dann, ob, wo und wie sich der geplante Erfolg tatsächlich eingestellt hat." In den siebziger und achtziger Jahren traten dann Fragestellungen in den Vordergrund, die den allgemeinen Nutzen der Information und besonders der Strukturen und Prozesse der Informationsvermittlung empirisch zu beschreiben versuchten. Darüber hinaus wurden mit dem in den siebziger Jahren dann vollzogenen Einsatz der Informationsund Kommunikationstechnologien in den Bibliotheken und Informationsstellen Fragestellungen wichtig, die unter dem Begriff "Kommunikationsanalysen" etwa die Ansätze der Informationsbedarfsmessung mit der empirischen Analyse des Einsatzes von Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien verbanden. Ein weiteres Einsatzfeld empirischer Untersuchungen ergab sich aus dem langsamen Entstehen eines Marktes für elektronische Informationsprodukte, wodurch sowohl empirische Marktforschungsstrategien als auch empirische Marketingansätze in die Informationsarbeit hineingetragen wurden. Schließlich traten Untersuchungen der Benutzerfreundlichkeit von Informationssystemen und ihrer Bedienbarkeit sowie dann die allgemeinen Kriterien der Softwareergonomie hinzu. Ferner werden seit den 90er Jahren durch die Nutzung des Internets als Angebotsmedium Aspekte der Kundenorientierung und Fragen der empirischen Nutzungsforschung und der Bedienungsfreundlichkeit (Usability) zunehmend wichtiger. Dementsprechend haben sich auch die Begrifflichkeiten für die Benutzerforschung in Bibliotheken gewandelt: Von Benutzung, Benutzerbedürfnisse, Benutzerforschung, Benutzerfreundlichkeit über Benutzerorientierung, Benutzerzufriedenheit, Benchmarking, Qualitätsmanagement, Bibliotheksmarketing hin zu Kundenorientierung, Kundenzufriedenheit, Service. Hinsichtlich der Internet-Angebote kamen dann Aspekte des Benutzerverhaltens und der Bedienungsfreundlichkeit der Software bzw der Benutzerschnittstellen hinzu. Allen Konzepten ist gemeinsam, dass sie im weitesten Sinne den Prozess der gesellschaftlichen Informationsvermittlung auf einer übergreifenden Ebene verstehbar machen: Aus der Sicht des Nutzers von Information, aus der Sicht manifester und latenter Informationsbedürfnisse, aus der Sicht technisch unterstützter fachlicher Informationsund Kommunikationsprozesse der Information und Dokumentation oder aus der Sicht technischer und ästhetischer Gestaltung. Diese hier grob unterschiedenen Ansätze werden nun unter dem Begriff Informationsanalyse zusammengefasst.
- Date
- 5. 4.2013 10:19:45
- Source
- Grundlagen der praktischen Information und Dokumentation. 5., völlig neu gefaßte Ausgabe. 2 Bde. Hrsg. von R. Kuhlen, Th. Seeger u. D. Strauch. Begründet von Klaus Laisiepen, Ernst Lutterbeck, Karl-Heinrich Meyer-Uhlenried. Bd.1: Handbuch zur Einführung in die Informationswissenschaft und -praxis
-
Branch, J.L.: Junior high students and think alouds generating information-seeking process data using concurrent verbal protocols (2001)
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- Source
- Library and information science research. 23(2001) no.2, S.107-122
-
Wildemuth, B.M.; O'Neill, A.L.: Katalogrecherche nach bekannten Vorlagen : empirische Überlegungen zu nutzerorientierten Nachweisinstrumenten (1996)
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- Source
- Zeitschrift für Bibliothekswesen und Bibliographie. 43(1996) H.1, S.23-45
-
Miralpeix, C.: Children's catalogues : a comparative study of catalogue use in two children's libraries (1994)
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- Source
- International cataloguing and bibliographic control. 23(1994) no.3, S.43-46
-
Wallace, P.M.: Periodical title searching in online catalogues (1997)
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- Date
- 29. 7.1998 10:57:22
- Source
- Serials review. 23(1997) no.3, S.27-35
-
Hancock-Beaulieu, M.; Robertson, S.; Neilson, C.: Evaluation of online catalogues : eliciting information from the user (1991)
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- Date
- 23. 1.1999 19:53:09
- Source
- Information processing and management. 27(1991) no.5, S.523-532
-
Sullenger, P.: ¬A serials transaction log analysis (1997)
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- Source
- Serials review. 23(1997) no.3, S.21-26
-
Hsieh-Yee, I.: Research on Web-search behavior (2001)
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- Date
- 30.12.2008 12:51:23
- Source
- Library and information science research. 23(2001) no.2, S.167-185
-
Bates, M.J.; Wilde, D.N.; Siegfried, S.: ¬An analysis of search terminology used by humanities scholars : the Getty online searching project report number 1 (1993)
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- Abstract
- The Getty art history information program carried out a two-year project to study how humanities scholars operate as end users of online databases. Visiting scholars at the Getty Center for the History of Art and the Humanities in Santa Monica, California, were offered the opportunity to so unlimited subsidized searching of DIALOG databases. This first report from the project analyzes the vocabulary terms twenty-two scholars used in their natural language descriptions of their information needs and in their online searches. The data were extracted from 165 natural language statements and 1.068 search terms. Vocabulary categories used by humanities scholars were found to differ markedly from those used in the sciences, a fact that imposes distinctive demands on thesaurus development and the design of online information systems. Humanities scholars searched for far more named individuals, geographical terms, chronological terms, and discipline terms than was the case in a comparative science sample. The analysis provides substantial support for the growing perception that information needs of humanities scholars are distinct from those of scholars in other fields, and that the design of information-providing systems for these scholars must take their unique qualitites into account
- Date
- 17. 1.1999 13:27:23
-
Berger, F.C.; Hofstede, A.H.M. ter; Van der Weide, T.P.: Supporting query by navigation (1996)
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- Source
- Information retrieval: new systems and current research. Proceedings of the 16th Research Colloquium of the British Computer Society Information Retrieval Specialist Group, Drymen, Scotland, 22-23 Mar 94. Ed.: R. Leon
-
Stokmans, M.; Oomens, A.: Meer grasduinen door genreplaatsing? : genre- of alfabetische plaatsing: onderzoek naar verschillen in gebruikersgedrag (1997)
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- Source
- BibliotheekBlad. 1(1997) no.21, S.22-23
-
Kübler, H.-D.: Aufwachsen mit dem Web : Surfen eher selten: zwei Studien zur Internetnutzung von Kindern (2005)
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- Content
- "Als Generation @ werden Kinder und Jugendliche in der Öffentlichkeit bereits gefeiert, insbesondere Marketing und Werbung schwärmen vom geschickten, unermüdlichen Surfen im WWW, von kinderleichter Handhabung des Equipments, spielerischem Edutainment und spannenden Verlockungen des digitalen Lernens, und zwar schon für die Kleinsten ab dem Kindergartenalter. Mehrheit noch offline Imposant sind auch die quantitativen Daten zur Haushaltsausstattung und PC- beziehungsweise Internetnutzung, vor allem ihre Wachstumsraten, die die Studie von Christine Feil und Co-Autoren referiert und miteinander abgleicht. Susanne Richter (S. 18) hingegen weiß nichts von ihrer Existenz, zumal Angaben aus kommerziellen Kontexten meist zu Obertreibungen neigen. Seriöser sind die Angaben des so genannten Medienpädagogischen Forschungsverbundes Südwest, der seit 1999 die Studie »Kinder und Medien« (»KIM-Studie«) durchführt, 2003 zum vierten Mal. Danach hatten 57 Prozent der bundesdeutschen Haushalte mit 6- bis 13-jährigen Kinder Internet zu Hause (Feil S. 15),42 Prozent der 6-bis 13-Jährigen besuchen hin und wieder das Internet, nur etwa gut zwölf Prozent sind täglich oder mehrmals in der Woche nach Schätzungen durchschnittlich zwischen einer halben und einer Stunde im Netz, werden aber von kommerzieller Seite bereits als »Heavy User« apostrophiert (Feil S. 18). Etwa bei zehn, elf Jahren lag 2003/2004 das Einstiegsalter für das Internet, bei Mädchen und bei Kindern aus niedrigeren Einkommens- und Sozialschichten etwas später. Offenbar haben die inzwischen - auch schon im Primarbereich - gut ausgestatten Schulen noch »kaum kompensatorische Wirkung im Sinne gleicher Zugangschancen für alle Kinder« entfaltet, »sondern allenfalls den Anteil der Kinder mit Sowohl-als-auch-Zugang« erhöht (Feil S. 21). So zeichnen sich tendenziell zwar jeweils steigende Beteiligungen ab, aber »die Mehrheit der Kinder« ist noch »offline«. Und der Zugang der Kinder zum Netz allein »gibt weder Aufschluss über ihre Nutzungskompetenzen noch über die Bedeutung der Kommunikationsund Informationsfunktion des Internets für Kinder« (Feil S. 30), so die sicherlich stimmige Ausgangsthese.
Beobachtungen und Befragungen Da kommen die beiden vorliegenden Studien gerade recht, untersuchen sie doch mit qualitativen Methoden, mit Befragungen und teilnehmenden Beobachtungen, wie Kinder das Internet entdecken beziehungsweise nutzen, welche Kompetenzen sie haben und entwickeln, welche Erwartungen, Interessen und Präferenzen sie für das Netz haben, wie und welche Orientierungen und Suchstrategien sie entfalten und schließlich wodurch und wie sie sich von den Web-Sites ansprechen lassen. Das wird jeweils an einzelnen Beispielen und Szenen anschaulich beschrieben, teils wörtlich dokumentiert, sodass man plastische Eindrücke bekommt, wie Kinder an das Web herangehen, wie sie sich zurechtfinden und was sie darüber denken und wissen. Die eine Studie (Christine Feil et al. 2004) wurde zwischen 2001 und 2003 am Deutschen Jugendinstitut (DJI) München mit Unterstützung des Bundesministeriums für Bildung und Forschung durchgeführt; an ihr sind mehrere ForscherInnen beteiligt gewesen. Entsprechend komplexer und differenzierter sind ihre Erhebungsmethoden, entsprechend aufwendiger ist ihr Forschungsdesign, und entsprechend umfassender und dichter sind ihre Ergebnisse. Teilgenommen an der Studie haben elf Mädchen und sieben Jungen zwischen fünf und elf Jahren; sie wurden in zwei bis drei mindestens einstündigen Beobachtungsphasen in ihrem Umgang mit PC und Internet per Video beobachtet, zweimal befragt wurden die Eltern und die Erzieherinnen der Horte, in die die Kinder gehen. Die andere (Susanne Richter 2004) ist eine literaturdidaktische Dissertation an der Universität Lüneburg, deren empirischer Teil schon 1999, also drei Jahre früher als die DJI-Studie, durchgeführt wurde. Beteiligt waren 25 Schüler, darunter nur sechs Mädchen, zwischen zehn und 13 Jahren, die von der Autorin nach ihrer PC-Nutzung befragt und während einer halbstündigen »Surfphase« über vier ausgewählte Web-Sites beobachtet wurden. Mithin sind die Populationen allenfalls für die neun 10- bis 11-Jährigen der DJI-Studie vergleichbar, die andere Hälfte ist jünger.
Tipps von Freunden Beide Studien beschränken sich nicht nur auf die Darstellung der empirischen Befunde: Außer der Aufbereitung der quantitativen Nutzungsdaten findet sich in der DJI-Studie noch ein informativer Abriss über »neuere Entwicklungen im deutschen Kinderweh«. Darin werden die neuen Kinder- und Jugendschutzregelungen abgehandelt sowie jüngste formale und inhaltliche Entwicklungen der Internetseiten für Kinder skizziert. Damit setzt das DJI seine Bestandsaufnahmen und Sichtungen von Kindersoftware und -selten, die es seit 1999 vornimmt, fort.* In einer Datenbank (unter www. kinderseiten.de) sind sie jeweils aktuell abzurufen. Insgesamt wachse die »Ökonomisierung des Kinderweh«; gerade die für Kindermedien symptomatischen Medienverbundstrategien werden durch das Web enorm verstärkt, wie es umgekehrt von ihnen profitiert, sodass sich Werbung und Inhalt immer intensiver vermischen (und kaum das gesetzliche Gebot nach Trennung einhalten). Nicht-kommerzielle Angebote, die es gleichwohl in Fülle im Netz gibt, haben es gegenüber solch geballter Marktmacht zunehmend schwerer, überhaupt die Aufmerksamkeit der Kinder zu finden, das heißt, überhaupt von ihnen entdeckt zu werden. Denn Kinder diesen Alters, darin stimmen beide Studien überein, surfen im eigentlichen Sinne kaum; sie merken sich die Adressen (URLs) aus Zeitschriften, von Fernsehsendungen oder bekommen sie von Freunden. Nur selten suchen sie welche gezielt mittels Suchmaschinen oder Katalogen; und auch spezielle Kindersuchmaschinen wie die viel gelobte Blinde Kuh (www.blindekuh.de) kommen nur selten in ihr Gesichtsfeld. Auch Richter beginnt - wohl typisch Dissertation - recht allgemein, mit der Darstellung (kontroverser) Medienbegriffe, von Web-Geschichte und -funktionalitäten und gängigen Gestaltungskriterien, was für das eigentliche Thema nicht unbedingt erforderlich ist. Aufschlussreich für den bibliothekarischen Kontext sind hingegen ihre Ausführungen zur Lesekompetenz und ihre Relationen zu speziellen Internetkompetenzen, die die Autorin auch empirisch erhärten kann: Denn Kinder, die flüssig, gut und sicher lesen können, erfassen natürlich nicht nur die Web-Inhalte besser, sie finden sich auch schneller auf den Web-Seiten zurecht und erkennen deren Strukturen (Linkpfade, Navigationsleisten, Buttons und so weiter) leichter und genauer als die Leseschwächeren. Ob man solchen Umgang sogleich als kompetentes Informationsverhalten und Surf-Aktivität werten will oder nicht, ist wohl Definitionssache. Denn auch Richter räumt ein, dass die meisten Kinder vornehmlich über das Internet spielen oder aber ihnen schon bekannte Seiten für ihre Hobbys, über Stars, Musik und Chat aufrufen. Dabei ist ihnen vor allem das Design der Seiten wichtig: Bunt, mit Bildern und Fotos sollen sie gestaltet sein, aber nicht überladen und durch Animationen in ihrer Ladezeit zu langwierig. Fachliches Computerwissen haben die Kinder gemeinhin nicht, nur wenige Freaks brillieren mit nicht immer ganz begriffenem Vokabular; und sie brauchen es auch kaum, denn sie lernen den Internetumgang durch Zugucken und kurze Handling-Tipps von Eltern und älteren Kindern. Eine systematische Internetdidaktik, wie sie Richter fordert, wurde vor vier Jahren offenbar noch kaum praktiziert.
Trial and Error Aber auch die DJI-Studie konstatiert drei Jahre später, dass gezieltes Anleiten der Kinder noch die ganz seltene Ausnahme ist. Das informelle Lernen, das allmähliche Hinweinwachsen in die erforderlichen Nutzungsweisen überwiegt. Nur wenige Erzieherinnen beschäftigen sich explizit damit, Lehrerinnen wurden aus Zeitgründen nicht befragt. Und für die Eltern wären attraktive Bildungsangebote mit der Intention zu empfehlen, die Medien- und Internetkompetenz ihrer Kinder zu fördern. Bislang sind die meisten Kinder weithin Autodidakten, die durch Trial and Errordas eine oder andere entdecken oder aber sich mit einmal eingeübten Routinen - etwa auf der Ebene der Computerspiele - begnügen. Denn so einfach und kinderleicht, wie auch Richter (S. 155) behauptet, sind die Bedienung der WebSoftware (Browser) und die Nutzung des Netzes nach Ansicht der DJI-ForscherInnen längst noch nicht: Da bedarf es neben technisch-instrumenteller auch noch kognitiv-analytischer Fähigkeiten, um sich zu orientieren, durch die Masse von Informationen, die vielfach belanglos oder irreführend und nur selten erschöpfend sind, sich durchzubeißen und endlich Verlässliches und Brauchbares in ansprechender Weise zu finden. Spätestens, wenn etwas nicht oder schief geht, sind die meisten Kinder- aberwohl nicht nur sie - ratlos und bedürfen der kompetenten Hilfe anderer. Und mit den vielen Tricks, Täuschungen und Manipulationsstrategien kommerzieller Websites-Werbung, Pop-Ups und Dialers - kommen Kinder kaum zurecht. Schon die vielen Anglizismen, vermeintlichen Jugendjargons und Fachtermini überfordern sie ebenso wie die zahlreichen Anmelde- und Registrierungsprozeduren, wo vielfach - wenn nicht gar datenschutzrechtliche - so doch Nützlichkeitsmaximen überschritten werden. Dafür bedürfte es nicht nur mehr und gründlicher pädagogischer Aufklärung; vielmehr könnten verantwortliche Website-Anbieter - gegen die Masse der Kommerzseiten - transparente, interaktive Hilfen, die selbsterklärend oder sogar -steuernd sind, implementieren. So könnten sich Qualitäts- und Kontrollmaßstäbe entwickeln, die die jugendlichen User dann auch an andere Seiten stellen. Denn Verbreitung, Nutzung und Bedeutung des Internet werden im Alltag und in der Kultur der Kinder gewiss wachsen. Bis es so selbstverständlich, vielseitig und problemlos genutzt werden kann, wie heute die nun schon »alten« Medien, ist es nach Einschätzung der DJI-AutorInnen noch ein gehöriges Stück Weges, den man pädagogisch besser und konstruktiver gestalten könnte. In solcher Aufgabenstellung stimmen beide Studien erneut überein."
- Footnote
- Rezensionen zu: Christine Feil, Regine Decker, Christoph Gieger: Wie entdecken Kinder das Internet? Beobachtungen bei 5- bis 12-jährigen Kindern. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2004 (Schriften des Deutschen Jugendinstituts: Kinder). 254 Seiten: Illustrationen, grafische Darstellungen. Susanne Richter: Die Nutzung des Internets durch Kinder. Eine qualitative Studie zu internetspezifischen Nutzungsstrategien, Kompetenzen und Präferenzen von Kindern im Alter zwischen 11 und 13 Jahren. Frankfurt (Main) [u.a.]: Lang, 2004 (Kinder- und Jugendkultur, -literatur und -medien; 27). 299 Seiten: Illustrationen, grafische Darstellungen.
-
Schneider, R.: OPACs, Benutzer und das Web (2009)
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- Abstract
- Der Artikel betrachtet anhand einer Studie zum Benutzerverhalten bei der Online-Katalogrecherche den gegenwärtigen Stellenwert und das zukünftige Potential der Web-OPACs. Dabei werden zunächst die Ergebnisse einer quantitativen Logfile-Analyse sowie qualitativer Benutzertests erörtert, bevor aktuelle Entwicklungen der Webtechnologie, die unter den Schlagworten Web 2.0 und Web 3.0 propagiert werden, im Zusammenhang mit der Online-Recherche und der Entwicklung neuartiger Suchverfahren kurz diskutiert werden.
- Date
- 22. 2.2009 18:50:43
- Source
- Zeitschrift für Bibliothekswesen und Bibliographie. 56(2009) H.1, S.9-19
-
Yuan, X.; Belkin, N.J.: Investigating information retrieval support techniques for different information-seeking strategies (2010)
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- Abstract
- We report on a study that investigated the efficacy of four different interactive information retrieval (IIR) systems, each designed to support a specific information-seeking strategy (ISS). These systems were constructed using different combinations of IR techniques (i.e., combinations of different methods of representation, comparison, presentation and navigation), each of which was hypothesized to be well suited to support a specific ISS. We compared the performance of searchers in each such system, designated experimental, to an appropriate baseline system, which implemented the standard specified query and results list model of current state-of-the-art experimental and operational IR systems. Four within-subjects experiments were conducted for the purpose of this comparison. Results showed that each of the experimental systems was superior to its baseline system in supporting user performance for the specific ISS (that is, the information problem leading to that ISS) for which the system was designed. These results indicate that an IIR system, which intends to support more than one kind of ISS, should be designed within a framework which allows the use and combination of different IR support techniques for different ISSs.
- Date
- 23. 7.2010 11:28:45
-
Bilal, D.: Children's use of the Yahooligans! Web search engine : III. Cognitive and physical behaviors on fully self-generated search tasks (2002)
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- Abstract
- Bilal, in this third part of her Yahooligans! study looks at children's performance with self-generated search tasks, as compared to previously assigned search tasks looking for differences in success, cognitive behavior, physical behavior, and task preference. Lotus ScreenCam was used to record interactions and post search interviews to record impressions. The subjects, the same 22 seventh grade children in the previous studies, generated topics of interest that were mediated with the researcher into more specific topics where necessary. Fifteen usable sessions form the basis of the study. Eleven children were successful in finding information, a rate of 73% compared to 69% in assigned research questions, and 50% in assigned fact-finding questions. Eighty-seven percent began using one or two keyword searches. Spelling was a problem. Successful children made fewer keyword searches and the number of search moves averaged 5.5 as compared to 2.4 on the research oriented task and 3.49 on the factual. Backtracking and looping were common. The self-generated task was preferred by 47% of the subjects.
- Date
- 21. 7.2006 11:31:23
-
Solomon, P.: Children, technology, and instruction : a case study of elementary school children using an online public access catalog (OPAC) (1994)
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- Source
- School library media quarterly. 23(1994) no.1, S.43-51
-
Spink, A.: Multiple search sessions model of end-user behaviour : an exploratory study (1996)
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- Date
- 23.11.1996 17:23:42
-
Cooper, L.: ¬The retreival of information in an elementary school library media center : an alternative method of classification in the Common School Library, Amherst, Massachusetts (1997)
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- Date
- 23. 5.1996 21:08:36
