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Abstract

Der Begriff Big Data hat spätestens in diesem Jahr der Überwachung den Durchbruch geschafft - mit dem Sammelband des Suhrkamp Verlags bekommt nun jedermann den Data-Durchblick. ... Experten aus Theorie und Praxis bringen ihre Erfahrungen und Meinungen im Suhrkamp-Werk kurz und präzise auf den Punkt und bieten damit einen guten Überblick über die Thematik, die gerade erst in den Startlöchern steht.

BK

54.08 Informatik in Beziehung zu Mensch und Gesellschaft

Classification

54.08 Informatik in Beziehung zu Mensch und Gesellschaft

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Abstract

Algorithmen nehmen Einfluss auf unser Leben: Von ihnen hängt es ab, ob man etwa einen Kredit für sein Haus erhält und wie viel man für die Krankenversicherung bezahlt. Cathy O'Neil, ehemalige Hedgefonds-Managerin und heute Big-Data-Whistleblowerin, erklärt, wie Algorithmen in der Theorie objektive Entscheidungen ermöglichen, im wirklichen Leben aber mächtigen Interessen folgen. Algorithmen nehmen Einfluss auf die Politik, gefährden freie Wahlen und manipulieren über soziale Netzwerke sogar die Demokratie. Cathy O'Neils dringlicher Appell zeigt, wie sie Diskriminierung und Ungleichheit verstärken und so zu Waffen werden, die das Fundament unserer Gesellschaft erschüttern.
A former Wall Street quant sounds an alarm on the mathematical models that pervade modern life - and threaten to rip apart our social fabric. We live in the age of the algorithm. Increasingly, the decisions that affect our lives - where we go to school, whether we get a loan, how much we pay for insurance - are being made not by humans, but by mathematical models. In theory, this should lead to greater fairness: everyone is judged according to the same rules, and bias is eliminated. And yet, as Cathy O'Neil reveals in this urgent and necessary book, the opposite is true. The models being used today are opaque, unregulated, and incontestable, even when they're wrong. Most troubling, they reinforce discrimination. Tracing the arc of a person's life, O'Neil exposes the black box models that shape our future, both as individuals and as a society. These "weapons of math destruction" score teachers and students, sort CVs, grant or deny loans, evaluate workers, target voters, and monitor our health. O'Neil calls on modellers to take more responsibility for their algorithms and on policy makers to regulate their use. But in the end, it's up to us to become more savvy about the models that govern our lives. This important book empowers us to ask the tough questions, uncover the truth, and demand change.

BK

54.08 (Informatik in Beziehung zu Mensch und Gesellschaft)

Classification

54.08 (Informatik in Beziehung zu Mensch und Gesellschaft)

Footnote

Originaltitel: Weapons of math destruction:: how Big Data increases inequality and threatens democracy. Vgl. auch den Rezensions-Beitrag: Krüger, J.: Wie der Mensch die Kontrolle über den Algorithmus behalten kann. [19.01.2018]. In: https://netzpolitik.org/2018/algorithmen-regulierung-im-kontext-aktueller-gesetzgebung/.

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Abstract

Text mining applications have experienced tremendous advances because of web 2.0 and social networking applications. Recent advances in hardware and software technology have lead to a number of unique scenarios where text mining algorithms are learned. Mining Text Data introduces an important niche in the text analytics field, and is an edited volume contributed by leading international researchers and practitioners focused on social networks & data mining. This book contains a wide swath in topics across social networks & data mining. Each chapter contains a comprehensive survey including the key research content on the topic, and the future directions of research in the field. There is a special focus on Text Embedded with Heterogeneous and Multimedia Data which makes the mining process much more challenging. A number of methods have been designed such as transfer learning and cross-lingual mining for such cases. Mining Text Data simplifies the content, so that advanced-level students, practitioners and researchers in computer science can benefit from this book. Academic and corporate libraries, as well as ACM, IEEE, and Management Science focused on information security, electronic commerce, databases, data mining, machine learning, and statistics are the primary buyers for this reference book.

Content

Inhalt: An Introduction to Text Mining.- Information Extraction from Text.- A Survey of Text Summarization Techniques.- A Survey of Text Clustering Algorithms.- Dimensionality Reduction and Topic Modeling.- A Survey of Text Classification Algorithms.- Transfer Learning for Text Mining.- Probabilistic Models for Text Mining.- Mining Text Streams.- Translingual Mining from Text Data.- Text Mining in Multimedia.- Text Analytics in Social Media.- A Survey of Opinion Mining and Sentiment Analysis.- Biomedical Text Mining: A Survey of Recent Progress.- Index.

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Abstract

Why we organize our personal digital data the way we do and how design of new PIM systems can help us manage our information more efficiently. Each of us has an ever-growing collection of personal digital data: documents, photographs, PowerPoint presentations, videos, music, emails and texts sent and received. To access any of this, we have to find it. The ease (or difficulty) of finding something depends on how we organize our digital stuff. In this book, personal information management (PIM) experts Ofer Bergman and Steve Whittaker explain why we organize our personal digital data the way we do and how the design of new PIM systems can help us manage our collections more efficiently.

Content

Bergman and Whittaker report that many of us use hierarchical folders for our personal digital organizing. Critics of this method point out that information is hidden from sight in folders that are often within other folders so that we have to remember the exact location of information to access it. Because of this, information scientists suggest other methods: search, more flexible than navigating folders; tags, which allow multiple categorizations; and group information management. Yet Bergman and Whittaker have found in their pioneering PIM research that these other methods that work best for public information management don't work as well for personal information management. Bergman and Whittaker describe personal information collection as curation: we preserve and organize this data to ensure our future access to it. Unlike other information management fields, in PIM the same user organizes and retrieves the information. After explaining the cognitive and psychological reasons that so many prefer folders, Bergman and Whittaker propose the user-subjective approach to PIM, which does not replace folder hierarchies but exploits these unique characteristics of PIM.

Footnote

Rez. in: JASIST 68(2017) no.12, S.2834-2840 (William Jones)

Theme

Bibliographische Software

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Abstract

Information extraction (IE) and text summarization (TS) are powerful technologies for finding relevant pieces of information in text and presenting them to the user in condensed form. The ongoing information explosion makes IE and TS critical for successful functioning within the information society. These technologies face particular challenges due to the inherent multi-source nature of the information explosion. The technologies must now handle not isolated texts or individual narratives, but rather large-scale repositories and streams---in general, in multiple languages---containing a multiplicity of perspectives, opinions, or commentaries on particular topics, entities or events. There is thus a need to adapt existing techniques and develop new ones to deal with these challenges. This volume contains a selection of papers that present a variety of methodologies for content identification and extraction, as well as for content fusion and regeneration. The chapters cover various aspects of the challenges, depending on the nature of the information sought---names vs. events,--- and the nature of the sources---news streams vs. image captions vs. scientific research papers, etc. This volume aims to offer a broad and representative sample of studies from this very active research field.

Footnote

Rez. in: JASIST 64(2013) no.7, S.1519-1521 (José L. Vicedo, David Tomás)

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Abstract

Web mining aims to discover useful information and knowledge from the Web hyperlink structure, page contents, and usage data. Although Web mining uses many conventional data mining techniques, it is not purely an application of traditional data mining due to the semistructured and unstructured nature of the Web data and its heterogeneity. It has also developed many of its own algorithms and techniques. Liu has written a comprehensive text on Web data mining. Key topics of structure mining, content mining, and usage mining are covered both in breadth and in depth. His book brings together all the essential concepts and algorithms from related areas such as data mining, machine learning, and text processing to form an authoritative and coherent text. The book offers a rich blend of theory and practice, addressing seminal research ideas, as well as examining the technology from a practical point of view. It is suitable for students, researchers and practitioners interested in Web mining both as a learning text and a reference book. Lecturers can readily use it for classes on data mining, Web mining, and Web search. Additional teaching materials such as lecture slides, datasets, and implemented algorithms are available online.