-
Scobel, G.: GPT: Eine Software, die die Welt verändert (2023)
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- Abstract
- GPT-3 ist eine jener Entwicklungen, die binnen weniger Monate an Einfluss und Reichweite zulegen. Die Software wird sich massiv auf Ökonomie und Gesellschaft auswirken.
- Date
- 23. 1.2023 17:28:51
-
Leighton, T.: ChatGPT und Künstliche Intelligenz : Utopie oder Dystopie? (2023)
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- Abstract
- Das Tool wird immer ausgefeilter; es erstellt Software und erfindet die unglaublichsten Fiktionen. Wie "klug" ist es? Wie sieht es mit den Ängsten aus? Und mit Moral?
- Date
- 6. 1.2023 21:19:23
- Series
- Telepolis / Kultur und Medien
- Source
- https://www.heise.de/tp/features/ChatGPT-und-Kuenstliche-Intelligenz-Utopie-oder-Dystopie-7445181.html?view=print
-
Sokirko, A.V.: Programnaya realizatsiya Russkogo abshchesemanticheskogo slovarya (1997)
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- Abstract
- Discusses the Dolphi2 for Windows software which has been used for the development of the Russian Semantic Dictionay ROSS. Although not a relational database as such, Dolphi actively uses standard objects of relational databases
- Footnote
- Übers. des Titels: Software for the Russian Semantic Dictionary
- Source
- Nauchno- Tekhnicheskaya Informatsiya; Series 2. 1997, no.12, S.20-23
-
Thiel, M.: Bedingt wahrscheinliche Syntaxbäume (2006)
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- Abstract
- Es wird argumentiert, dass die Ansätze der probabilistischen kontextfreien Grammatiken und anderer Modelle nicht ausreichend sind für die Lösung der im Parsing auftretenden Probleme. Zu deren Lösung wird folgende Hypothese aufgestellt: Die Wahrscheinlichkeiten einzelner Lesarten und verschiedener Knoten in einem Syntaxbaum sind voneinander abhängig. Vereindeutigt man eine Lesart bzw. einen Knoten, hat dies Auswirkungen auf die Wahrscheinlichkeit anderer Lesarten bzw. Knoten. Daher werden alle Lesarten und Syntaxbäume in einen Graphen integriert. Wenn die Wahrscheinlichkeiten also voneinander abhängig sind, wird angenommen, dass die Theorie der bedingten Wahrscheinlichkeiten von Bayes als Basis eine Lösung produzieren sollte. An einem Beispiel wird dies nachvollzogen und die Hypothese konnte bestätigt werden.
Die Tendenz ist eindeutig: wo immer es sinnvoll ist, werden hart' programmierte Lösungen durch Ansätze des Softcomputing ersetzt. Vor allem technische und kommerzielle Bereiche profitieren davon. So finden wir Kransteuerungen und viele andere Anwendungen mit Fuzzy Expertensystemen sowie Bilderkennungssysteme und Entscheidungen über die Kreditvergabe mit Neuronalen Netzen oder auch Methoden des Maschinellen Lernens (vgl. Jafar-Shaghaghi 1994). Ein Prinzip dieser Ansätze ist, dass die Software sich automatisch an die spezielle Situation und Datengrundlage der Anwendung anpasst. Flexibilität der Anpassung und die Fähigkeit zur Verallgemeinerung auf bislang ungesehene Fälle sind implizit in den Methoden vorhanden. Gerade dies ist auch ein typisches Problem, das bei der Beschreibung und vor allem beim Parsen natürlicher Sprache auftritt. Bei der Verarbeitung natürlicher Sprache kommt das leidige Problem der Ambiguität auf verschiedenen Ebenen hinzu. Alternative Regeln schließen sich in ihrer Anwendung in einem Satz meistens gegenseitig aus und sind nicht alle an der aktuellen Stelle gleich wahrscheinlich. Auf diese Problematik wurde schon früh hingewiesen (Thiel 1987, 137 ff.), wo versucht wurde, mit Gewichtungen die Wahrscheinlichkeit von Regeln, Syntaxbäumen, Kategorien und Wortsemantik in den Griff zu bekommen. Das Gewicht eines Syntaxbaumes kann z.B. einfach zugewiesen werden oder berechnet werden als Funktion des Baumes, aus dem er abgeleitet wird, und der angewandten Regel. Ein solches Verfahren wird (Thiel 1987, 152) am Beispiel einer Heuristik für die Inferenzmaschine eines Expertensystems gezeigt. Aber auch bereits in einer sehr frühen Veröffentlichung zur Analyse natürlicher Sprache, an der Zimmermann maßgeblich beteiligt war, wurde auf Vorkommenswahrscheinlichkeiten hingewiesen: "Statistische Auswertung von Typen des Satzbaus, Bau nominaler und verbaler Gruppen ..." (Eggers et al. 1969, 18). Derzeit konzentrieren sich die Ansätze von Vagheit in der Verarbeitung von natürlicher Sprache vor allem auf die Filterung von Texten z.B. in Spam-Filtern und auf probabilistische kontextfreie Grammatiken.
- Date
- 13.10.2006 9:35:23
- Source
- Information und Sprache: Beiträge zu Informationswissenschaft, Computerlinguistik, Bibliothekswesen und verwandten Fächern. Festschrift für Harald H. Zimmermann. Herausgegeben von Ilse Harms, Heinz-Dirk Luckhardt und Hans W. Giessen
-
Lezius, W.: Morphy - Morphologie und Tagging für das Deutsche (2013)
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- Abstract
- Morphy ist ein frei verfügbares Softwarepaket für die morphologische Analyse und Synthese und die kontextsensitive Wortartenbestimmung des Deutschen. Die Verwendung der Software unterliegt keinen Beschränkungen. Da die Weiterentwicklung eingestellt worden ist, verwenden Sie Morphy as is, d.h. auf eigenes Risiko, ohne jegliche Haftung und Gewährleistung und vor allem ohne Support. Morphy ist nur für die Windows-Plattform verfügbar und nur auf Standalone-PCs lauffähig.
- Date
- 22. 3.2015 9:30:24
-
Helbig, H.; Gnörlich, C.; Leveling, J.: Natürlichsprachlicher Zugang zu Informationsanbietern im Internet und zu lokalen Datenbanken (2000)
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- Abstract
- Die Schaffung eines natürlichsprachlichen Interfaces (NLI), (das einem Nutzer die Formulierung von Anfragen an Informationsanbieter in seiner Muttersprache erlaubt, stellt eine der interessantesten Herausforderungen im Bereich des Information-Retrieval und der Verarbeitung natürlicher Sprache dar. Dieser Beitrag beschreibt Methoden zur Obersetzung natürlichsprachlicher Anfragen in Ausdrücke formaler Retrievalsprachen sowohl für Informationsressourcen im Internet als auch für lokale Datenbanken. Die vorgestellten Methoden sind Teil das Informationsrecherchesystems LINAS, das an der Fernuniversität Hagen entwickelt wurde, um Nutzern einen natürlichsprachlichen Zugang zu lokalen und zu im Internet verteilten wissenschaftlichen und technischen Informationen anzubieten. Das LINAS-System unterscheidet sich von anderen Systemen und natürlichsprachlichen Interfaces (vgl. OSIRIS) oder die früheren Systeme INTELLECT, Q&A durch die explizite Einbeziehung von Hintergrundwissen und speziellen Dialogmodellen in den Übersetzungsprozeß. Darüber hinaus ist das System auf ein vollständiges Verstehen des natürlichsprachlichen Textes ausgerichtet, während andere Systeme typischerweise nur nach Stichworten oder bestimmten grammatikalischen Mustern in der Eingabe suchen. Ein besonderer Schwerpunkt von LINAS liegt in der Repräsentation und Auswertung der semantischen Relationen zwischen den in der Nutzeranfrage gegebenen Konzepten
- Source
- Sprachtechnologie für eine dynamische Wirtschaft im Medienzeitalter - Language technologies for dynamic business in the age of the media - L'ingénierie linguistique au service de la dynamisation économique à l'ère du multimédia: Tagungsakten der XXVI. Jahrestagung der Internationalen Vereinigung Sprache und Wirtschaft e.V., 23.-25.11.2000, Fachhochschule Köln. Hrsg.: K.-D. Schmitz
-
Rolland, M.T.: ¬Ein semantikorientierter Ansatz im Bereich der Sprachverarbeitung (1995)
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- Date
- 2.10.1996 18:23:47
- Series
- Sprache und Computer; 15
- Source
- Angewandte Computerlinguistik: Vorträge im Rahmen der Jahrestagung 1995 der Gesellschaft für Linguistische Datenverarbeitung (GLDV) e.V., Regensburg, 30.-31.3.1995
-
Winograd, T.: Software für Sprachverarbeitung (1984)
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- Abstract
- Der Computer kann mit sprachlichen Zeichen sicher und schnell umgehen. Dies zeigen Programme zur Textverarbeitung. Versuche allerdings, ihn auch mit Bedeutungen operieren zu lassen, sind gescheitert. Wird der Rechner das größte Problem der Sprachverarbeitung - die Mehrdeutigkeit natürlicher Sprachen - jemals bewältigen?
- Source
- Spektrum der Wissenschaft. 1984, H.11, S.88-102
-
Lonsdale, D.; Mitamura, T.; Nyberg, E.: Acquisition of large lexicons for practical knowledge-based MT (1994/95)
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- Abstract
- Although knowledge based MT systems have the potential to achieve high translation accuracy, each successful application system requires a large amount of hand coded lexical knowledge. Systems like KBMT-89 and its descendants have demonstarted how knowledge based translation can produce good results in technical domains with tractable domain semantics. Nevertheless, the magnitude of the development task for large scale applications with 10s of 1000s of of domain concepts precludes a purely hand crafted approach. The current challenge for the next generation of knowledge based MT systems is to utilize online textual resources and corpus analysis software in order to automate the most laborious aspects of the knowledge acquisition process. This partial automation can in turn maximize the productivity of human knowledge engineers and help to make large scale applications of knowledge based MT an viable approach. Discusses the corpus based knowledge acquisition methodology used in KANT, a knowledge based translation system for multilingual document production. This methodology can be generalized beyond the KANT interlinhua approach for use with any system that requires similar kinds of knowledge
- Date
- 18. 5.1996 16:23:54
-
Egger, W.: Helferlein für jedermann : Elektronische Wörterbücher (2004)
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- Abstract
- Zahllose online-dictionaries und einzelne, teilweise ausgezeichnete elektronische Wörterbücher wollen hier nicht erwähnt werden, da ihre Vorzüge teilweise folgenden Nachteilen gegenüber stehen: Internet-Verbindung, CD-Rom, bzw. zeitaufwändiges Aufrufen der Wörterbücher oder Wechsel der Sprachrichtung sind erforderlich.
- Series
- Software: Der große Lexikon-Ratgeber
-
McCune, B.P.; Tong, R.M.; Dean, J.S.: Rubric: a system for rule-based information retrieval (1985)
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- Source
- IEEE transactions on software engineering. 11(1985), S.939-945
-
Latzer, F.-M.: Yo Computa! (1997)
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- Abstract
- Leistungsfähige und preisgünstige PC-Software macht Sprachverarbeitung nun auch als Standardanwendung für jeden interessant
-
Monnerjahn, P.: Vorsprung ohne Technik : Übersetzen: Computer und Qualität (2000)
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- Abstract
- Noch immer ist der menschliche Übersetzer dem Computer in sprachlicher Hinsicht überlegen. Zwar ist die Übersetzungssoftware besser geworden, aber die systembedingten Probleme bleiben
- Source
- c't. 2000, H.22, S.230-231
-
Endres-Niggemeyer, B.: Sprachverarbeitung im Informationsbereich (1989)
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- Pages
- S.9-23
- Source
- Linguistische Datenverarbeitung und Neue Medien. Hrsg.: Winfried Lenders
-
Barthel, J.; Ciesielski, R.: Regeln zu ChatGPT an Unis oft unklar : KI in der Bildung (2023)
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- Date
- 29. 3.2023 13:23:26
29. 3.2023 13:29:19
-
Klein, A.; Weis, U.; Stede, M.: ¬Der Einsatz von Sprachverarbeitungstools beim Sprachenlernen im Intranet (2000)
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- Source
- Sprachtechnologie für eine dynamische Wirtschaft im Medienzeitalter - Language technologies for dynamic business in the age of the media - L'ingénierie linguistique au service de la dynamisation économique à l'ère du multimédia: Tagungsakten der XXVI. Jahrestagung der Internationalen Vereinigung Sprache und Wirtschaft e.V., 23.-25.11.2000, Fachhochschule Köln. Hrsg.: K.-D. Schmitz
-
Melzer, C.: ¬Der Maschine anpassen : PC-Spracherkennung - Programme sind mittlerweile alltagsreif (2005)
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- Content
- "Der Spracherkennung am Computer schien vor wenigen Jahren die Zukunft zu gehören. Geradezu euphorisch waren viele Computernutzer, als sich auf den Bildschirmen die ersten gesprochenen Sätze als Text darstellten. Doch die Spracherkennung erwies sich als anfällig, die Nachbearbeitung nahm manchmal mehr Zeit in Anspruch als gespart wurde. Dabei ist die Kommunikation des Menschen mit der Maschine über die Tastatur eigentlich höchst kompliziert - selbst geübte Schreiber sprechen schneller als sie tippen. Deshalb hat sich inzwischen viel getan: Im Preis und in der Genauigkeit sind viele Spracherkennungsprogramme heute alltagsreif. Die besten Systeme kosten aber noch immer mehrere hundert Euro, die günstigsten weisen Lücken auf. Letztlich gilt: Respektable Ergebnisse sind erreichbar, wenn sich der Mensch der Maschine anpasst. Die Stiftung Warentest in Berlin hat die sechs gängigsten Systeme auf den Prüfstand gestellt. Die ersten Ergebnisse waren ernüchternd: Das deutlich gesprochene "Johann Wolfgang von Goethe" wurde als "Juan Wolf kann Mohnblüte", "Jaun Wolfgang von Göbel" oder "Johann-Wolfgang Wohngüte" geschrieben. Grundsätzlich gilt: Bei einem einfachen Basiswortschatz sind die Ergebnisse genau, sobald es etwas spezieller wird, wird die Software erfinderisch. "Zweiter Weltkrieg" kann dann zu "Zeit für Geld kriegt" werden. Doch ebenso wie der Nutzer lernt auch das System. Bei der Software ist Lernfähigkeit Standard. Ohnehin muss der Benutzer das System einrichten, indem er vorgegebene Texte liest. Dabei wird das Programm der Stimme und der Sprechgeschwindigkeit angepasst. Hier gilt, dass der Anwender deutlich, aber ganz normal vorlesen sollte. Wer akzentuiert und übertrieben betont, wird später mit ungenauen Ausgaben bestraft. Erkennt das System auch nach dem Training einzelne Wörter nicht, können sie nachträglich eingefügt werden. Gleiches gilt für kompliziertere Orts- oder Eigennamen. Wie gut das funktioniert, beweist ein Gegentest: Liest ein anderer den selben Text vor, sinkt das Erkennungsniveau rapide. Die beste Lernfähigkeit attestierten die Warentester dem System "Voice Pro 10" von linguatec. Das war das mit Abstand vielseitigste, mit fast 200 Euro jedoch auch das teuerste Programm.
Billiger geht es mit "Via Voice Standard" von IBM. Die Software kostet etwa 50 Euro, hat aber erhebliche Schwächen in der Lernfähigkeit: Sie schneidet jedoch immer noch besser ab als das gut drei Mal so teure "Voice Office Premium 10"; das im Test der sechs Programme als einziges nur ein "Befriedigend" bekam. "Man liest über Spracherkennung nicht mehr so viel" weil es funktioniert", glaubt Dorothee Wiegand von der in Hannover erscheinenden Computerzeitschrift "c't". Die Technik" etwa "Dragon Naturally Speaking" von ScanSoft, sei ausgereift, "Spracherkennung ist vor allem Statistik, die Auswertung unendlicher Wortmöglichkeiten. Eigentlich war eher die Hardware das Problem", sagt Wiegand. Da jetzt selbst einfache Heimcomputer schnell und leistungsfähig seien, hätten die Entwickler viel mehr Möglichkeiten."Aber selbst ältere Computer kommen mit den Systemen klar. Sie brauchen nur etwas länger! "Jedes Byte macht die Spracherkennung etwas schneller, ungenauer ist sie sonst aber nicht", bestätigt Kristina Henry von linguatec in München. Auch für die Produkte des Herstellers gelte jedoch, dass "üben und deutlich sprechen wichtiger sind als jede Hardware". Selbst Stimmen von Diktiergeräten würden klar, erkannt, versichert Henry: "Wir wollen einen Schritt weiter gehen und das Diktieren von unterwegs möglich machen." Der Benutzer könnte dann eine Nummer anwählen, etwa im Auto einen Text aufsprechen und ihn zu Hause "getippt" vorfinden. Grundsätzlich passt die Spracherkennungssoftware inzwischen auch auf den privaten Computer. Klar ist aber, dass selbst der bestgesprochene Text nachbearbeitet werden muss. Zudem ist vom Nutzer Geduld gefragt: Ebenso wie sein System lernt, muss der Mensch sich in Aussprache und Geschwindigkeit dem System anpassen. Dann sind die Ergebnisse allerdings beachtlich - und "Sexterminvereinbarung" statt "zwecks Terminvereinbarung" gehört der Vergangenheit an."
- Date
- 3. 5.1997 8:44:22
-
Wahlster, W.: Verbmobil : Erkennung, Analyse, Transfer, Generierung und Synthese von Spontansprache (2001)
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- Abstract
- Verbmobil ist ein langfristig angelegtes, interdisziplinäres Leitprojekt im Bereich der Sprachtechnologie. Das Verbmobil-System erkennt gesprochene Spontansprache, analysiert die Eingabe, übersetzt sie in eine Fremdsprache, erzeugt einen Satz und spricht ihn aus. Für ausgewählte Themenbereiche (z.B. Terminverhandlung, Reiseplanung, Fernwartung) soll Verbmobil Übersetzungshilfe in Gesprächssituationen mit ausländischen Partnern leisten. Das Verbundvorhaben, in dem Unternehmen der Informationstechnologie, Universitäten und Forschungszentren kooperieren, wird vom Bundesministerium für Bildung, Wissenschaft, Forschung und Technologie (BMBF) in zwei Phasen (Laufzeit Phase 1: 1993-1996; Phase 2: 1997 - 2000) gefördert. Nachdem in der ersten Phase Terminverhandlungsdialoge zwischen einem deutschen und japanischen Geschäftspartner mit Englisch als Zwischensprache verarbeitet wurden, steht in der zweiten Phase von Verbmobil die robuste und bidirektionale Übersetzung spontansprachlicher Dialoge aus den Domänen Reiseplanung und Hotelreservierung für die Sprachpaare Deutsch-Englisch (ca. 10. 000 Wörter) und Deutsch-Japanisch (ca. 2.500 Wörter) im Vordergrund
- Date
- 29. 1.1997 18:49:05
- Source
- Wechselwirkung. 23(2001) Nr.108, S.26-31
-
Dietze, J.: Texterschließung : lexikalische Semantik und Wissensrepräsentation (1994)
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- Footnote
- Rez.in: Knowledge organization 23(1996) no.2, S.116 (E. Mater)
-
Helbig, H.: ¬Die semantische Struktur natürlicher Sprache : Wissensrepräsentation mit MultiNet (2001)
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- Abstract
- Die Methodik der 'Mehrschichtigen Erweiterung Semantischer Netze' (MultiNet) ist sowohl für theoretische Untersuchungen als auch für die automatische Verarbeitung natürlicher Sprache auf dem Rechner geeignet. Die vorgestellten Ergebnisse sind eingebettet in ein System von Software-Werkzeugen, die eine praktische Nutzung der MultiNet-Darstellungsmittel als Formalismus zur Bedeutungsrepräsentation sichern
- Footnote
- 2. Aufl. 2008 u.d.T.: Wissensverarbeitung und die Semantik der natürlichen Sprache
