-
Axelos, C.; Flasch, K.; Schepers, H.; Kuhlen, R.; Romberg, R.; Zimmermann, R.: Allgemeines/Besonderes (1971-2007)
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- Abstract
- Als Erfinder des «Allgemeinen» gilt, gemäß dem Bericht des Aristoteles und seit diesem Bericht, Sokrates. Er ist es, der nicht mehr danach suchte, woraus ein Ding zu dem geworden ist, was es ist, oder wie es entstanden ist, sondern danach, «was [ein Ding] ist», und somit ist Sokrates der erste gewesen, der die Herausarbeitung des Allgemeinen (?a?????) forderte und mit seinen Fragen seine Gesprächspartner zu dieser Herausarbeitung trieb bzw. lockte; die Definition (???sµ??) war das Ziel des sokratischen Gesprächs, und die sokratische Aporie war das Vehikel.
- Footnote
- DOI: 10.24894/HWPh.5033. Vgl. unter: https://www.schwabeonline.ch/schwabe-xaveropp/elibrary/start.xav#__elibrary__%2F%2F*%5B%40attr_id%3D%27verw.allgemeinesbesonderes%27%5D__1515856414979.
- Source
- Historisches Wörterbuch der Philosophie. Hrsg.: J. Ritter, K. Gründer u. G. Gabriel
-
Historisches Wörterbuch der Philosophie (1971-2007)
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- Abstract
- Das Historische Wörterbuch der Philosophie (HWPh), im Zeitraum von 1971 bis 2007 unter Mitwirkung von mehr als 1500 Fachgelehrten entstanden, ist eines der umfassendsten, bedeutendsten und auch erfolgreichsten Publikationsprojekte der jüngeren deutschsprachigen Geisteswissenschaften. Im Gegensatz zu anderen Lexika oder Enzyklopädien basiert das HWPh nicht auf einer Geschichte philosophischer Ideen oder Probleme, sondern auf der Geschichte der philosophischen Begriffe. In 12 Textbänden sowie einem abschliessenden Registerband dokumentiert das Lexikon in 17144 Spalten und rund 6000 Artikeln anhand zahlreicher präziser Belege und Stellenangaben Herkunft und Genese von insgesamt 3670 philosophischen Begriffen und beschreibt den Wandel ihrer Bedeutung und Funktion von ihrem ersten Auftreten bis heute. Das Konzept der begriffsgeschichtlichen Methode macht sowohl synchronisch Stellung und Bedeutung einzelner Begriffe in bestimmten Epochen oder bei bestimmten Philosophinnen und Philosophen als auch diachronisch deren Bedeutungsveränderungen innerhalb der abendländischen Philosophiegeschichte nachvollziehbar. Um die spezifisch philosophische Begriffsarbeit im Kontext des gesamten Wissenschaftssystems zu veranschaulichen, werden zudem auch Begriffe aus angrenzenden Fachgebieten - Theologie, Psychologie, Pädagogik, Soziologie, Geschichte und Kunstgeschichte, Politik, Jurisprudenz, Medizin sowie aus den Naturwissenschaften - behandelt.
- Footnote
- Online unter: https://hwph.ch/ bzw. https://www.schwabeonline.ch/schwabe-xaveropp/elibrary/start.xav#__elibrary__%2F%2F*%5B%40attr_id%3D%27hwph_productpage%27%5D__1515856966402.
-
Seelbach, D.: Computerlinguistik und Dokumentation : keyphrases in Dokumentationsprozessen (1975)
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- Classification
- ES 950 Allgemeine und vergleichende Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft. Indogermanistik. Außereuropäische Sprachen und Literaturen / Spezialbereiche der allgemeinen Sprachwissenschaft / Datenverarbeitung und Sprachwissenschaft. Computerlinguistik / Maschinelle Redeanlyse
ES 955 Allgemeine und vergleichende Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft. Indogermanistik. Außereuropäische Sprachen und Literaturen / Spezialbereiche der allgemeinen Sprachwissenschaft / Datenverarbeitung und Sprachwissenschaft. Computerlinguistik / Maschinelle Referatherstellung, linguistische Dokumentation und Information
- RVK
- ES 950 Allgemeine und vergleichende Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft. Indogermanistik. Außereuropäische Sprachen und Literaturen / Spezialbereiche der allgemeinen Sprachwissenschaft / Datenverarbeitung und Sprachwissenschaft. Computerlinguistik / Maschinelle Redeanlyse
ES 955 Allgemeine und vergleichende Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft. Indogermanistik. Außereuropäische Sprachen und Literaturen / Spezialbereiche der allgemeinen Sprachwissenschaft / Datenverarbeitung und Sprachwissenschaft. Computerlinguistik / Maschinelle Referatherstellung, linguistische Dokumentation und Information
-
Weizenbaum, J.: ¬Die Macht der Computer und die Ohnmacht der Vernunft (1978)
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- Abstract
- Ich plädiere für den rationalen Einsatz der Naturwissenschaft und Technik, nicht für deren Mystifikation und erst recht nicht für deren Preisgabe. Ich fordere die Einführung eines ethischen Denkens in die naturwissenschaftliche Planung. Ich bekämpfe den Imperialismus der instrumentellen Vernunft, nicht die Vernunft an sich
- BK
- 54.08 Informatik in Beziehung zu Mensch und Gesellschaft
- Classification
- 54.08 Informatik in Beziehung zu Mensch und Gesellschaft
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Borko, H.; Bernier, C.L.: Abstracting concepts and methods (1975)
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- Classification
- ES 930 Allgemeine und vergleichende Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft. Indogermanistik. Außereuropäische Sprachen und Literaturen / Spezialbereiche der allgemeinen Sprachwissenschaft / Datenverarbeitung und Sprachwissenschaft. Computerlinguistik / Informationsbehandlung
- RVK
- ES 930 Allgemeine und vergleichende Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft. Indogermanistik. Außereuropäische Sprachen und Literaturen / Spezialbereiche der allgemeinen Sprachwissenschaft / Datenverarbeitung und Sprachwissenschaft. Computerlinguistik / Informationsbehandlung
-
Sachkatalog der Stadt- und Universitätsbibliothek Frankfurt a.M. : Erläuterungen zum Allgemeinen Schlüssel (1975)
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-
Popper, K.R.: Three worlds : the Tanner lecture on human values. Deliverd at the University of Michigan, April 7, 1978 (1978)
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- Source
- https%3A%2F%2Ftannerlectures.utah.edu%2F_documents%2Fa-to-z%2Fp%2Fpopper80.pdf&usg=AOvVaw3f4QRTEH-OEBmoYr2J_c7H
-
Allischewski, H.: Abbildungen zur Bibliographienkunde : Abbildungen aus Katalogen und Bibliographien, zur Einführung in die Probleme der Erschließung und Ordnung in Druckschriftenverzeichnissen ausgewählt und erläutert (1978)
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- Footnote
- Sehr gutes kommentiertes Anschauungsmaterial für die 'klassischen' Bibliographien
-
Fachsystematik Bremen nebst Schlüssel 1970 ff. (1970 ff)
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- Content
- 1. Agrarwissenschaften 1981. - 3. Allgemeine Geographie 2.1972. - 3a. Allgemeine Naturwissenschaften 1.1973. - 4. Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft, Allgemeine Literaturwissenschaft 2.1971. - 6. Allgemeines. 5.1983. - 7. Anglistik 3.1976. - 8. Astronomie, Geodäsie 4.1977. - 12. bio Biologie, bcp Biochemie-Biophysik, bot Botanik, zoo Zoologie 1981. - 13. Bremensien 3.1983. - 13a. Buch- und Bibliothekswesen 3.1975. - 14. Chemie 4.1977. - 14a. Elektrotechnik 1974. - 15 Ethnologie 2.1976. - 16,1. Geowissenschaften. Sachteil 3.1977. - 16,2. Geowissenschaften. Regionaler Teil 3.1977. - 17. Germanistik 6.1984. - 17a,1. Geschichte. Teilsystematik hil. - 17a,2. Geschichte. Teilsystematik his Neuere Geschichte. - 17a,3. Geschichte. Teilsystematik hit Neueste Geschichte. - 18. Humanbiologie 2.1983. - 19. Ingenieurwissenschaften 1974. - 20. siehe 14a. - 21. klassische Philologie 3.1977. - 22. Klinische Medizin 1975. - 23. Kunstgeschichte 2.1971. - 24. Kybernetik. 2.1975. - 25. Mathematik 3.1974. - 26. Medizin 1976. - 26a. Militärwissenschaft 1985. - 27. Musikwissenschaft 1978. - 27a. Noten 2.1974. - 28. Ozeanographie 3.1977. -29. Pädagogik 8.1985. - 30. Philosphie 3.1974. - 31. Physik 3.1974. - 33. Politik, Politische Wissenschaft, Sozialwissenschaft. Soziologie. Länderschlüssel. Register 1981. - 34. Psychologie 2.1972. - 35. Publizistik und Kommunikationswissenschaft 1985. - 36. Rechtswissenschaften 1986. - 37. Regionale Geograpgie 3.1975. - 37a. Religionswissenschaft 1970. - 38. Romanistik 3.1976. - 39. Skandinavistik 4.1985. - 40. Slavistik 1977. - 40a. Sonstige Sprachen und Literaturen 1973. - 43. Sport 4.1983. - 44. Theaterwissenschaft 1985. - 45. Theologie 2.1976. - 45a. Ur- und Frühgeschichte, Archäologie 1970. - 47. Volkskunde 1976. - 47a. Wirtschaftswissenschaften 1971 // Schlüssel: 1. Länderschlüssel 1971. - 2. Formenschlüssel (Kurzform) 1974. - 3. Personenschlüssel Literatur 5. Fassung 1968
-
Pflug, G.: Information Retrieval System (1972)
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- Content
- "Im allgemeinen Bewußtsein der Öffentlichkeit hat sich der Begriff des Computers nur schwer durchgesetzt. Der auf Plastizität der Anschauung drängende Sprachgebrauch hat sich, verleitet durch den Reiz fortschrittsfreudiger Visionen, viel lieber einer Wortprägung bedient, die das geheimnisvoll Neue mit dem Altvertrauten verbindet und zudem dem Ganzen einen so anheimelnden Anthropomorphismus verleiht. So entstand das Wort Elektronengehirn. Und da Worten die Kraft innewohnt, in den Vorstellungen der Menschen Assoziationsketten zu erzeugen, entstand wie von selbst das Bild des großen automatischen Speichers, der alles Wissen der Welt enthält und in Sekundenschnelle aktiviert. Dieses Bild ist von drei Idealvorstellungen abgeleitet, die dem Bestreben entspringen, die Grenzen der bisheringen Informationsspeicherung zu überspringen und die den Speicherumfang, die Aktivierungsgeschwindigkeit und die Selektionspräzision betreffen. Die bisherigen Speicher zeigen nämlich einen dreifachen Mangel: Einerseits läßt sich die Menge des eingespeicherten Materials trotz aller Mühen über ein gewisses Maß hinaus nicht ausweiten. Zum anderen besteht eine nicht zu überspielende Relation zwischen der Speichermenge und der Retrievalgeschwindigkeit. Schließlich nimmt die Relevanz der Suchroutinen mit zunehmender Speichergröße ab." ...
"Fassen wir das Ergebnis zusammen und formulieren es zugleich als Aufgabenkatalog für die Computer-Industrie, so müssen wir feststellen, daß auf der Hard ware-Seite sowohl OCR-Leser mit einem für die Literatureingabe hinreichenden Zeichenvorrat wie Random-Access-Speicher mit Kapazitäten über 108 Zeichen fehlen. Das Problem der OCR-Leser läßt sich wahrscheinlich am leichtesten lösen. Es reicht wohl aus, die bisherige Entwicklung weiter auszubauen. Was die Speicher angeht, so glaube ich, daß der bisherige Weg der Plattenspeicher bei den hier diskutierten Größenordnungen nicht gangbar ist. Es wird die Entwicklung von Festkörperspeichern abzuwarten sein, die die Molekülstrukturen ausnutzen. Erste hoffnungsvolle Ansätze liegen bei der Entwicklung von Dünnschichtspeichern vor. Sie sind jedoch noch nicht funktionsreif. Eine energische Weiterentwicklung benötigt auch die Soft ware. Hier müssen selbstprogrammierende Systeme angestrebt werden, die nach allgemeinen Grundmodellen unnormierte Anfragen in vorgegebene Parameter bringen. Dies ist wegen der Kompliziertheit der logischen Abläufe in semantischen Prozessen sicherlich nur in einem Dialogverkehr zwischen Frager und Computer möglich. An solchen Systemen sind nicht nur die Bibliothekare und Dokumentalisten interessiert, sondern alle Kreise, die Information verarbeiten, einschließlich der Management Information. Es ist daher zu hoffen, daß finanziell potentere Stellen als die Bibliotheken diese Entwicklung vorantreiben."
- Footnote
- Vortrag, gehalten auf der 37. IFLA-Tagung, Liverpool, 1971.
- Source
- Libri. 22(1972) no.1, S.85-92
-
Fachsystematik Universitätsbibliothek der Fernuniversität Hagen (1978 ff)
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- Content
- BEA-BSD: Allgemeine und vergleichene Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft 1985 nebst Index. - BTA-DOW: Germanistik 1985 nebst Index. - HIA-HPZ: Philosphie 1985 nebst Index. - HQA-HXZ: Psychologie 1985 nebst Index. - HYA-IKZ: Erziehungswissenschaft 1985 nebst Index. - IWA-JWZ: Autoren Geisteswissenschaften 1987. - KXA-MQZ: Geschichte 1986 nebst Index. - NOA-NWZ: Sozialwissenschaften allgemein 1978. - NXA-OSZ: Soziologie 1978 nebst Index. - OTA-PGZ: Politikwissenschaft 1978 nebst Index. - PHA-QLZ: Wirtschaftwissenschaften 1978 nebst Index. - QMA-QWZ: Rechtswissenschaft 1983 nebst Index. - STA-SZW: Naturwissenschaften allgemein 1987 nebst Index. - TTA-TSZ: Mathematik 1986 nebst Index. - TTA-TZW: Informatik und Datenverarbeitung 1986 nebst Index. - UAA-UMW: Physik 1985 nebst Index. - WAA-WHW: Technik allgemein 1984 nebst Index. - XVA-YGY: Elektrotechnik 1985 nebst Index. - ZEA-ZWM: Sonstige Gebiete der Technik 1987 nebst Index
-
Reinhardt, K.: ¬Die bibliothekarische Erschließung der Wörter über das Wort : zur Geschichte und Problematik des Schlagwortkatalogs (1973)
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- Source
- Das Wort und die Wörter. Festschrift G. Friedrich
- Theme
- Geschichte des Schlagwortkataloges
-
Heinrich, G.: Klassifikatorische Sacherschließung in deutschen Bibliotheken (1978)
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- Abstract
- Darstellung der Benutzung von universalen Klassifikationssystemen in den 50 wissenschaftlichen Universalbibliotheken und den 362 Öffentlichen Bibliotheken aufgrund der Ergebnisse zweier Umfragen aus dem Jahr 1977 in tabellarischer Form und Diskussion. Eine Übernahmebereitschaft von Klassifikationssystemen scheint trotz gegenwärtig noch stark unterschiedlicher Praxis vorhanden zu sein. Möglichkeiten und Voraussetzungen für eine Kooperation und zentrale Klassifizierung werden genannt. Des weiteren wird ein Überblick über die Benutzung von Sachkatalogen (Systematischen und Schlagwortkatalogen) in wissenschaftlichen Bibliotheken der BRD sowie eine Übersicht über hauptsächlich vorkommende Arten zweigleisiger Sacherschließung in bestimmten Bibliotheken gegeben. Die Voraussetzungen für Angleichungsprozesse unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Funktionsbestimmung und Erschließungstiefe werden diskutiert. Auch wird abschließend auf die Möglichkeiten von Revisions- und Reklassifizierungsverfahren, auch mit Computerhilfe, hingewiesen
- Source
- Kooperation in der Klassifikation II. Proc. der Sekt.4-6 der 2. Fachtagung der Gesellschaft für Klassifikation, Frankfurt-Höchst, 6.-7.4.1978
- Theme
- Geschichte der Sacherschließung
-
Kutschera, F. von: Sprachphilosophie (1971)
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- Abstract
- Das Buch, aus Vorlesungen erwachsen und daher systematisch und didaktisch ausgerichtet, bietet eine erschöpfende Darstellung seines Gegenstandes, ohne Vorkenntnisse vorauszusetzen. Es wendet sich somit nicht nur an Philosophen, sondern auch an alle Studierenden der Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaften. Ferner an Psychologen, Soziologen und den ganzen Bereich der modernen Kommunikationswissenschaften.
- Content
- Inhalt: Theorien der Grammatik (traditionelle, logische, generative) - Bedeutungstheorien (Wittgenstein, Frege, Carnap, Behaviorismus) - Sprache und Wirklichkeit
Die Sprache ist in unserem Jahrhundert zu einem der aktuellsten Themen der Philosophie geworden. Der Anstoß zur Beschäftigung mit der Sprache hat sich von den verschiedensten philosophischen Fragestellungen her ergeben: von der Erkenntnistheorie durch eine Wendung der Vernunftkritik in eine Sprachkritik, von der Logik aufgrund ihrer Beschäftigung mit Kunstsprachen und mit der logischen Analyse der natürlichen Sprachen, von der Anthropologie durch die Hervorhebung der Sprache als wesensbestimmender Leistung des Menschen und durch die Entdeckung von Korrelationen zwischen Sprachform und Weltbild, von der Ethik durch ihre Beschäftigung mit den sprachlichen Formen ethischer Aussagen und deren Abgrenzung gegenüber deskriptiven Sätzen. Ganz allgemein läßt sich diese philosophische Hinwendung zur Sprache auch an dem Wandel in der Formulierung philosophischer Probleme ablesen. Wo man früher z.B. nach der "Natur der Kausalität" fragte, oder nach dem "Inhalt des Begriffes der Kausalität", empfindet man es heute als adäquater, das Problem als eine Frage nach dem Wortgebrauch zu formulieren und zu fragen: "Was sagt man, wenn man sagt, daß ein Ereignis A ein Ereignis B bewirkt? "' Die philosophische Aufmerksamkeit hat sich im Verlauf dieser Entwicklung teilweise so ausschließlich auf die Sprache konzentriert, daß man Philosophie überhaupt mit Sprachkritik identifiziert hat. Das gilt insbesondere für die beiden Hauptströmungen der analytischen Philosophie, für die von Bertrand Russell ausgehende und sich über Rudolf Carnap zu Nelson Goodman und Willard van Orman Quine fortsetzende Bestrebung einer logischen Analyse der Wissenschaftssprache, speziell der philosophischen Sprache, in der man versucht, den Sinn der Terme und Sätze dieser Sprache mit den Hilfsmitteln der modernen Logik zu klären und zu präzisieren, und, mehr noch, für die von George Edward Moore ausgehende, dann durch Ludwig Wittgenstein geprägte und in der Ordinary-LanguagePhilosophie der Oxforder Schule (Gilbert Ryle, John Langshaw Austin) fortentwickelte andere Hauptrichtung der analytischen Philosophie, in der man versucht, die philosophische Sprache durch die Analyse des umgangssprachlichen Gebrauchs ihrer Terme zu klären.
Schon Gottlob Frege sagt im Vorwort zu seiner "Begriffsschrift": "Wenn es eine Aufgabe der Philosophie ist, die Herrschaft des Wortes über den menschlichen Geist zu brechen, indem sie die Täuschungen aufdeckt, die durch den Sprachgebrauch über die Beziehungen der Begriffe oft fast unvermeidlich entstehen, indem sie den Gedanken von demjenigen befreit, womit ihn allein die Beschaffenheit des sprachlichen Ausdrucksmittels behaftet, so wird meine Begriffsschrift, für diese Zwecke weiter ausgebildet, den Philosophen ein brauchbares Werkzeug werden können." Aus dem "Wenn"-Satz Freges wird dann eine kategorische Behauptung und schon für Russell besteht die wichtigste Aufgabe der Philosophie "in criticizing and clarifying notions which are apt to be regarded as fundamental and accepted uncritically. As instances I might mention: mind, matter, consciousness, knowledge, experience, causality, will, time." Und Carnap schreibt im Vorwort zur 2. Auflage seines Buches "Der logische Aufbau der Welt": "Die neuen Bestimmungen [der Begriffe] sollen den alten in Klarheit und Exaktheit überlegen sein und sich vor allem besser in ein systematisches Begriffsgebäude einfügen. Eine solche Begriffserklärung, heute oft "Explikation" genannt, scheint mir immer noch eine der wichtigsten Aufgaben der Philosophie zu sein." Für Wittgenstein ist schon im "Traktat" alle Philosophie Sprachkritik und in den "Philosophischen Un-tersuchungen" ist Philosophie nichts anderes als ein ständiger Kampf gegen die "Verhexung unsres Verstandes durch die Mittel unserer Sprache"." Für viele Anhänger der Ordinary-Language-Philosophie endlich bedeutet die Hinwendung der Philosophie zur Sprache, der "linguistic turn", die große Revolution der modernen Philosophie. So sagt Austin: ". . . it cannot be doubted that they [diese Methoden der Sprachkritik] are producing a revolution in philosophy. If anyone wishes to call it the greatest and most salutary in its history, this is not, if you come to think of it, a large claim."
Angesichts der Vielzahl von philosophischen Bestrebungen und Richtungen, die sich unter den Titel einer Sprachphilosophie sammeln, kann es nicht Wunder nehmen, daß dieser Titel keinen präzisen und wohlbestimmten Inhalt hat. Daher wollen wir kurz umreißen, mit welchen Themen sich diese Arbeit beschäftigen soll, und welche Absichten uns dabei leiten. Wir wollen im folgenden, zunächst ganz generell gesagt, Funktion und Leistung der Sprache untersuchen. Aus der Fülle der Fragen, die sich in diesem Zusammenhang stellen lassen, wollen wir drei Problemkreise herausgreifen, die uns von besonderer und grundsätzlicher Bedeutung zu sein scheinen: Das Problem der grammatischen Gliederung und Synthese sprachlicher Ausdrücke, das Problem ihrer Bedeutung und das Problem des Anteils der Sprache an der Erfahrung. Nach einigen Vorbemerkungen beginnen wir im 2. Kapitel mit der Erörterung des grammatischen Problems, wie die sprachliche Zusammenfügung bedeutungsvoller Ausdrücke zu neuen Sinneinheiten funktioniert. Dabei wird noch nicht untersucht, worin die Bedeutung der Elemente der grammatischen Fügungen besteht und wie sie bestimmt wird, sondern es wird nur gefragt, wie sich die Bedeutung der Ausdrucksgruppen aus der Bedeutung der einzelnen Ausdrücke bestimmt. Die Frage, worin die Bedeutung sprachlicher Ausdrücke besteht, wie sie festgelegt wird und wie sprachliche Mitteilung funktioniert, wird dann im 3. Kapitel behandelt. Im 4. Kapitel endlich wird das Verhältnis von Sprache und Erfahrung diskutiert, die Frage, inwieweit sich in den Formen einer Sprache gewisse Interpretationsschemata für die Erfahrung ausdrücken, inwieweit die Formen der Sprache die Art und Weise prägen, wie die Wirklichkeit erfahren wird.
Diese drei Problemkreise sind auch Grundprobleme der Sprachwissenschaften, speziell der allgemeinen Sprachwissenschaft als linguistischer Grundlagendisziplin, und so ergeben sich hier vielfach Überschneidungen der sprachphilosophischen und der sprachwissenschaftlichen Forschung. Beide lassen sich nicht scharf voneinander abgrenzen. Daher ergibt sich für die Sprachphilosophie die Forderung, sich über die für ihre Fragen relevanten Ergebnisse der Linguistik zu informieren und sie zu berücksichtigen, und es ergibt sich die Chance, die sprachphilosophischen Thesen mit linguistischen Argumenten zu stützen. Die Philosophie bewegt sich hier also nicht in einem erfahrungsunabhängigen Bereich. Für die Frage nach Funktion und Leistung der Sprache interessieren wir uns hier vor allem aus folgenden Gründen: Für alle Wissenschaften stellt die Sprache das elementarste und wichtigste Hilfsmittel dar, das wir ständig verwenden. Wenn wir Behauptungen aufstellen (beschreiben, klassifizieren, Hypothesen oder Theorien formulieren), argumentieren, Festsetzungen treffen (definieren, Meßvorschriften angeben, usw.), so gebrauchen wir die Sprache. Weil die Sprache ein so wichtiges Instrument der Wissenschaften ist, ist eine gründliche Kenntnis dieses Instrumentes für die einzelwissenschaftliche Arbeit selbst sehr nützlich. Die natürlichen Sprachen, die wir auch in den Wissenschaften vorwiegend verwenden, sind ja nicht primär für wissenschaftliche Zwecke gemacht und bedürfen zu ihrem wissenschaftlichen Gebrauch vielfacher Ergänzungen und Präzisierungen. Der Wissenschaftler ist also nicht nur Konsument der Sprache, sondern in gewissem Maße auch Konstrukteur und kann sich zumindest in dieser Rolle nicht naiv den Sprachgewohnheiten anvertrauen, sondern benötigt Einsichten in die Natur sprachlicher Ausdrucksmittel. Funktion und Leistung der Sprache sind in diesem Sinn Thema der wissenschaftlichen Propädeutik. Für die Erkenntnistheorie ist besonders die Frage nach der Leistung der Sprache für die Formung und Organisation der Erfahrung von eminentem Interesse. Besteht Sprechen nur im Ausdrücken sprachunabhängiger Denk- oder Wahrnehmungsinhalte, an denen sich durch ihren Ausdruck nichts ändert, oder sind diese Inhalte immer schon sprachlich bestimmt, so daß die Formen unserer Sprache Formen unserer Erfahrung sind? Aber auch das Bedeutungsproblem, das, wie wir sehen werden, mit dieser Frage eng zusammenhängt, ist von erkenntnistheoretischer Relevanz. Diese beiden Fragestellungen aus Propädeutik und Erkenntnistheorie sind für die folgenden Erörterungen von Funktion und Leistung der Sprache leitend und bestimmen die philosophische Ausrichtung dieser Untersuchungen."
-
Piaget, J.: Biologie und Erkenntnis : über die Beziehungen zwischen organischen Regulationen und kognitiven Prozessen (1974)
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- Abstract
- Ein Hauptwerk des großen Entwicklungspsychologen, die kühne Synthese jahrzehntelanger biologischer und erkenntnistheoretischer Forschungen. Hier werden, so heißt es im Vorwort, 'die allgemeinen Probleme der Intelligenz und der Erkenntnis im Lichte der zeitgenössischen Biologie erörtert'
- Series
- Conditio humana: Ergebnisse aus den Wissenschaften vom Menschen
-
Dahlberg, I.: Einheitsklassifikation (1979)
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- Footnote
- Eine fundierte theoretische Auseinandersetzung mit dem Projekt Einheitsklassifikation
- Series
- Beiträge zum Buch- und Bibliothekswesen; Bd.17
- Source
- Bestandserschließung und Bibliotheksstruktur: Rolf Kluth zum 10.2.1979. Hrsg.: R. Alsheimer
- Theme
- Geschichte der Klassifikationssysteme
-
Deyerberg, G.: Quellenpublikationen zum Fach Geschichte in der Öffentlichen Bibliothek : Auswahlprinzipien und Sacherschließung, überprüft am Bestand dreier Großstadtbibliotheken (1979)
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-
Allischewski, H.: Bibliographienkunde : ein Lehrbuch mit Beschreibungen von mehr als 200 Druckschriftenverzeichnissen und allgemeinen Nachschlagewerken (1976)
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- Footnote
- Das Buch ist nicht in allen Teilen durch die 2. Aufl. ersetzt; die Beschreibung der Panizzi-Regeln ist z.B. in dieser Aufl. ausführlicher
-
Fischer, W.L.: Äquivalenz- und Toleranzstrukturen in der Linguistik : zur Theorie der Synonyma (1973)
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- Abstract
- In verschiedenen Bereichen der Linguistik, im Strukturalismus, in der mathematischen Text- und Literaturtheorie spielen Äquivalenzrelationen als mathematische Modelle für empirische Relationen eine zentrale Rolle. Ohne im Einzelfall um einen detaillierten Nachweis bemüht zu sein, geht man im allgemeinen davon aus, daß die Gesetze, die eine Äquivalenzrelation in abstracto charakterisieren, in dem von der Äquivalenzstruktur modellierten realen Phänomen erfüllt sind. Bei genauer Analyse der jeweiligen Situation zeigt es sich jedoch häufig, daß die betreffenden empirischen Relationen nicht allen charakteristischen Eigenschaften der Äquivalenzrelationen genügen bzw. daß es große Schwierigkeiten bereitet, die Gültigkeit z.B. der Eigenschaft der Transitivität nachzuweisen. In all diesen Fällen schlagen wir daher vor, der abstrakten Modellbildung einen schwächeren Begriff, den der "Toleranzrelation" (bzw. des "Toleranzraumes") zugrundezulegen. In den Teilen 1. und 2. stellen wir die formalen Theorien der Äquivalenzrelationen und der Toleranzrelationen einander gegenüber und zeigen, wie sich beide in die Methodologie der Wissenschaften einordnen. In Teil 3. zeigen wir am Problembereich des Synonymenbegriffs inwiefern die schwächere Struktur des Toleranzraumes in vielen Fällen die konkrete Situation angemessener darstellt als ein Äquivalenzgebilde. Wir werden in diesem Zusammenhang die Elemente der von einer Toleranzrelation induzierten Topologie entwickeln und die Grundbeziehungen einer entsprechenden Topologisierung des Wortraumes einer gegebenen Sprache vorstellen. Die letztgenannte Modellstruktur, die zu einer Topologisierung von Worträumen Anlaß gibt, läßt sich auch ausgehend von Modellvorstellungen der inhaltbezogenen Grammatik motivieren. Von zentraler Bedeutung ist dort der Begriff des Wortfeldes. Wir werden mit diesem Begriff bewußt keine physikalischen Vorstellungen verbinden. Zu "Kraft" und "Kraftlinien" im physikalischen Modell lassen sich im (indogermanischen) Sprachbereich im Sinne der inhaltbezogenen Grammatik nur sehr dürftige Entsprechungen finden, die wenigstens in einigen ihrer Eigenschaften den Bezug auf die physikalischen Begriffe "Kraft" und "Kraftlinie" rechtfertigten. Physikalische Analogien scheinen im Zusammenhang mit dem Wortfeld` nur den metaphorischen Charakter eines hermeneutischen Gefasels zu haben.
Wir beschränken uns daher auf die Darstellung des sprachlichen Feldbegriffes durch ein mathematisches Modell ... bzw.: wir definieren das sprachliche Feld über ein mathematisches Modell. Die Feldeigenschaften in einem System sprachlicher Entitäten sind zunächst solche des gegenseitigen Benachbartseins. Wir können von syntaktischen und/oder semantischen Umgebungen sprechen, in denen jeweils alle zu einem Wort (einer sprachlichen Einheit) synonymen oder sinnverwandten oder strukturverwandten Worte (Einheiten) liegen. Die Eigenschaften von Wortfeldern sind also in dieser Sicht vornehmlich topologischer Natur. Dabei bleibt es gleichgültig, welchem Autor man folgt, wenn man den Feldbegriff in der Sprache zu erfassen trachtet. Immer sind es Umgebungs-, Nachbarschaftsrelationen und fundierende Toleranzrelationen, die als formaler, sprich: mathematischer Kern inhärent sind. Bemerkungen über die Möglichkeit einer algebraisch-topologischen Kennzeichnung von Wortfeldsystemen beschließen Teil 3. In Teil 4. stellen wir den Begriff der k-Toleranzrelation vor. Relationen dieser Art stehen in gewissem Sinne zwischen den Äquivalenzrelationen und den Toleranzrelationen. Mit Modellbildungen auf der Basis von k-Toleranzrelationen kommt man der Realität der Sprache vielleicht am nächsten. Für den Problemkreis der Synonymität bedeutet ihre Einführung, daß man jetzt weder die Gültigkeit strenger Äquivalenz noch die schwache Bedingung der Ununterscheidbarkeit fordert, sondern nur eine k-Ununterscheidbarkeit. Relationentheoretisch entspricht dem die Forderung einer abgeschwächten Transitivität. In Teil 5. deuten wir an, wie man die in Teil 3. angegebenen Definitionsschemata für Synonyma auf der Grundlage der k-Toleranzräume verschärfen kann.
- Date
- 20. 4.2007 21:28:40
- Footnote
- Vgl. auch: Rieger, B.: Unscharfe Semantik natürlicher Sprache. Zum Problem der Repräsentation und Analyse vager Wortbedeutung. Unter: http://www.ldv.uni-trier.de/ldv_archiv/http/www/public_html/ldvpage/rieger/pub/aufsaetze/scharf/scharf81.html.
-
Klotz, D.: ¬Die Entwicklung der Sacherschließung in deutschen Öffentlichen Bibliotheken (1900 - 1945) (1977)
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- Source
- Bibliothek: Forschung und Praxis. 1(1977), S.71-93
- Theme
- Geschichte der Sacherschließung
