-
Markus, K.: Metadatenschemata für Forschungsdaten : Generische Standards und Spezifika in der Biologie und den Ingenieurwissenschaften (2020)
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- Abstract
- Forschungsdaten sind von zunehmender Wichtigkeit für die Wissenschaft, Forschungsförderer und schließlich auch für die Arbeit an Bibliotheken. Sie sollen nicht nur veröffentlicht werden, sondern nach ihrer Publikation auch auffindbar und nachnutzbar sein, wie von den FAIR-Prinzipien gefordert. Die beschreibenden Metadaten müssen daher in ausreichendem Detail vorliegen, sowie standardisiert und maschinenverwendbar sein, um den Datenaustausch zu ermöglichen. Im Zuge dieser Entwicklung haben sich verschiedene Metadatenschemata und weitere Metadatenstandards sowohl für eine generische Beschreibung von Forschungsdaten, als auch für fachspezifische Metadaten einer Wissenschaftsdisziplin oder -teildisziplin etabliert. In diesem Beitrag wird eine Auswahl von weitverbreiteten generischen Standards sowie exemplarisch einzelne fachspezifische Standards aus der Biologie und den Ingenieurwissenschaft vorgestellt. Dabei wird auch die Kultur des Datenaustausches in den behandelten Fachdisziplinen beleuchtet, in dessen Kontext sich die entsprechenden Metadatenschemata herausbildet haben. Weiterhin wird auch ein kurzer Ausblick auf die Plattformen, die den Austausch von Daten- und Metadatenstandards, sowie ihre Weiterentwicklung und ihre Referenz unterstützen einbezogen. Bei der Forschungsdokumentation und entsprechender Anwendung von Metadatenstandards im Forschungsalltag bestehen weiterhin Hürden aufgrund des Aufwandes. Softwareanwendungen die die Dokumentation erleichtern und in die Metadatenschemata integriert werden könnten werden kurz diskutiert. In all diesen Bereichen können sich Bibliotheken unterstützend oder gestaltend einbringen und ihre Expertise gewinnbringend in Kommunikation mit der Wissenschaft zur Verfügung stellen.
- Field
- Biologie
-
Herb, U.; Geith, U.: Kriterien der qualitativen Bewertung wissenschaftlicher Publikationen : Befunde aus dem Projekt visOA (2020)
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- Abstract
- Dieser Beitrag beschreibt a) die Ergebnisse einer Literaturstudie zur qualitativen Wahrnehmung wissenschaftlicher Publikationen, b) die Konstruktion eines daraus abgeleiteten Kriterienkatalogs zur Wahrnehmung der Qualität wissenschaftlicher Publikationen sowie c) der Überprüfung dieses Katalogs in qualitativen Interviews mit Wissenschaflterinnen und Wissenschaftlern aus dem Fachspektrum Chemie, Physik, Biologie, Materialwissenschaft und Engineering. Es zeigte sich, dass die Wahrnehmung von Qualität auf äußerlichen und von außen herangetragenen Faktoren, inhaltlichen / semantischen Faktoren und sprachlichen, syntaktischen sowie strukturellen Faktoren beruht.
- Source
- Information - Wissenschaft und Praxis. 71(2020) H.2/3, S.77-85
-
Koch, C.: Was ist Bewusstsein? (2020)
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- Abstract
- Erst allmählich lüften Naturwissenschaftler ein Geheimnis, das Philosophen seit der Antike beschäftigt. Das menschliche Gehirn gehört zu den größten Rätseln der Biologie: Wo sitzt hier der Ursprung unseres Bewusstseins?
- Date
- 17. 1.2020 22:15:11
- Source
- Spektrum der Wissenschaft. 2020, H.2, S.12-17
-
Colombi, C.: Bibliothekarische Fachsystematiken am Deutschen Archäologischen Institut : 180 Jahre Wissensordnung (2023)
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- Abstract
- Seit 1836 werden bibliothekarische Titel an der Abteilung Rom des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts inhaltlich erschlossen. Die hierfür entwickelten Systematiken zeugen von der Entstehung der Klassischen Archäologie als Disziplin und von der Geschichte der bibliothekarischen Klassifikation. Die systematischen Kataloge und die Fachbibliographien des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts werden vorgestellt und ihre Entstehung kontextualisiert. Die Unterschiede zwischen den einzelnen Katalogen und den Bibliographien dienen als Ausgangspunkt, um die Anpassungsstrategien der Klassifikation an die Fortschritte der Forschung und der Technologie zu untersuchen. Der Abgleich mit dem Publikationsaufkommen ermöglicht zudem Bemerkungen zu den Änderungen in der Systematik.
- Source
- Information - Wissenschaft und Praxis. 74(2023) H.2/3, S.172-178
-
Baecker, D.: ¬Der Frosch, die Fliege und der Mensch : zum Tod von Humberto Maturana (2021)
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- Abstract
- Die Frage, was Leben ist, hat Humberto Maturana beantwortet. Die Frage, was Erkennen ist, ließ ihn nie los. Nun ist der Forscher an den Schnittstellen von Neurobiologie und Philosophie in Santiago de Chile gestorben.
- Date
- 7. 5.2021 22:10:24
- Source
- https://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/buecher/biologe-und-philosoph-humberto-maturana-gestorben-17330542.html?printPagedArticle=true&service=printPreview
-
Rölke, H.; Weichselbraun, A.: Ontologien und Linked Open Data (2023)
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- Abstract
- Der Begriff Ontologie stammt ursprünglich aus der Metaphysik, einem Teilbereich der Philosophie, welcher sich um die Erkenntnis der Grundstruktur und Prinzipien der Wirklichkeit bemüht. Ontologien befassen sich dabei mit der Frage, welche Dinge auf der fundamentalsten Ebene existieren, wie sich diese strukturieren lassen und in welchen Beziehungen diese zueinanderstehen. In der Informationswissenschaft hingegen werden Ontologien verwendet, um das Vokabular für die Beschreibung von Wissensbereichen zu formalisieren. Ziel ist es, dass alle Akteure, die in diesen Bereichen tätig sind, die gleichen Konzepte und Begrifflichkeiten verwenden, um eine reibungslose Zusammenarbeit ohne Missverständnisse zu ermöglichen. So definierte zum Beispiel die Dublin Core Metadaten Initiative 15 Kernelemente, die zur Beschreibung von elektronischen Ressourcen und Medien verwendet werden können. Jedes Element wird durch eine eindeutige Bezeichnung (zum Beispiel identifier) und eine zugehörige Konzeption, welche die Bedeutung dieser Bezeichnung möglichst exakt festlegt, beschrieben. Ein Identifier muss zum Beispiel laut der Dublin Core Ontologie ein Dokument basierend auf einem zugehörigen Katalog eindeutig identifizieren. Je nach Katalog kämen daher zum Beispiel eine ISBN (Katalog von Büchern), ISSN (Katalog von Zeitschriften), URL (Web), DOI (Publikationsdatenbank) etc. als Identifier in Frage.
- Source
- Grundlagen der Informationswissenschaft. Hrsg.: Rainer Kuhlen, Dirk Lewandowski, Wolfgang Semar und Christa Womser-Hacker. 7., völlig neu gefasste Ausg
-
Suchsland, R.: Kritik der paranoiden Vernunft (2020)
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- Abstract
- Allgemeine Verunsicherung im Informationsdschungel: Schwarze Utopien und neue Ordnung am Abgrund des Chaos.
- Footnote
- Zu Verschwörungstheorien und Fake News. Mit einer Zusammenstellung von Beispielen aus der Geschichte.
- Series
- Telepolis: Kultur und Medien
- Source
- https://www.heise.de/tp/features/Kritik-der-paranoiden-Vernunft-4770674.html?seite=all
-
Auer, S.; Sens, I.; Stocker, M.: Erschließung wissenschaftlicher Literatur mit dem Open Research Knowledge Graph (2020)
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- Abstract
- Die Weitergabe von Wissen hat sich seit vielen hundert Jahren nicht grundlegend verändert: Sie erfolgt in der Regel dokumentenbasiert - früher als klassischer Aufsatz auf Papier gedruckt, heute als PDF. Bei jährlich rund 2,5 Millionen neuen Forschungsbeiträgen ertrinken die Forschenden in einer Flut pseudodigitalisierter PDF-Publikationen. Die Folge: Die Forschung wird ernsthaft geschwächt. Denn viele Forschungsergebnisse können durch andere nicht reproduziert werden, es gibt mehr und mehr Redundanzen und das Meer von Publikationen ist unübersichtlich. Deshalb denkt die TIB - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Technik und Naturwissenschaften Wissenskommunikation neu: Statt auf statische PDF-Artikel setzt die TIB auf Wissensgraphen. Sie arbeitet daran, Wissen unterschiedlichster Form - Texte, Bilder, Grafiken, Audio- und Video-Dateien, 3D-Modelle und vieles mehr - intuitiv mithilfe dynamischer Wissensgraphen zu vernetzen. Der Wissensgraph soll verschiedene Forschungsideen, -ansätze, -methoden und -ergebnisse maschinenlesbar darstellen, sodass völlig neue Zusammenhänge von Wissen zutage treten und zur Lösung globaler Probleme beitragen könnten. Die großen gesellschaftlichen Herausforderungen verlangen Interdisziplinarität und das Zusammenfügen von Erkenntnis-Einzelteilen. Mit dem Wissensgraphen kann das gelingen und der Fluss wissenschaftlicher Erkenntnisse revolutioniert werden.
-
Jaeger, L.: ¬Das Spannungsfeld zwischen Freiheit und Solidarität (2021)
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- Abstract
- Wie die Corona-Krise einen alten Konflikt der offenen Gesellschaft zuspitzt. Argumentation basierend auf Popper.
- Field
- Wissenschaftstheorie
- Source
- https://www.heise.de/tp/features/Das-Spannungsfeld-zwischen-Freiheit-und-Solidaritaet-6010838.html?view=print
-
Junger, U.; Scholze, F.: Neue Wege und Qualitäten : die Inhaltserschließungspolitik der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek (2021)
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- Abstract
- Es kommt nicht oft vor, dass ein bibliothekfachliches Thema Gegenstand eines ganzseitigen Artikels im Feuilleton einer der wichtigsten überregionalen Zeitungen in Deutschland wird. Am 31. Juli 2017 war dies der Fall: Die Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung veröffentlichte einen Artikel des Generaldirektors der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek, Klaus Ceynowa, in dem dieser sich kritisch mit einem Konzept zur inhaltlichen Erschließung auseinandersetzte, das die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek (DNB) zuvor für die deutschsprachige bibliothekarische Community veröffentlicht hatte. Hatten bereits zuvor die Bemühungen der DNB, Verfahren zur maschinellen Dokumenterschließung zu entwickeln und einzusetzen, zu kontroversen Reaktionen im Bibliothekswesen geführt, so sorgte dieser Artikel noch einmal in besonderer Weise für Aufmerksamkeit und Diskussionen zu einem Thema, das vielen als eher verstaubt und unattraktiv galt: die Inhaltserschließung. Der folgende Beitrag zeichnet einige Grundlinien der Erschließungspolitik der DNB seit 2010 nach und beschreibt, welche Instrumente und Verfahren bei der Inhaltserschließung zum Einsatz kommen, welche konzeptionellen Entscheidungen ihr zugrunde liegen, wie versucht wird, Qualität zu erfassen und welche Entwicklungs- und Handlungsfelder für die Zukunft gesehen werden.
- Series
- Bibliotheks- und Informationspraxis; 70
- Source
- Qualität in der Inhaltserschließung. Hrsg.: M. Franke-Maier, u.a
- Theme
- Geschichte der Sacherschließung
-
Mäder, A.: Versuch und Irrtum (2020)
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- Abstract
- Um Theorien zu überprüfen, sind Experimente unerlässlich. Doch wie zuverlässig ist eigentlich die empirische Basis der Wissenschaft?
- Content
- Teil 3 einer Serie 'Grundbegriffe der Wissenschaft'.
- Field
- Wissenschaftstheorie
- Source
- Spektrum der Wissenschaft. 2020, H.4, S.85-87
-
Christensen, A.; Finck, M.: Discovery-Systeme : eine Analyse ihrer Geschichte und Gegenwart mit dem Hype-Zyklus (2021)
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- Abstract
- Der Beitrag analysiert die Entstehungsgeschichte von bibliothekarischen Discovery-Systemen in Wissenschaftlichen Bibliotheken, mit einem Fokus auf Bibliotheken in Deutschland. Hierfür dient der Hype-Zyklus als Rahmen, um vor allem auch auf die Erwartungen und Rezeption der Systeme in bibliothekarischen Kreisen einzugehen und diese zu diskutieren. Der Beitrag liefert außerdem einen Ausblick auf künftige Potenziale von Discovery-Systemen, auch im Kontext von forschungsnahen Dienstleistungen.
- Source
- Bibliothek: Forschung und Praxis. 45(2021) H.3, S.497-508
-
Vaas, R.: Wo endet die Wissenschaft? (2020)
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- Abstract
- Schon vor 150 Jahren postulierte Emil du Bois-Reymond Grenzen der Naturerkenntnis - prinzipielle und praktische. Seine Zweifel haben Bestand bis heute.
- Field
- Wissenschaftstheorie
- Source
- Bild der Wissenschaft. 2020, H.2, S.24-31
-
Widmann, V.: ¬Die Sache mit der Menschenwürde und dem Wert des Lebens (2020)
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- Abstract
- Die Diskussion um Menschenwürde und Lebensschutz prosperiert in der Corona-Krise. Die Feuilletons renommierter Zeitschriften sind der Austragungsort, Koryphäen aus Juristerei, Philosophie und Politik die Protagonisten der Debatte.
- Field
- Philosophie
- Source
- https://www.heise.de/tp/features/Die-Sache-mit-der-Menschenwuerde-und-dem-Wert-des-Lebens-4720866.html?seite=all
-
Mäder, A.: Gute Theorien, schlechte Theorien (2020)
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- Abstract
- Naturforscher formulieren und überprüfen Hypothesen. Allerdings ist umstritten, nach welchen Kriterien das geschehen sollte - und wann es sich lohnt, ein Modell zu verwerfen oder zu akzeptieren.
- Content
- Teil 2 einer Serie 'Grundbegriffe der Wissenschaft'.
- Field
- Wissenschaftstheorie
- Source
- Spektrum der Wissenschaft. 2020, H.3, S.84-87
-
Michel, A.; Gäde, M.; Wittich, A.; Tappenbeck, I.: Informationsdidaktik (2023)
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- Abstract
- Bereits im Jahr 1993 leitet Ursula Schulz aus einer kritischen Bestandsaufnahme der Praxis von Benutzer*innenschulungen an deutschen Bibliotheken den Bedarf einer fundierten Informationsdidaktik ab, verstanden als "Theorie des Lehrens und Lernens von Informationskompetenz". Zentral in diesem Plädoyer für Informationsdidaktik ist ihr auf Kants Mündigkeitsbegriff rekurrierendes, emanzipatorisches Verständnis von Informationskompetenz (und ihrer Didaktik) als individuelle Grundvoraussetzung für die aktive Teilhabe an einer funktionierenden Demokratie und Wirtschaft. Dieses sich auch in anglo-amerikanischen Konzepten der Bibliotheks- und Informationswissenschaft wiederfindende, umfassende Verständnis von Informationskompetenz2 als Fähigkeit, Informationsbedarfe wahrzunehmen, benötigte Informationen zu ermitteln, zu bewerten und sie in der Interaktion angemessen zu verwenden, sieht Schulz in den seinerzeit vorhandenen, objektorientierten Benutzer*innenschulungen nicht angemessen adressiert. Schulz schlägt die Etablierung einer wissenschaftlich fundierten Informationsdidaktik vor, die das zielgruppenspezifische Informationsverhalten, relevante "Informationsfertigkeiten", lerntheoretische Ansätze sowie didaktische Konzepte und nicht zuletzt die Analyse der Informationspraxis in verschiedenen Disziplinen umfasst.
- Source
- Grundlagen der Informationswissenschaft. Hrsg.: Rainer Kuhlen, Dirk Lewandowski, Wolfgang Semar und Christa Womser-Hacker. 7., völlig neu gefasste Ausg
-
Schleim, S.: Reduktionismus und die Erklärung von Alltagsphänomenen (2021)
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- Abstract
- Teil 2 der Serie über Bewusstsein, Philosophie, Religion und Naturwissenschaft.
- Content
- Vorgänger als: 'Wissenschaft und Religion: Konflikt oder Kooperation?' Unter: https://www.heise.de/tp/features/Wissenschaft-und-Religion-Konflikt-oder-Kooperation-6004714.html?seite=all. Vgl. auch: https://heise.de/-6009962.
- Field
- Philosophie
- Source
- https://www.heise.de/tp/features/Reduktionismus-und-die-Erklaerung-von-Alltagsphaenomenen-6009962.html?wt_mc=nl.red.telepolis.telepolis-nl.2021-04-16.link.link
-
Escher, J.: Mündliche Prüfung mit ChatGPT : Oder warum die Primzahl 2023 = 43 × 47 ist (2023)
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- Abstract
- Der folgende Text ist aus einer Spielerei mit der KI-Software ChatGPT entstanden. Die ersten paar Fragen und Antworten erzeugten bald eine Situation, die viele als Prüfende aus mündlichen Prüfungen kennen: Es läuft nicht rund, es fallen falsche Antworten oder Fragen können nicht beantwortet werden. Als Folge versucht man zu verstehen, warum sich Prüflinge mit einer Frage schwertun. Es wird der Ehrgeiz geweckt, die sokratische Methode besonders geistreich anzuwenden, um einer richtigen Antwort oder einer Erkenntnis näher zu kommen. Genau diese Mechanik hat sich bei mir eingestellt, und ich habe mich entschlossen, das nachfolgende ,Prüfungsgespräch' zu protokollieren und etwas zu kommentieren. Ich habe dabei einen leichten Duktus gewählt, nicht etwa um mich über Antworten oder die Software lustig zu machen, sondern um zur Lektüre eines Prüfungsprotokolls einzuladen.
- Source
- Mitteilungen der Deutschen Mathematiker-Vereinigung. 2023, H.2, S.102-103
-
Noever, D.; Ciolino, M.: ¬The Turing deception (2022)
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- Source
- https%3A%2F%2Farxiv.org%2Fabs%2F2212.06721&usg=AOvVaw3i_9pZm9y_dQWoHi6uv0EN
-
Netzsch, R.: Müssen wir umdenken - und wenn ja, wie? (2021)
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- Abstract
- Wie gesellschaftliche Verhältnisse unser Handeln und Denken bestimmen. Und wie wir uns des Wandels bewusst werden können. Eine philosophiegeschichtliche Anmerkung zu Kant, Hegel und Marx.
- Field
- Philosophie
- Source
- https://www.heise.de/tp/features/Muessen-wir-umdenken-und-wenn-ja-wie-6272388.html?view=print
