-
Axelos, C.; Flasch, K.; Schepers, H.; Kuhlen, R.; Romberg, R.; Zimmermann, R.: Allgemeines/Besonderes (1971-2007)
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- Abstract
- Als Erfinder des «Allgemeinen» gilt, gemäß dem Bericht des Aristoteles und seit diesem Bericht, Sokrates. Er ist es, der nicht mehr danach suchte, woraus ein Ding zu dem geworden ist, was es ist, oder wie es entstanden ist, sondern danach, «was [ein Ding] ist», und somit ist Sokrates der erste gewesen, der die Herausarbeitung des Allgemeinen (?a?????) forderte und mit seinen Fragen seine Gesprächspartner zu dieser Herausarbeitung trieb bzw. lockte; die Definition (???sµ??) war das Ziel des sokratischen Gesprächs, und die sokratische Aporie war das Vehikel.
- Footnote
- DOI: 10.24894/HWPh.5033. Vgl. unter: https://www.schwabeonline.ch/schwabe-xaveropp/elibrary/start.xav#__elibrary__%2F%2F*%5B%40attr_id%3D%27verw.allgemeinesbesonderes%27%5D__1515856414979.
- Source
- Historisches Wörterbuch der Philosophie. Hrsg.: J. Ritter, K. Gründer u. G. Gabriel
-
Bies, W.: Wissensorganisation am Beispiel der Ordnung der Büchermassen : Die historisch-philologisch geschulten Bibliothekare des 19. Jahrhunderts in Deutschland und die aufstrebenden Naturwissenschaften (1997)
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- Pages
- S.5-22
- Series
- Wolfenbütteler Schriften zur Geschichte des Buchwesens; Bd.27
- Source
- Fachschrifttum, Bibliothek und Naturwissenschaft im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. Hrsg.: C. Meinel
-
Lorenz, B.: Bibliotheksklassifikation als Spiegel der Wissenschaftsentwicklung : Beobachtungen zu einem Spannungsverhältnis (1997)
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- Series
- Wolfenbütteler Schriften zur Geschichte des Buchwesens; Bd.27
- Source
- Fachschrifttum, Bibliothek und Naturwissenschaft im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. Hrsg.: C. Meinel
- Theme
- Geschichte der Sacherschließung
-
Donsbach, W.: Wahrheit in den Medien : über den Sinn eines methodischen Objektivitätsbegriffes (2001)
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- Abstract
- Das Problem der Wahrnehmung und Darstellung von Wahrheit durch die Medien führt zu vier zentralen Fragen: Wie viel Wahrheit gibt es in der Welt, über die Journalisten berichten müssen? Wie ermittelt oder recherchiert man diese Wahrheit? Wie trennt man die Spreu vom Weizen? Und wie geht man als Journalist mit dem um, was man als Wahrheit erkannt hat oder erkannt zu haben glaubt? Hier gibt es ganz offensichtlich eine Parallele zwischen Journalisten und Wissenschaftlern. Journalisten und Wissenschaftler brauchen erstens Hypothesen, zweitens geeignete Hypothesentests, drittens ein gutes Abgrenzungs-Kriterium und viertens Verfahren, um die erkannten Sachverhalte auf angemessene Weise für eine Kommunikation mit anderen zu repräsentieren, das heißt sie darzustellen. Es gibt zwei große Unterschiede zwischen Journalisten und Wissenschaftlern: Journalisten sind in der Regel auf raum-zeitlich begrenzte Aussagen aus, Wissenschaftler in der Regel auf raumzeitlich unbegrenzte Gesetze. Aber diese Unterschiede sind fließend, weil Wissenschaftler raum-zeitlich begrenzte Aussagen brauchen, um ihre All-Aussagen zu überprüfen, und Journalisten sich immer häufiger auf das Feld der allgemeinen Gesetzes-Aussagen wagen oder doch zumindest Kausalinterpretationen für soziale Phänomene anbieten. Der zweite Unterschied besteht darin, dass die Wissenschaft weitgehend professionalisiert ist (zumindest gilt dies uneingeschränkt für die Naturwissenschaften und die Medizin), was ihr relativ klare Abgrenzungs- und Güte-Kriterien beschert hat. Diese fehlen weitgehend im Journalismus.
- Content
- Der Beitrag basiert auf einem Vortrag beim 9. Ethiktag "Wissenschaft und Medien" am Zentrum für Ethik und Recht in der Medizin des Universitätsklinikums Freiburg im Februar 2001.
- Source
- Politische Meinung. 381(2001) Nr.1, S.65-74 [https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dgfe.de%2Ffileadmin%2FOrdnerRedakteure%2FSektionen%2FSek02_AEW%2FKWF%2FPublikationen_Reihe_1989-2003%2FBand_17%2FBd_17_1994_355-406_A.pdf&usg=AOvVaw2KcbRsHy5UQ9QRIUyuOLNi]
-
Suchenwirth, L.: Sacherschliessung in Zeiten von Corona : neue Herausforderungen und Chancen (2019)
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- Abstract
- Eine der wesentlichen Aufgaben als Fachreferent*in ist die inhaltliche Erschließung der neuerworbenen Literatur, sowie die Begutachtung und Auswahl der neu erschienenen Werke in den jeweiligen Fachgebieten hinsichtlich der Relevanz für die eigenen Sammlungen gemäß dem Sammlungsprofil der TU Wien Bibliothek. Im Zuge der Corona-Krise wurde die herkömmliche Arbeitsweise in der Sacherschließung beeinträchtigt, und es haben sich neue Herausforderungen, aber auch Möglichkeiten ergeben. Neben der fehlenden Autopsie der Literatur leidet auch die Sichtung und Erwerbung neuer Literatur unter der physischen Abwesenheit vom Arbeitsplatz bzw. der entsprechenden technischen Infrastruktur. Auch der persönliche Austausch mit den Kolleg*innen wurde deutlich erschwert. Neben den Schwierigkeiten wurden aber auch die neuen Handlungsoptionen auf beruflicher und individueller Ebene positiv gesehen. In dem Artikel werden unsere individuellen Erfahrungen an der TU Wien Bibliothek sowie Ausblicke in die Zukunft wiedergegeben.
- Footnote
- https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.univie.ac.at%2Findex.php%2Fvoebm%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F5332%2F5271%2F&usg=AOvVaw2yQdFGHlmOwVls7ANCpTii.
- Source
- Mitteilungen der Vereinigung Österreichischer Bibliothekarinnen und Bibliothekare. 73(2020) H.3/4, S.496-503
-
Weibel, P.: Wissen und Vision : Neue Schnittstellentechnologien der Wahrnehmung (2000)
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- Abstract
- Der Fortschritt der modernen Technologie hat auch einen Fortschritt in der Bildtechnologie bewirkt. Diesem ist es zuzuschreiben, dass Wissensmanagement nicht mehr nur textbasiert, sondern in zunehmendem Maße auch bildbasiert ist. Alle Formen der visuellen Repräsentation durchdringen alle Bereiche der Gesellschaft, die einer visuellen Repräsentation zugänglich sind, von den Kultur- bis zu den Naturwissenschaften. Auf diese Weise sind zwischen Kognition und Vision, Logik und Bild, Realität und Repräsentation neue interdisziplinäre Gleichungen entstanden. Für das Entstehen dieser neuen Zone zwischen der Geschichte der modernen Wissenschaft und der Geschichte der modernen Künste, zwischen der Berechenbarkeit und der Visualisierung von Daten, war insbesondere die Entwicklung der Computertechnologie ausschlaggebend. Heute finden sich auf der Basis computergestützter Simulation in einem neuen Feld jenseits des »Science War« wissenschaftliche und ästhetische Repräsentationstechniken vereint. Das Regime der Zeichen gleicht in einer zunehmend medienbasierten, künstlichen Wirklichkeit die historischen Unterschiede zwischen Natur und Kultur, zwischen Naturwissenschaft und Kulturtechnik, aus. Die Wissensgesellschaft der Zukunft wird von der neuen Logik des Bildes revolutioniert
- Source
- Weltwissen - Wissenswelt: Das globale Netz von Text und Bild. Hrsg.: Christa Maar, u.a
-
Herb, U.; Beucke, D.: ¬Die Zukunft der Impact-Messung : Social Media, Nutzung und Zitate im World Wide Web (2013)
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- Abstract
- Wissenschaftliche Karrieren und Publikationen benötigen Reputation und möglichst viel Beachtung. Literatur, die diese Aufmerksamkeit findet, wird - so die gängige Annahme - häufig zitiert. Ausgehend von dieser Überlegung wurden Verfahren der Zitationsmessung entwickelt, die Auskunft über die Relevanz oder (wie im- und explizit oft auch postuliert wird) gar die Qualität einer Publikation oder eines Wissenschaftlers geben sollen.
- Content
- Vgl. unter: https://www.leibniz-science20.de%2Fforschung%2Fprojekte%2Faltmetrics-in-verschiedenen-wissenschaftsdisziplinen%2F&ei=2jTgVaaXGcK4Udj1qdgB&usg=AFQjCNFOPdONj4RKBDf9YDJOLuz3lkGYlg&sig2=5YI3KWIGxBmk5_kv0P_8iQ.
-
Kanitscheider, B.; Springer, M.: ¬Ein Denker zwischen zwei Kulturen (2008)
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- Abstract
- Bernulf Kanitscheider ist ein Geisteswissenschaftler, dessen Interesse dem Weltbild der Naturwissenschaft gilt. Aus den Erkenntnissen der empirischen Forschung zieht er begriffliche Konsequenzen für naturphilosophische und wissenschaftstheoretische Probleme, aber auch für Ethik, Moral und individuelle Glückssuche.
- Series
- Mensch und Geist
- Source
- Spektrum der Wissenschaft. 2008, H.7, S.74-79
-
Prigogine, I.: ¬Die Wiederentdeckung der Zeit : Naturwissenschaft in einer Welt begrenzter Vorhersagbarkeit (1989)
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- Field
- Naturwissenschaften
- Source
- Geist und Natur: über den Widerspruch zwischen naturwissenschaftlicher Erkenntnis und philosophischer Welterfahrung ; Kongress Geist und Natur, vom 21. bis 27. Mai 1988 in Hannover. Hrsg.: H.-P. Dürr u. W.C. Zimmerli
-
Ortlieb, P.; Ulrich, J.: Quantenquark : Claus Peter Ortlieb und Jörg Ulrich nehmen das "Potsdamer Manifest" auseinander: es sei getragen von biologistischer und völkischer Esoterik (2005)
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- Abstract
- Das Mitte Oktober erschienene "Potsdamer Manifest" will an das berühmte "Russell-Einstein-Manifest" von 1955 anknüpfen. Ein sehr anmaßender Versuch, sagen Claus Peter Ortlieb und Jörg Ulrich. Bezugnahme auf: Dürr, H.-P., J.D. Dahm u. R. zur Lippe: Wir müssen lernen, neu zu denken: Das materialistische Weltbild der klassischen Physik trägt nicht mehr. Auszüge aus dem Potsdamer Manifest. In: Frankfurter Rundschau. Nr.239 vom 14.10.2005, S.7.
- Content
- "... Die ökologische Krise, der Raubbau an nicht erneuerbaren Ressourcen im großen Stil und die absehbare Zerstörung der menschlichen Lebensgrundlagen sind notwendiger Bestandteil dieser Gesellschaftsform. Solange an ihr nicht gerüttelt wird, bleiben sie ein "hinzunehmendes Übel", und das ist keineswegs eine bloße Frage der Wahrnehmung, wie das Manifest es nahe legt. Eine ökologisch nachhaltige Marktwirtschaft kann es ebenso wenig geben wie einen Kapitalismus ohne Wachstum, hier bleibt nur ein entweder - oder. Damit freilich wird ein Tabu berührt und eine Grenze des Denkens erreicht, die auch das "neue Denken" nicht überschreiten will und kann, sodass es zwangsläufig in Verschwörungstheorien und Esoterik abdriften muss. (...) Die Naturwissenschaft bewährt sich (oderversagt) in technisch erst herzustellenden experimentellen Situationen und nur dort; auch ihre unbestreitbaren technischen Erfolge verdankt sie allein diesem Vorgehen. Über die Welt außerhalb von Experiment und Technik kann sie nur wenige, über die menschliche Gesellschaft überhaupt keine Aussagen machen, es sei denn, sie verlässt ihren eigenen Boden und wird ideologisch. Das "Orientierungswissen"; das vom Manifest eingeklagt wird, ist von der Naturwissenschaft nicht zu haben. (...) Äußern sich Naturwissenschaftler zu gesellschaftlichen Problemen öffentlich, so ist das durchaus legitim, doch tun sie es nie allein aus ihrer naturwissenschaftlichen Fachkompetenz heraus. Und das sollte um der intellektuellen Redlichkeit Willen dann auch deutlich gemacht werden. Auch Naturwissenschaftler lassen sich von gesellschaftlichen Trends beeinflussen, im Falle des hier in Rede stehenden Manifestes ist es jener, in dem heute viele mitschwimmen und hoffen, so der Krise der modernen Gesellschaft entkommen zu können: Die Flucht in die völkische und biologistische Esoterik. Es steht damit in der legitimen Nachfolge des österreichischen Physikers und Esoterikers Frithjof Capra, der sich mit seinen quantenphysikalisch motivierten Phantasmen Anfang der 1980er Jahren zum Guru der New-Age-Bewegung aufschwingen konnte. Auch die Scharlatanerie hat ihre Geschichte. Zu ihr gehört das "Potsdamer Manifest". Es in eine Linie mit dem "Russell-Ein-stein-Manifest" zu stellen, ist nur der missglückte Versuch einer Usurpation."
- Date
- 4.11.1995 20:04:13
-
Holenstein, E.: Symmetrie und Symmetriebruch in der Sprache (1988)
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- Abstract
- Symmetrieerscheinungen in den natürlichen Sprachen sind am offensichtlichsten in den ikonischen Beziehungen zwischen der Sprache und dem Besprochenen auszumachen.
- Source
- Symmetrie in Geistes- und Naturwissenschaft: Hauptvorträge und Diskussionen des Symmetrie Symposions an der Technischen Hochschule Darmstadt vom 13.-17.6.1986 im Rahmen des Symmetrieprojektes der Stadt Darmstadt. Hrsg. R. Wille
-
Gombrich, E.H.: Symmetrie, Wahrnehmung und künstlerische Gestaltung (1988)
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- Source
- Symmetrie in Geistes- und Naturwissenschaft: Hauptvorträge und Diskussionen des Symmetrie Symposions an der Technischen Hochschule Darmstadt vom 13.-17.6.1986 im Rahmen des Symmetrieprojektes der Stadt Darmstadt. Hrsg. R. Wille
-
Steib, B.; Popp, R.: Albertus Magnus - der große Neugierige (2003)
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- Abstract
- In den Schriften des mittelalterlichen Naturforschers und Universalgelehrten lassen sich auf eindrucksvolle Weise die Anfänge einer erfahrungsorientierten Naturwissenschaft erkennen
- Source
- Spektrum der Wissenschaft. 2003, H.11, S.70-78
-
Honerkamp, J.: Was ist ein Algorithmus? (2012)
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- Series
- Blog: Die Natur des Naturwissenschaft
- Source
- http://scilogs.spektrum.de/die-natur-der-naturwissenschaft/was-ist-ein-algorithmus/
-
Ehlers, J.; Stichweh, R.: ¬Die Wahrheit in der Wissenschaft (2001)
0.21
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- Abstract
- Gewinnen Naturforscher durch objektive Erkenntnisse ein immer vollständigeres Bild der Wirklichkeit - oder ist der Wahrheitsanspruch der Naturwissenschaft nur eine historisch wandelbare Übereinkunft? Mit Spektrum diskutierten der Astrophysiker Jürgen Ehlers und der Sozialwissenschaftler Rudolf Stichweh
- Source
- Spektrum der Wissenschaft. 2001, H.7, S.52-60
-
Neunzert, H.: ¬Die Zukunft der Mathematik : nicht mehr Königin, aber wichtiger Partner von Wissenschaft und Technik (2002)
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- Abstract
- Ich halte es nicht für sinnvoll, darüber zu spekulieren, wie sich eine Wissenschaft in den kommenden Jahrzehnten inhaltlich entwickeln könnte, Neue Theorien tauchen sehr schnell auf, gewinnen höchste Aufmerksamkeit und kehren dann langsam auf ein stabiles, bescheideneres Niveau zurück; man denke etwa an die Katastrophentheorie, an Chaos und Fraktale, an Fuzzy-Logik - vielleicht ist auch die Finanzmathematik schon in einem Normalisierungsprozess. Solche Entwicklungen, insbesondere das Auftreten solcher Phänomene, vorherzusagen, wäre Scharlatanerie. Aber es gibt natürlich auch langwellige Veränderungen des Charakters der Mathematik; so wechseln sich z.B. Phasen, in denen die "innere' Entwicklung der Mathematik dominiert, ab mit Phasen, in denen die Inhalte der Mathematik durch ihre Wechselwirkung mit anderen Wissenschaften bestimmt werden, Solche Phasen sind nie "rein" - immer gab es Mathematiker, die sowohl in reiner wie auch in angewandter Mathematik Bedeutendes leisteten, z.B. B. Riemann, H. Poincare, F. Klein oder N. Wiener. Aber Dominanzen waren unschwer zu erkennen, z.B. die Dominanz der reinen Mathematik im vergangenen Jahrhundert. Ebenso deutlich scheint es mir zu sein, dass wir uns seit wenigen Jahrzehnten im Phasenübergang befinden: Die Mathematik nähert sich wieder den anderen Wissenschaften - nicht nur der Physik, sondern auch der Chemie, Biologie und Medizin; sie nähert sich der Technik, z.B. den Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien, der Werkstoffwissenschaft, der Robotik usw. Es gilt aber auch das Umgekehrte: Nicht nur Naturwissenschaft und Technik benötigen die Mathematik in steigendem Umfang, selbst Sozial- und Geisteswissenschaften "mathematisieren". Die Disziplinen insgesamt wachsen stärker zusammen: Ist dies vielleicht der Zukunftstrend? Hubert Markl, Präsident der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, antwortet auf die Frage, ob die Biologie zur "Leitwissenschaft" des 21. Jahrhunderts wird: "Das immer rascher fortschreitende, tiefgründige Zusammenwachsen aller naturwissenschaftlichen Disziplinen, gemeinsam mit der praktischen Mathematik, zu einer einzigen umfassenden Wissenschaft von der Natur, die auch in weite Bereiche von Philosophie, Psychologie, Soziologie und Medizin vordringen wird, dürfte für die Wissenschaftsentwicklung des nächsten Jahrhunderts viel bestimmender sein als ein vermeintlicher Vorrang der Biologie. Erst diese Verbindung von Mathematik, Physik, Chemie und Biologie hat es möglich gemacht und wird weiter immer mehr Grundlage dafür sein, dass die Biowissenschaften sich endlich auch jenen Problemen stellen können, die ihnen ohne disziplinübergreifende Hilfestellung zu schwierig wären - nämlich alle Lebenserscheinungen bis hinein in die molekularen, ursächlichen Einzelheiten aufzuklären. " (aus "Visionen 2000", Brockhaus 1999).
Natürlich steht es mir nicht an, weiter über Biologie zu reden, aber die Einschätzung der künftigen Rolle der Mathematik, in enger Zusammenarbeit mit anderen Wissenschaften an der "Aufklärung" und Gestaltung der Welt zu arbeiten - diese Einschätzung teile ich vollkommen: Die Mathematik wird also weder "Königin der Wissenschaften" sein noch ihre Sklavin; sie wird, wie es sich für ein demokratisches Gemeinwesen gehört, ihre Aufgabe und ihren Sinn hauptsächlich als gleichberechtigter Partner von Informatik, Naturwissenschaften, Technik, von Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften finden. Das spiegelt sich auch in einer sehr aktuellen Diskussion um den Bedarf an "Computerexperten" wider; die Debatte, die mit unscharfen Begriffen (was ist schon ein "Computerexperte"?) operiert und von geringem Fachwissen (wer von den Diskutanten hat sich je in Indien umgesehen oder wenigstens mit Indern ausführlich gesprochen?) beeinträchtigt wird, zeigt trotzdem, dass wir sowohl schnell auszubildende Softwareprogrammierer wie eben auch sogenannte MINT-Professionals brauchen. MINT - ich habe den Ausdruck in der Industrie gehört - heißt Mathematik + Informatik + Naturwissenschaft + Technik; solche Professionals werden wir nur selten im Ausland "einkaufen" können - sie sind auch dort rar und nicht nur in Deutschland Mangelware, Wir müssen solche MINT-Professionals schon selbst ausbilden - ich komme am Ende auf diese Ausbildungsfrage zurück.
- Date
- 4. 7.2006 20:02:48
-
Raabe, P.: Formen und Wandlungen der Bibliographien (1990)
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- Source
- Welt der Information: Wissen und Wissensvermittlung in Geschichte und Gegenwart. Hrsg.: H.-A. Koch
-
Pfeiffer, K.L.: Evidenzerfahrung des Grundes : Jenseits der vermeintlichen Entzauberung der Welt: Auch in der modernen Wissenschaft ist die maystische Erfahrung als Denkmodalität bedeutsam (2005)
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- Abstract
- Auch wenn davon kaum noch sichtbare Spuren in der Struktur der Theorie vorhanden sind, ist nach K. Ludwig Pfeiffers Einschätzung die "Macht der inneren Bilder" selbst für die scheinbar nüchterne naturwissenschaftliche Erkenntnis längst nicht ausgelotet.
- Content
- "Man hat sich daran gewohnt, wichtige Ergebnisse der neuzeitlichen Naturwissenschaften als periodische Entzauberung menschlichen Selbstverständnisses hinzunehmen. Es ist nicht allzu lange her, dass der Philosoph Odo Marquard den Geisteswissenschaften deswegen das Abfedern, die intellektuell anspruchsvolle, aber humane Bewältigung des wissenschaftlich erzeugten. Vertrautheits- und Vertrauensverlustes angetragen hat. Marquards Strategie hat allerdings ihre Tücken. Auch wenn sie den Geisteswissenschaften nicht zwangsläufig Traditionsbewahrung ansinnt, mutet sie ihnen den Rückgriff auf einen Kanon von Bildungsgütern zu. Wie, weit dieser schon abgewirtschaftet hat, zeigt sich nirgends besser als in seiner unentwegten Beschwörung: Stattdessen empfiehlt es sich, ein Denken in Modellen zu trainieren. Ohne die: von Jürgen Habermas vor etwa 30 Jahren säuberlich getrennten Erkenntnisinteressen (Geschichtsverstehen, gesellschaftliche Emanzipation, Naturbeherrschung) zu vergessen, wird man heute Denkmodelle eher an den Spannungen zwischen personalen und wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnismodalitäten erproben. Dass zu solchen Modalitäten auch die oft als höchst verdächtig angesehene mystische Erfahrung zählt, machen heute gerade jene Wissenschaften wie die Hirnforschung mit Perspektiven plausibel, auf die sie mit dem vermeintlichen Gegenteil, dem rationalen, empirisch kontrollierten Experiment gestoßen sind. Die Denkbewegung der Neuzeit ist damit kaum noch als ein geradliniger Weg vom Vorwissenschaftlich-Irrationalen zur theoretisch interessierten, empirisch-experimentell kontrollierten Wissenschaft, als Gegensatz zwischen theoretisch-experimenteller Objektdistanzierung und einem subjektiven mystischen Erfahrungsmaximum festzuschreiben. Schon für Max Weber war mystisches Leben ja zu einem "hinterweltlichen Reich" und zur kontemplativen Weltflucht verkommen, deren Anziehungskraft, wiewohl immer wieder aufblitzend, weder mit der Attraktivität früherer Magie noch mit der Dynamik ihrer Entzauberung durch das rational-empirische Erkennen konkurrieren konnte. Wie aber lässt sich Mystik jenseits der Entzauberung als eine zentrale Erkenntnismodalität (wieder) ins Spiel bringen? Die Aussagen der älteren Mystiker über die Natur des Menschen, über Gott und die Welt und vor allem eine diesen Gegenständen unterstellte Einheit und große, meist auch ästhetisch schöne Ordnung, gründen in Erfahrungen. Wir kennen aber von der Mystik nur ihre religiös, naturphilosophisch oder ähnlich codierte Sprache: Diese signalisiert für uns eine kaum noch nachvollziehbare Emphase des Erkenntnisanspruchs und extreme Reichweite des Erkenntnisinhalts.
Rätsel der Gegenstände Anders sähe es freilich aus, wenn die heutige Wissenschaften selbst Evidenzen dafür beibrächten, dass die Intensität von Erkenntnis- als inneren Erfahrungsprozessen auch anders, eben wissenschaftlich beschrieben werden kann; dass sie sich in zentralen Erkenntnisinhalten moderner Wissenschaften auch dann zur Geltung gebracht haben und diesen vorausliegen, wenn es sich dabei nicht um die Einheit von Gott, Subjekt und Welt im großen Stil, sondern etwa um die Struktur einer Zelle, ein genetisches Programm oder eine physikalische Vorstellung vom subatomaren Raum handelt. Es könnte sogar sein, dass sich mystische Erfahrungsstile von der Religion in die Wissenschaft verschoben haben, weil das Rätsel der den Wissenschaften immer wieder neu ins Visier geratenden Gegenstände jene Entdeckerfreuden verspricht, die sich in der Religion aufgrund der langen Geschichte und vieler bekannter Geschichten nicht mehr so recht einstellen wollen. Die Wissenschaftsgeschichte hat inzwischen eine Reihe von Fällen dingfest gemacht, in welchen die vermeintliche Entzauberung der Welt und des Menschen durch die Naturwissenschaft von ihr selbst unterlaufen wurde. Kepler etwa gilt weithin als der erste wirkliche Held der modernen Naturwissenschaft. Aber die neue Struktur des Universums spiegelt die christliche Trinität - Kepler ging von der An-nahme aus, dass sich die Einheit der Dreifaltigkeit in der Ordnungder Hauptbestandteile des Universums (Sonne, Fixsterne, Äther) auffinden lassen müsse. Gleichzeitig skizziert er eine Erkenntnisweise, die man nicht anders als mystisch nennen kann: Der Geist enthalte in sich die grundlegendem und wesentlichen Formender Realität. Bei modernen Physikern sind die theologischen Korrespondenzen zumindest aus der sichtbaren Struktur der Theorieweitgehend getilgt. Reichlich kühn wäre gleichwohl die Annahme, die Naturwissenschaften hätten solche Denkmodalitäten aus ihrem Repertoire gänzlich gestrichen. Heisenberg beschreibt "das Gefühl, durch die Oberfläche der atomaren Erscheinungen hindurch auf einen tief darunter liegenden Grund von merkwürdiger innerer Schönheit zu schauen". Und Karl Clausberg sprach schon 1980 von einer "neuen Mystik« der Selbstorganisation und der "Theologie der schwarzen Löcher".
Freilich sieht man sich bei solchen Kopplungen von Mystik und Moderne mit Tücken eigener Art konfrontiert. Man kann sicher von Mystik als Evidenzerfahrung des Grundes auch dann sprechen, wenn dieser Grund nicht mehr durch Gott, Kosmos oder Natur gestiftet wird, sondern in der ganzheitlich-dynamischen Struktur ungreifbarer Einheiten (Atome, Gene usw.) erschaut wird. Aber viele Wissenschaftler werden darin nicht mehr als einen für neue Erkenntnisse heuristisch oft nötigen intuitiv-imaginativen oder visionären Sprung erblicken und weiterhin auf der strikten Trennung der erfahrenden Entdeckung von ihrer rationalen oder empirischen Rechtfertigung beharren. Andererseits: Es lässt sich nicht alles über den Kamm der Skepsis gegenüber ganzheitlicher Schau oder offensichtlicher Bewusstseinsmythen scheren. Man kann an Bertrand Russell erinnern. Als Mathematiker und analytischer Philosoph mystischer Umtriebe unverdächtig, kam er von der Attraktivität einer von ihm vor 90 Jahren so genannten "logischen Mystik" nicht los. Russel verstand darunter die von Hegel etwa auf eine ärgerliche Spitze getriebene, aber unerhört attraktive Kopplung von Bewusstseinsoperationen und Wirklichkeitsstrukturen. Die größten Philosophen hätten immer die doppelte Notwendigkeit von Wissenschaft und Mystik verspürt. Bei ihm selbst, Russell, klinge "the mystic mood" zwar schon ab, der Wunsch aber, die mystische Einsicht zu bewahren oder zumindest zu beweisen, dass es sich um eine gültige Einsicht handele, dieser Wünsch bleibe. Und er wirkt unvermeidlich in die Erkenntnisprozesse hinein. Keine affektiv neutralen Objekte Von dieser einschneidenden Veränderung in der Sicht von Erkenntnismodalitäten ist auf der öffentlichkeitszugewandten Seite gerade jener Wissenschaften erstaunlich wenig zu bemerken, die für die Veränderung hauptsächlich verantwortlich zeichnen. In der gegenwärtigen (Neuro-)Biologie haben nämlich die ethischen Fragen der Gentechnologie und die Debatte um die Willensfreiheit die Szene weitgehend besetzt. Freilich ist dabei der Eindruck einer Mischung aus Überforderung und Diskussionsstau kaum noch abzuwehren. Mit Idealkonstruktionen des Individuums, so schrieb etwa schon Adorno, könne man das Problem der Willensfreiheit nicht lösen, die Gesamtheit der Bedingungen, von denen Willensakte (oder Motivation usw.) abhängen, sei andererseits nie hinreichend bekannt und laufe daher selbst auf eine bloße Idee hinaus. Was freilich eine sich gegen die 'Übergriffe' der Neurowissenschaften zu Recht wehrende Psychologie ihrerseits über Territori-alverteidigung und Grundsatzerklärungen hinaus (vgl. Gehirn & Geist, Nr. 7-8,2005) fürderhin zu bieten hat, bleibt abzuwarten.
Sehr viel vielversprechender als die strukturell mehr oder weniger in Ehren ergrauten aktuellen Debatten erscheint dagegen die produktive Diversifikation von Erkenntnismodalitäten, wie sie, wenig beachtet; der Hirnforscher Wolf Singer neben seinem bekannten Engagement in der Willensfreiheit-Debatte wiederholt angemahnt hat. Es werde, so Singer, "nicht zu vermeiden sein, die Grenzen zu jenen Erfahrungsbereichen zu verschieben, die nur metaphysischen Deutungen zugänglich sind". Erkenntnis hat es auch mit meditativen und ähnlichen Verfahren zu tun, mit welchen man "Verschmelzungsprozesse" einleitet, indem man "in tiefere innere Wirklichkeit" vordringt. Die Brisanz der Neurobiologie beginnt bei der These von Antonio Damasio, wonach es praktisch keine affektiv neutralen Erkenntnisobjekte gibt. Im Rückgriff auf Spinoza hat Damasio Stufen einer in affektiven Resonanzen schwingenden Erkenntnis skizziert, deren Vollendung als Spiritualität zu denken (und zu fühlen) ist. Wenn Wirklichkeit mit Alfred North Whitehead als die je vom Subjekt körperlich-geistig zu ergreifende kreative Dynamik des Neuen gelten kann, dann muss die Erkenntnistheorie die gleichzeitige Emergenz von Gegenständen und Erkenntnis ernst nehmen. Schon der früh verstorbene Francisco Varela hatte eindringlich suggeriert, dass ein "neurophänenologisch" verstandenes Wissenschaftssubjekt sich strenger, an buddhistische Formen der Mystik gemahnender Selbstbeobachtungstechniken befleißigen kann, um die Koevolution von Beobachter und Objekt zu kontrollieren. Der Evolutionsbiologe Brian Goodwin die Selektionsvorstellungen des Darwinismus mit - eher an Goethe orientierten und ganzheitlich zu erfassenden - Gestaltqualitäten ausgehebelt. Der Organismus ist für ihn ein erregbares Medium, das weniger vom genetischen Programm und Selektionsvorteilen als von Dynamiken der Musterbildung beherrscht Das aber erfordert ein intensiviertes Wahmehmungsverhalten auch in der Wissenschaft, die "Macht der inneren Bilder" (so der Neurobiologe Gerald Huther) ist für die wissenschaftliche Erkenntnis längst nicht ausgelotet. Die historischen Wissenschaften, die Psychologie wie auch die Politik mussten sich bisher vornehmlich mit deren aggressiven Varianten und Auswirkungen bis hin zu den gerade hierzulande sattsam bekannten katastrophalen Formen "schlechter Mystik" (Klaus Vondung) herumschlagen. Es kann nur besser werden."
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Tunger, D.: Bibliometrie als Teil eines Trenderkennugns-Systems in der Naturwissenschaft (2009)
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- Abstract
- Die Anzahl wissenschaftlicher Publikationen in Zeitschriften, die Anzahl von Zitaten in diesen Zeitschriftenartikeln und die Anzahl angemeldeter Patente steigen ständig und scheinbar unaufhaltsam. Der Einsatz von Bibliometrie eröffnet die Möglichkeit, diese Kommunikation in der Wissenschaft transparenter zu machen: So können mit Hilfe von Bibliometrie die Entwicklung von Themen nachvollzogen, die Wahrnehmung von Einrichtungen bestimmt und mögliche Kooperationspartner identifiziert werden. Der Beitrag illustriert, wie es mit Hilfe von quantitativen bibliometrischen Methoden möglich ist, einen objektiven Eindruck wissenschaftlicher Entwicklung zu gewinnen. Er befasst sich dabei mit der Frage, wie Bibliometrie im Kontext von Trendbeobachtung und Trenderkennung in der Naturwissenschaft eingesetzt werden kann und welcher Nutzen sich hieraus ergibt.
- Source
- Information - Wissenschaft und Praxis. 60(2009) H.2, S.93-96
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Esfeld, M.: Wissenschaft, Erkenntnis und ihre Grenzen (2017)
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- Abstract
- Die Naturwissenschaft beschreibt die Welt im Wesentlichen so, wie sie ist. Wer das Gegenteil behauptet, lässt sich zwar nicht widerlegen, muss aber absurde Konsequenzen in Kauf nehmen. Ein Beitrag zur Wahrheit in der Wissenschaft.
- Source
- Spektrum der Wissenschaft. 2017, H.8, S.12-18
