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Daniel, H.-D.: Guardians of science : fairness and reliabiblity of peer review (1993)
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- BK
- 30.04 / Ausbildung, Beruf, Organisationen <Naturwissenschaften allgemein>
30.03 / Methoden und Techniken in den Naturwissenschaften
- Classification
- VB 4400 Chemie und Pharmazie / Bibliographien und Nachschlagewerke, Geschichte und Didaktik der Chemie und Pharmazie, Betriebssicherheit / Richtlinien für die Abfassung und Drucklegung chemischer Literatur Wissenschaftliches Arbeiten; Kongreßplanung Englisch für Chemiker u.ä. / Allgemeines
CM 2200 Psychologie / Allgemeines. Geschichte und Methodik / Methodik und Wissenschaftstheorie der Psychologie
30.04 / Ausbildung, Beruf, Organisationen <Naturwissenschaften allgemein>
30.03 / Methoden und Techniken in den Naturwissenschaften
- RVK
- VB 4400 Chemie und Pharmazie / Bibliographien und Nachschlagewerke, Geschichte und Didaktik der Chemie und Pharmazie, Betriebssicherheit / Richtlinien für die Abfassung und Drucklegung chemischer Literatur Wissenschaftliches Arbeiten; Kongreßplanung Englisch für Chemiker u.ä. / Allgemeines
CM 2200 Psychologie / Allgemeines. Geschichte und Methodik / Methodik und Wissenschaftstheorie der Psychologie
-
Garfield, E.: Citation indexing : its theory and application in science, technology, and humanities (1979)
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- Classification
- AN 95100 Allgemeines / Buch- und Bibliothekswesen, Informationswissenschaft / Informationswissenschaft / Informationspraxis / Referieren, Klassifizieren, Indexieren
AN 96100 Allgemeines / Buch- und Bibliothekswesen, Informationswissenschaft / Informationswissenschaft / Informationsvermittlung, Informationsplanung / Herstellung von Bibliographien und Informationsdiensten
AK 39900 Allgemeines / Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation / Technik der wissenschaftlichen Arbeit / Hilfsmittel zur wissenschaftlichen Arbeit
- RSWK
- Naturwissenschaften / Zitierindex (SWB)
- RVK
- AN 95100 Allgemeines / Buch- und Bibliothekswesen, Informationswissenschaft / Informationswissenschaft / Informationspraxis / Referieren, Klassifizieren, Indexieren
AN 96100 Allgemeines / Buch- und Bibliothekswesen, Informationswissenschaft / Informationswissenschaft / Informationsvermittlung, Informationsplanung / Herstellung von Bibliographien und Informationsdiensten
AK 39900 Allgemeines / Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation / Technik der wissenschaftlichen Arbeit / Hilfsmittel zur wissenschaftlichen Arbeit
- Subject
- Naturwissenschaften / Zitierindex (SWB)
-
Representation in scientific practice revisited (2014)
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- BK
- 30.02 Philosophie und Theorie der Naturwissenschaften
30.03 Methoden und Techniken in den Naturwissenschaften
- Classification
- 30.02 Philosophie und Theorie der Naturwissenschaften
30.03 Methoden und Techniken in den Naturwissenschaften
- Field
- Naturwissenschaften
- RSWK
- Naturwissenschaften / Visualisierung
Naturwissenschaften / Visualisierung / Wissenschaftsforschung / Wissensrepräsentation / Aufsatzsammlung / Bildliche Darstellung / Methodologie (BVB)
- Subject
- Naturwissenschaften / Visualisierung
Naturwissenschaften / Visualisierung / Wissenschaftsforschung / Wissensrepräsentation / Aufsatzsammlung / Bildliche Darstellung / Methodologie (BVB)
-
Piel, G.: ¬The age ofe science : what scientists learned in the twentieth century (2001)
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- Abstract
- Ein Bericht des ehemaligen Chefredakteurs und Gründers von Scientific American
- Field
- Naturwissenschaften
- Footnote
- Rez. in: Spektrum der Wissenschaft 2003, H.1, S.103 (M. Spitzer)
-
Park, R.L.: Voodoo science : the road from foolishness to fraud (2000)
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- Abstract
- 0bwohl das Buch von einem Amerikaner für Amerikaner geschrieben wurde, betrifft es uns auch. Es handelt von der zunehmenden Ununterscheidbarkeit von Wissenschaft und Hokuspokus, der sich den Mantel der Wissenschaft umgehängt hat, nicht nur für ganz gewöhnliche Leute, sondern auch für Regierungen und Industrie, ja sogar für die Wissenschaftler selbst. Der Autor, Physikprofessor und Leiter des Washingtoner Büros der American Physical Society, äußert sich seit Jahren einmal die Woche in einer Intemet-Kolumne namens "What's New" zu aktuellen Themen der Wissenschaftspolitik (http://www.aps.org/WN/), mit stets demselben sorgfältig formulierten Satz im "Kleingedruckten": ,Opinions are the author's and are not necessarily shared by the American Physical Society, but they should be." Unter dem Oberbegriff Voodoo - der im Englischen nicht nur für den Zauberkult Wodu, sondern für Zauberei und Hexerei aller Art steht - fasst Park alles zusammen, was ihm nicht als seriöse Wissenschaft gilt. Er unterscheidet fünf Spielarten von Voodoo-Wissenschaft
- Footnote
- Rez. in: Spektrum der Wissenschaft 2001, H.3, S.109-110 (H. Genz)
- RSWK
- Naturwissenschaften / Irrtum / Betrug / Pseudowissenschaft
- Subject
- Naturwissenschaften / Irrtum / Betrug / Pseudowissenschaft
-
Time, quantum and information (2003)
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- Footnote
- Rez. in: Spektrum der Wissenschaft. 2004, H.11., S.92-96 (S. Stier): "Nach Einsteins Allgemeiner Relativitätstheorie gibt es im Kosmos Objekte von so ungeheurer Gravitationskraft, dass aus ihrem Inneren keinerlei Informationen, auch nicht in Form von Licht, nach außen dringen können; sie werden deshalb als Schwarze Löcher bezeichnet. Eines der vielen Rätsel, die sie umgeben, war lange Zeit die Größe ihrer Entropie (siehe »Das holografische Universum« von Jacob Bekenstein, Spektrum der Wissenschaft 11/ 2003, S. 34). Nach der herkömmlichen Definition ist die Entropie ein Maß für den Informationsgehalt eines Objekts; sie berechnet sich aus der Zahl seiner inneren Zustände, in denen es dieselben Eigenschaften hat. Damit hängt sie davon ab, welche Eigenschaften man zur Beschreibung des Objekts wählt und wie detailliert man seine inneren Zustände beschreibt. Entropie und Information sind also relative, vom Kontext einer bestimmten Beschreibung abhängige Maße. je detaillierter die Beschreibung seiner inneren Zustände, desto größer die Entropie. Nicht so bei einem Schwarzen Loch: Da es alle Informationen über sein Inneres verbirgt, ist seine Entropie die Obergrenze für alles, was man überhaupt darüber wissen könnte, unabhängig von irgendwelchen Modellen seiner Struktur. Information wird damit zu einer unabhängigen Eigenschaft eines Objekts und zu einer absoluten physikalischen Größe. Das ist ein radikaler Bruch im Verständnis von Information. Mit Hilfe der von Bekenstein vor dreißig Jahren angegebenen Formel kann man berechnen, wie die Entropie eines Schwarzen Lochs von der Größe unseres Universums dadurch zunimmt, dass von außen ein Proton hineinstürzt. Diese Änderung lässt sich als der Informationsgehalt des Protons selbst interpretieren: Es sind 10**40 Bit, ein Wert, der im Rahmen der etablierten Physik eigentlich nicht erklärbar ist.
Zu genau diesem Ergebnis war schon einige Jahre zuvor Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker auf völlig anderem Weg gekommen. Die von ihm entwickelte Urtheorie ist der radikale Versuch, die gesamte Naturwissenschaft, mit der Quantentheorie an der Spitze, auf den Informationsbegriff zurückzuführen: Ure sind nichts weiter als die Quantenbits (»Qubits«), die im Zusammenhang mit den Quantencomputern zu Ehren gekommen sind. Dabei setzt die Urtheorie nicht einmal die Struktur des Raumes voraus; diese ergibt sich erst aus der Verknüpfung der kleinsten Informationseinheit, der Entscheidung zwischen zwei Möglichkeiten, und der Quantentheorie. Bis heute ist die Urtheorie ein Fragment geblieben; so ist es nicht gelungen, eine Theorie der Wechselwirkung der Ure zu entwickeln, die schließlich zu einer Theorie der Elementarteilchen führen sollte. Der vorliegende Sammelband ist von Weizsäcker zu seinem 90. Geburtstag gewidmet; die sehr wenigen Forscher, die an der Urtheorie weitergearbeitet haben, kommen in mehreren Beiträgen zu Wort. Der Frankfurter Physiker Thomas Görnitz fasst seine eigenen einschlägigen Arbeiten zusammen. Dazu gehört die oben genannte Verknüpfung der Entropie Schwarzer Löcher mit der Urtheorie, die für Görnitz die »zentrale Anbindung« an die etablierte Physik ist. Ausgehend von den heute bekannten Größenordnungen für Radius und Dichte des Universums kommt er zu Abschätzungen für die Entropie des gesamten Universums und die Anzahl der darin enthaltenen Nukleonen und Photonen, die nach seiner Aussage mit den empirisch bekannten Daten gut übereinstimmen. Das gelte auch für die Energie der Photonen im Universum, der so genannten » kosmischen Hintergrundstrahlung«. Die Verknüpfung der Urtheorie mit der Allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie führe zu einem plausiblen kosmologischen Modell, in dem sich die extreme Kleinheit der »kosmologischen Konstanten«, der Vakuumenergie des Kosmos, in natürlicher Weise ergebe. Für die etablierten Theorien stelle dies ein erhebliches Problem dar.
Während sich die Beiträge zur Urtheorie an Spezialisten wenden, finden sich zu anderen Arbeitsgebieten von Weizsäckers eher allgemeinverständliche Darstellungen: Astro- und Kernphysik mit den thermonuklearen Prozessen in Sternen und der Entstehung der Planetensysteme sowie die Philosophie der Naturwissenschaft und der Zeit - alles in der für solche Festschriften typischen bunten Mischung. Hervorgehoben sei die Darstellung des Hamburger Friedensforschers Götz Neuneck zur deutschen Atomforschung während des Zweiten Weltkriegs und zu den nachfolgenden Bemühungen internationaler Wissenschaftler, die Institution des Kriegs nach dem Bau der Atombombe abzuschaffen. In beiden hat von Weizsäcker eine herausragende Rolle gespielt. Ein wichtiges Thema des Buchs sind die Grundlagen der Quantentheorie. Mit der Charakterisierung von Objekten durch Information ist die Urtheorie eine radikale Weiterführung der »Kopenhagener Deutung«, jener orthodoxen, aber von vielen Physikern nur mangels einer überzeugenden Alternative akzeptierten Interpretation der Quantentheorie. Ein seit deren Anfängen andauernder Streit geht darum, ob die Wellenfunktion, die Wahrscheinlichkeiten für Messergebnisse vorhersagt, gemäß der Kopenhagener Deutung das mögliche Wissen eines Beobachters darstellt oder eine davon unabhängige Realität beschreibt. Wie lebendig diese Debatte ist, machen mehrere Beiträge in diesem Buch deutlich. Hans Primas und Harald Atmanspacher lösen den Widerspruch nach dem Muster des Teilchen-Welle-Dualismus auf Beide Positionen beruhen auf unterschiedlichen Auffassungen der Wirklichkeit, die beide für eine Beschreibung der Natur je nach der zu Grunde liegenden Fragestellung notwendig seien. Claus Kiefer erläutert das Phänomen der »Dekohärenz«, wonach der quantenmechanische Messprozess in neuem Licht erscheine, wenn auch die Kopplung des Messgeräts an seine Umgebung berücksichtigt werde, denn unrealistische Überlagerungszustände im Messprozess wie die berühmte sowohl tote als auch lebendige »Schrödinger'sche Katze« seien bereits durch die Quantenmechanik selbst ausgeschlossen. Spätestens wenn der Kosmos als Ganzes betrachtet werde, komme die Kopenhagener Deutung an ihr Ende, denn hier gebe es keinen Beobachter mehr, für den die quantentheoretischen Möglichkeiten zu Fakten werden könnten.
Einen interessanten Vorschlag machen schließlich Ceslav Brukner und Anton Zeilinger von der Universität Wien. Ganz in von Weizsäckers Sinn, die Naturwissenschaft auf Ja-Nein-Aussagen zurückzuführen, streben sie nach einer Herleitung der Quantentheorie aus der Informationstheorie. Ihr Ausgangspunkt ist die Annahme, dass jedes physikalische Objekt einen endlichen Informationsgehalt hat. Da diese Information aber nicht ausreiche, um die Resultate aus allen möglichen Messungen festzulegen, könne eine bestimmte Messung nicht mehr mit Sicherheit vorhergesagt werden. Der Indeterminismus der Quantentheorie ist damit auf ein fundamentaleres Prinzip zurückgeführt. Viele Autoren heben die Bedeutung von Weizsäckers Fragen und Antworten als Quelle der Inspiration und als Herausforderung an die etablierte Wissen schaft hervor, die in ihrer Vorausschau noch nicht an ihr Ende gekommen sei. Dem ist wenig hinzuzufügen."
-
Neunzert, H.; Rosenberger, B.: Oh Gott, Mathematik? (1997)
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- Abstract
- Mathematik ist voller neuer Ideen, ist wie das Spiel, wie die Kunst ein Bestandteil, ja vielleicht sogar ein besonders sensibler Repräsentant der Kultur und nicht zuletzt ein unersetzliches Hilfsmittel der Naturwissenschaften, der Technik und der Wirtschaft. Mathematik ist Werkzeug und Spiel, sie liefert auch oft genug einen Anreiz zu philosophieren, zur Besinnung auf rationale Reflexion
-
Neunzert, H.; Rosenberger, B.: Schlüssel zur Mathematik (1991)
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- Abstract
- Mathematik ist voller neuer Ideen, ist wie das Spiel, wie die Kunst ein Bestandteil, ja vielleicht sogar ein besonders sensibler Repräsentant der Kultur und nicht zuletzt ein unersetzliches Hilfsmittel der Naturwissenschaften, der Technik und der Wirtschaft. Mathematik ist Werkzeug und Spiel, sie liefert auch oft genug einen Anreiz zu philosophieren, zur Besinnung auf rationale Reflexion
-
¬The history and heritage of scientific and technological information systems : Proceedings of the 2002 Conference (2004)
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- BK
- 06.01 / Geschichte des Informations- und Dokumentationswesens
- Classification
- AN 92900 Allgemeines / Buch- und Bibliothekswesen, Informationswissenschaft / Informationswissenschaft / Nachschlagewerke, Allgemeine Darstellungen / Geschichte der Informationswissenschaft
06.01 / Geschichte des Informations- und Dokumentationswesens
- RSWK
- Informationssystem / Kongress / Geschichte (GBV)
Informations- und Dokumentationswissenschaft / Geschichte / Aufsatzsammlung (SWB)
- RVK
- AN 92900 Allgemeines / Buch- und Bibliothekswesen, Informationswissenschaft / Informationswissenschaft / Nachschlagewerke, Allgemeine Darstellungen / Geschichte der Informationswissenschaft
- Subject
- Informationssystem / Kongress / Geschichte (GBV)
Informations- und Dokumentationswissenschaft / Geschichte / Aufsatzsammlung (SWB)
-
Zurück zur Papierkopie : Artikelversand per E-Mail verstößt gegen gültige Urheberrechtsgesetze (2007)
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- Abstract
- Das Oberlandesgericht München hat Anfang Mai im langjährigen Rechtsstreit zwischen dem Deutschen Börsenverein und dem Dokumentenversanddienst subito sein mit Spannung erwartetes Urteil gefällt. Nach Auffassung der Münchener Richter verstößt der Service gegen das geltende Urheberrecht und darf in dieser Form nicht weitergeführt werden. Der Musterprozess hat, laut Mitteilung der Technischen Informationsbibliothek Hannover (TIB), auch Einfluss auf die Angebote anderer Dokumentlieferdienste wie Tiborder, der im Bereich von Technik und Naturwissenschaften eine führende Stellung einnimmt.
- Content
- "Der Versand von kopierten Artikeln aus wissenschaftlichen Fachzeitschriften per E-Mail verstößt gegen geltendes Recht - das ist die Kernaussage des vom Oberlandesgericht München verkündeten Urteils. Vorbehaltlich der Revision durch subito würde dieses Urteil die Forschung am Wissenschaftsstandort Deutschland maßgeblich verändern. Zwei Szenarien sind dabei denkbar. Szenario eins: subito und Anbieter von ähnlich agierenden Diensten wie Tiborder stellen den Dokumentenversand komplett auf den Postweg um. Für Kunden wären damit deutliche Komforteinbußen zur bisherigen elektronischen Lieferung verbunden. Die Wartezeit auf bestellte Fachartikel verlängert sich, zumal sich die Papierkopie nicht direkt am PC aufrufen lässt. Szenario zwei: Die Anbieter einigen sich mit den Verlagen über Lizenzen zur Nutzung von Fachartikeln auch auf dem elektronischen Wege. Dies würde eine deutliche Erhöhung der Preise für solche Dienste mit sich bringen. Uwe Rosemann, Direktor der TIB und der Universitätsbibliothek Hannover, sieht speziell im zweiten Szenario eine echte Gefahr für den Wissenschaftsstandort Deutschland: »Sollten die Verlage Lizenzen aushandeln, dann sicherlich zu Konditionen, die zwangsläufig zu großen Preissteigerungen für die Nutzer führen.« Besonders Wissenschaftler im akademischen Bereich und Studierende könnten sich solche Dienste dann nicht mehr leisten. Dass Universitäten und Hochschulen, die unter enormem Kostendruck stünden, weiterhin im bisherigen Rahmen auf solche Dokumentlieferdienste zugreifen könnten, sei unwahrscheinlich. Rosemann weiter: »Damit wird das Niveau der Literaturversorgung entscheidend gesenkt. Ein wesentliches Ziel der Lizenzverhandlung mit den Verlagen muss daher die Etablierung eines angemessen niedrigen Preises für akademische Kunden sein.«
Bereits im Juni 2004 hatten der Börsenverein des Deutschen Buchhandels und die Vereinigung internationaler Fachverlage, Stichting STM, Klage gegen das elektronische Verschicken von kopierten beziehungsweise gescannten Artikeln durch subito erhoben. Besonders Fachverlage sehen den von subito angebotenen Dienst kritisch, bieten sie doch mittlerweile selbst Einzelartikel online zum kostenpflichtigen Download an. In seiner Klageerwiderung argumentierte der Dokumentenlieferdienst damit, dass der angebotene Service im Rahmen der Urheberrechtsgesetze liege und es keine Konkurrenzsituation zwischen subito und den Verlagen gebe. Ob subito gegen das jetzt ergangene Urteil des Oberlandesgerichts München in die Revision geht, stand bei Redaktionsschluss noch nicht fest. Zum Hintergrund: Im Jahre 1999 hatte der Bundesgerichtshof der TIB in einem Grundsatzurteil den Kopienversand ausdrücklich erlaubt. Das Oberlandesgericht München und auch der gegenwärtige Regierungsentwurf zur Reform des Urheberrechts würden die vergleichbare elektronische Form des Kopienversands für das elektronische Zeitalter zunichte machen."
-
¬The structure of knowledge : classifications of science and learning since the Renaissance ; International Summer School in History of Science <1998, Uppsala> (2001)
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- BK
- 30.01 / Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften
- Classification
- 30.01 / Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften
- RSWK
- Wissenschaftsklassifikation / Geschichte (GBV)
Naturwissenschaften / Klassifikation / Geschichte 1420-1950 / Aufsatzsammlung (BSZ)
- Subject
- Wissenschaftsklassifikation / Geschichte (GBV)
Naturwissenschaften / Klassifikation / Geschichte 1420-1950 / Aufsatzsammlung (BSZ)
- Theme
- Geschichte der Klassifikationssysteme
-
Wolfram, S.: ¬A new kind of science (2002)
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- BK
- 85.20 (Betriebliche Information und Kommunikation)
30.02 (Philosophie und Theorie der Naturwissenschaften)
- Classification
- 85.20 (Betriebliche Information und Kommunikation)
30.02 (Philosophie und Theorie der Naturwissenschaften)
- RSWK
- Zellularer Automat / Komplexitätstheorie / Naturwissenschaften
- Subject
- Zellularer Automat / Komplexitätstheorie / Naturwissenschaften
-
Donald, M: Origins of the modern mind : three stages in the evolution of culture and cognition (1991)
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- BK
- 42.02 (Philosophie und Theorie der Biologie)
- Classification
- CP 4000: Psychologie / Allgemeine Psychologie / Kognitive Prozesse (Denken, Urteil, Problemlösen, Begriffsbildung, Assoziation)
CC 6600: Philosophie / Systematische Philosophie / Philosophische Anthropologie / Abhandlungen ; ;
42.02 (Philosophie und Theorie der Biologie)
- Date
- 1. 2.2020 16:21:22
- RSWK
- Kognition / Kultur / Geschichte
Bewusstsein / Kultur / Geschichte
Mensch / Kognitive Entwicklung / Geschichte
Evolutionstheorie / Kultur / Geschichte
- RVK
- CP 4000: Psychologie / Allgemeine Psychologie / Kognitive Prozesse (Denken, Urteil, Problemlösen, Begriffsbildung, Assoziation)
CC 6600: Philosophie / Systematische Philosophie / Philosophische Anthropologie / Abhandlungen ; ;
- Subject
- Kognition / Kultur / Geschichte
Bewusstsein / Kultur / Geschichte
Mensch / Kognitive Entwicklung / Geschichte
Evolutionstheorie / Kultur / Geschichte
-
Borko, H.; Bernier, C.L.: Abstracting concepts and methods (1975)
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- Classification
- ES 930 Allgemeine und vergleichende Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft. Indogermanistik. Außereuropäische Sprachen und Literaturen / Spezialbereiche der allgemeinen Sprachwissenschaft / Datenverarbeitung und Sprachwissenschaft. Computerlinguistik / Informationsbehandlung
- RVK
- ES 930 Allgemeine und vergleichende Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft. Indogermanistik. Außereuropäische Sprachen und Literaturen / Spezialbereiche der allgemeinen Sprachwissenschaft / Datenverarbeitung und Sprachwissenschaft. Computerlinguistik / Informationsbehandlung
-
Bell, S.S.: Librarian's guide to online searching (2006)
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- Footnote
- Rez. in: Online-Mitteilungen 2007, Nr.90, S.18-21 (M. Katzmayr): "Suzanne S. Bell, Bibliothekarin und einschlägig Lehrende, hat ein bemerkenswertes und thematisch sehr breit angelegtes Lehrbuch zur Datenbankrecherche vorgelegt. Die 12 Kapitel lassen sich in drei thematisch zusammengehörende Teile gruppieren: Der erste Teil (Kap. 1-3) vermittelt Grundkenntnisse über Datenbanken. Nach einem kurzen Abriss zur historischen Entwicklung von gedruckten Referats- und Indexierungsdiensten zu kommerziellen Online-Recherchedatenbanken wird die Struktur von Datenbanken anhand des Zusammenhangs von Feldern, Datensätzen und Registerdateien erläutert. Anschließend werden Boolesche Operatoren und Klammersetzung, Verwendung kontrollierten Vokabulars, feldspezifische Suche, Nähesuche, Trunkierung etc. erklärt. Zusätzlich wird auch eine (leider etwas gespreizte) Einführung in die Berechnung von Relevanz- und Trefferquote gegeben. Im zweiten Teil (Kap. 4-8) werden prominente Datenbanken zu den Sozial-, Geistes- und Naturwissenschaften/Medizin vorgestellt, weiters werden Recherchen in Online-Bibliothekskatalogen bzw. Verbundkatalogen und statistischen Datensammlungen erklärt. Neben einigen eingestreuten wissenswerten Hintergrundinformationen (etwa zu Zitationsindizes oder eine kurze Einführung in die Statistikrecherche) werden die Funktionalitäten. ausgewählter Suchoberflächen mittels Beispielrecherchen und Abbildungen ziemlich detailliert veranschaulicht. Thesauri, Indexlisten und der feldspezifischen Suche wird-dabei viel Raum gewidmet. Hinsichtlich der Recherche in Bibliothekskatalogen bzw. Buchverzeichnissen ist auffallend, dass die Autorin ausschließlich für diese den Begriff bibliographische Datenbanken ("bibliographic databases") verwendet und sie dadurch von Referats- und Indexierungsdiensten abzugrenzen versucht, obwohl letztere in der gängigen Fachsprache (1) ebenfalls als bibliographische Datenbanken gehandelt werden. Unklar ist auch, warum dieses Kapitel ausgerechnet zwischen den Ausführungen zu den naturwissenschaftlich/medizinischen und geisteswissenschaftlichen Indexierungsdiensten platziert wurde.
Der dritte Teil des Buches (Kap. 9-12) beschäftigt sich mit psychologischen, didaktischen und Managementaspekten. Ein sehr interessantes Kapitel ist dem Nutzungsverhalten und dem Auskunftsgespräch gewidmet: so belegen Studien, dass das Internet die erste Anlaufstelle bei Informationsbedürfnissen sei und die dort angewandte Suchstrategie auch bei anderen Recherchewerkzeugen verfolgt werde. Besonders beunruhigend: Bibliothekarlnnen seien für die meisten Studierenden mehr oder weniger die letzte Anlaufstelle für Recherchefragen. Diese Entwicklung habe allerdings die Bedeutung des Auskunftsinterviews nicht etwa verringert, sondern erhöht: So landen bei Bibliothekarinnen vorwiegend schwierig zu beantwortende Fragen, die entsprechende Fertigkeiten in der Kommunikation erfordern. Weiters könne eine erfolgreiche Rechercheberatung dazu führen, dass zukünftige Anfragen erneut an Bibliothekarlnnen herangetragen werden und somit ihr Stellenwert für Recherchefragen wieder steige. Eine wichtige Fähigkeit beim Auskunftsinterview sei, hinter der vordergründig gestellten Frage (z.B.: "wo stehen die Kochbücher?") das wirkliche Informationsbedürfnis ausfindig zu machen (z.B. möchte der Benutzer ein Kochseminar veranstalten und benötigt Informationen über den Aufbau einer Unterrichtseinheit), wozu es ein Zusammenspiel von offenen und geschlossenen Fragen brauche. Wissenswertes zur Anwendung von Chat und E-Mail im bibliothekarischen Auskunftsdienst rundet dieses Kapitel ab. Enttäuschend sind die Ausführungen zur richtigen Wahl der Recherchewerkzeuge, die auf der fragwürdigen Unterscheidung Datenbanken versus Web gründen und darüber hinaus sehr allgemein und auch missverständlich gehalten sind. Die Abgrenzung zwischen Datenbank und Web bleibt dabei unklar und erscheint beliebig: So werden z.B. die Internet Movie Database IMDb und der Buchkatalog Amazon.com dem "Web" zugeordnet, WorldCat und ERIC firmieren hingegen als "Datenbanken". Wissenschaftssuchmaschinen wie Google Scholar oder Scirus werden kaum erwähnt, detto wissenschaftliche Webkataloge, Fachinformationsführer und Virtuelle Fachbibliotheken. Open Access-Archive, die gemeinsam über den Verbundkatalog OAIster abgefragt werden können (unklar ist, wo die Autorin diesen zugeordnet hätte), bleiben ebenfalls ungenannt. Hinsichtlich der Evaluation von Datenbanken wird neben einer Auflistung allgemeiner Charakteristika auch auf das Testen und Vergleichen von Produkten eingegangen. Hierzu ist der Autorin ein vielschichtiger und weitgehend vollständiger Überblick gelungen.
Das letzte Kapitel beschäftigt sich mit der Vermittlung von Recherchekenntnissen: "Teaching and presenting are a vital part of librarianship [...] Our profession may not be in crisis, but we certainly are challenged by the Internet as almost no other profession is. The Internet is ,free`, and libraries are expensive: we are cost centers, not profit centers. It's difficult to quantify the value we give back" (239). Angesichts knapper werdender Budgets müssen sich Bibliotheken immer mehr in Szene setzen, um ihre Existenz zu rechtfertigen - nicht zuletzt mittels Präsentationen und Schulungen. Hierzu werden einige allgemeine Unterrichtsprinzipien sowie Hinweise zu verschiedenen Schulungstypen (Einzelberatungen am Auskunftsschalter, Präsentationen und über ein Semester gehende Lehrveranstaltungen) gegeben. Jedes Kapitel beinhaltet kurze Zusammenfassungen und Verständnisfragen, wobei sich letztere gut in die Lehre integrieren lassen. Am Ende des Bandes befinden sich ein nach Kapiteln geordnetes Literaturverzeichnis (was das Nachschlagen darin unnötig erschwert) und ein umfangreiches Register. Auffallend an diesem Buch ist die Vernachlässigung des Kommandoretrievals bzw. des Umgangs mit klassischen Hosts wie z.B. DIALOG, womit ein völlig anderer Schwerpunkt gesetzt wird als bei aktuellen deutschsprachigen Einführungs- (2) und Lehrtexten (3) zur Thematik. Der Fokus der Autorin liegt auf den für Enduser konzipierten Abfragemasken (z.B. von EBSCO oder OVID) und spiegelt zwar somit zweifellos die praktischen Anforderungen der modernen Bibliothekswelt wider, wo spezifische Abfragesprachen zunehmend an Bedeutung verlieren; allerdings sollten Basiskenntnisse in diesem Bereich nach wie vor zur Allgemeinbildung angehender Bibliothekarlnnen gehören und hätten zumindest in Grundzügen Erwähnung finden sollen. Schließlich gibt es auch didaktische Gründe, das Kommandoretrieval zu lehren, fördert es doch das Verständnis dafür, wie Abfragen "hinter" der Suchoberfläche verarbeitet werden (4). Fazit: der Autorin ist trotz der erwähnten Kritikpunkte ein wirklich gutes Lehrbuch zum breiten Feld der Online-Recherche geglückt, womit auch eine schon seit längerem klaffende Marktlücke geschlossen werden konnte. Wissenschaftliche Bibliotheken werden nicht umhin können, dieses Werk - und sei es nur zum internen Gebrauch - zu erwerben. Einschlägigen Ausbildungsstätten kann darüber hinaus empfohlen werden, es als Basislektüre und Lehrtext im Grundstudium zu verwenden.
-
Engel, P.: Teleosemantics: realistic or anti-realistic? : Votum (1992)
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- Field
- Philosophie
- Series
- Philosophie und Geschichte der Wissenschaften; Bd.18
- Source
- Wirklichkeit und Wissen: Realismus, Antirealismus und Wirklichkeits-Konzeptionen in Philosophie und Wissenschaften. Hrsg.: H.J. Sandkühler
-
Malsburg, C. von der: ¬The correlation theory of brain function (1981)
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- Source
- http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F1380%2F1%2FvdM_correlation.pdf&usg=AOvVaw0g7DvZbQPb2U7dYb49b9v_
-
Gleick, J.: ¬Die Information : Geschichte, Theorie, Flut (2011)
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- Abstract
- Die Geschichte der Information beginnt in einer Zeit, die unserer nicht unähnlicher sein könnte. Von der Entwicklung der sprechenden Trommeln zu den ersten Alphabeten und natürlich der Schrift, ist die Information einen weiten Weg gegangen. Eine höchst interessante und informative Geschichte. Blut, Treibstoff, Lebensprinzip - in seinem furiosen Buch erzählt Bestsellerautor James Gleick, wie die Information zum Kernstück unserer heutigen Zivilisation wurde. Beginnend bei den Wörtern, den "sprechenden" Trommeln in Afrika, über das Morsealphabet und bis hin zur Internetrevolution beleuchtet er, wie die Übermittlung von Informationen die Gesellschaften prägten und veränderten. Gleick erläutert die Theorien, die sich mit dem Codieren und Decodieren, der Übermittlung von Inhalten und dem Verbreiten der Myriaden von Botschaften beschäftigen. Er stellt die bekannten und unbekannten Pioniere der Informationsgesellschaft vor: Claude Shannon, Norbert Wiener, Ada Byron, Alan Turing und andere. Er bietet dem Leser neue Einblicke in die Mechanismen des Informationsaustausches. So lernt dieser etwa die sich selbst replizierende Meme kennen, die "DNA" der Informationen. Sein Buch ermöglicht ein neues Verständnis von Musik, Quantenmechanik - und eine gänzlich neue Sicht auf die faszinierende Welt der Informationen.
- BK
- 05.20 / Kommunikation und Gesellschaft
- Classification
- 05.20 / Kommunikation und Gesellschaft
- Footnote
- Rez. in: Spektrum der Wissenschaft. 2012, H.6, S.94-96 (R. Pilous): " ... Bei aller Materialfülle nimmt Gleick einen technokratischen Standpunkt ein - so konsequent, dass er Gedanken zum Verstehen von Information durch den Menschen oder zur Philosophie selbst dort weglässt, wo sie sich aufdrängen. Seiner leidenschaftlich vorgebrachten Vision, die moderne Physik auf eine Art Quanteninformationstheorie zu reduzieren, fehlt eine gründliche Reflexion ebenso wie seiner Darstellung der Theorie der Meme. Und dennoch: Gleicks Projekt einer Gesamtdarstellung des Informationsbegriffs ist mutig, bisher einmalig und im Wesentlichen gelungen."
- Issue
- Übers. aus dem amerikan. Engl. von Almuth Braun.
- RSWK
- Kommunikation / Information / Geschichte (BVB)
Informations- und Dokumentationswissenschaft / Geschichte (BVB)
- Subject
- Kommunikation / Information / Geschichte (BVB)
Informations- und Dokumentationswissenschaft / Geschichte (BVB)
-
Chafe, W.L.: Meaning and the structure of language (1980)
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- Classification
- ET 400 Allgemeine und vergleichende Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft. Indogermanistik. Außereuropäische Sprachen und Literaturen / Einzelgebiete der Sprachwissenschaft, Sprachbeschreibung / Semantik und Lexikologie / Allgemeines
ET 430 Allgemeine und vergleichende Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft. Indogermanistik. Außereuropäische Sprachen und Literaturen / Einzelgebiete der Sprachwissenschaft, Sprachbeschreibung / Semantik und Lexikologie / Synchrone Semantik / Allgemeines (Gesamtdarstellungen)
- Date
- 22. 4.2007 12:21:29
- RVK
- ET 400 Allgemeine und vergleichende Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft. Indogermanistik. Außereuropäische Sprachen und Literaturen / Einzelgebiete der Sprachwissenschaft, Sprachbeschreibung / Semantik und Lexikologie / Allgemeines
ET 430 Allgemeine und vergleichende Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft. Indogermanistik. Außereuropäische Sprachen und Literaturen / Einzelgebiete der Sprachwissenschaft, Sprachbeschreibung / Semantik und Lexikologie / Synchrone Semantik / Allgemeines (Gesamtdarstellungen)
-
Scerri, E.R.: ¬The periodic table : its story and its significance (2007)
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- BK
- 35.01 / Geschichte der Chemie
- Classification
- VB 2400 Chemie und Pharmazie / Bibliographien und Nachschlagewerke, Geschichte und Didaktik der Chemie und Pharmazie, Betriebssicherheit / Geschichte der Chemie und Pharmazie / Geschichte einzelner Probleme und Teilgebiete der Chemie und Pharmazie / Allgemeines
35.01 / Geschichte der Chemie
- Object
- Periodensystem der Elemente
- RSWK
- Periodensystem / Geschichte
Periodensystem / Geschichte 1800-2006 (BVB)
- RVK
- VB 2400 Chemie und Pharmazie / Bibliographien und Nachschlagewerke, Geschichte und Didaktik der Chemie und Pharmazie, Betriebssicherheit / Geschichte der Chemie und Pharmazie / Geschichte einzelner Probleme und Teilgebiete der Chemie und Pharmazie / Allgemeines
- Subject
- Periodensystem / Geschichte
Periodensystem / Geschichte 1800-2006 (BVB)
