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BK

77.02 (Philosophie und Theorie der Psychologie)

Classification

77.02 (Philosophie und Theorie der Psychologie)

RSWK

Erkenntnistheorie / Allgemeine Psychologie / Psychophysik (SBPK)

Subject

Erkenntnistheorie / Allgemeine Psychologie / Psychophysik (SBPK)

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Field

Psychologie

RSWK

Physiologische Psychologie
Hirnforschung / Gehirn / Neurowissenschaften / Bewusstsein / Verhalten / Neurologie / Psychologie / Medizin / Emotion / Gefühle / Denken / Philosophie / Entscheidungsprozess (GBV)
Hirnforschung / Gehirn / Neurowissenschaften / Bewusstsein / Verhalten / Neurologie / Psychologie / Medizin / Emotion / Gefühle / Denken / Philosophie / Entscheidungsprozess / Psychopathologie / Psychologische Anthropologie / Rationalismus / Vernunft / Vernunftkritik / Descartes, René (GBV)

Subject

Physiologische Psychologie
Hirnforschung / Gehirn / Neurowissenschaften / Bewusstsein / Verhalten / Neurologie / Psychologie / Medizin / Emotion / Gefühle / Denken / Philosophie / Entscheidungsprozess (GBV)
Hirnforschung / Gehirn / Neurowissenschaften / Bewusstsein / Verhalten / Neurologie / Psychologie / Medizin / Emotion / Gefühle / Denken / Philosophie / Entscheidungsprozess / Psychopathologie / Psychologische Anthropologie / Rationalismus / Vernunft / Vernunftkritik / Descartes, René (GBV)

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BK

77.02 Philosophie und Theorie der Psychologie

Classification

77.02 Philosophie und Theorie der Psychologie

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Abstract

Was ist eigentlich die Seele und wie hängt sie mit dem Gehirn zusammen?. Die jüngsten Fortschritte der Neurowissenschaften in Kombination mit modernen Forschungsmethoden machen es möglich, fundierte Antworten darauf zu geben, - wo im Gehirn die Seele zu verorten ist - wie der Aufbau der Persönlichkeit verläuft - worauf psychische Erkrankungen beruhen - warum die Wirksamkeit von Psychotherapien nicht gut belegt ist - warum alte Muster immer wieder unser Verhalten bestimmen und so schwierig zu verändern sind - warum Menschen mit antisozialen Persönlichkeitsstrukturen nur schwer behandelbar sind - wie man im Rahmen der Psychotherapie oder mit Medikamenten auf die Psyche einwirken kann. Seit dem Altertum wird das Gehirn als Organ der Seele angesehen. Wo und wie aber das Psychische im Gehirn entsteht, wie sich dabei unsere Gefühlswelt, unsere Persönlichkeit und unser Ich formen, kann mit Hilfe der modernen Verfahren der Hirnforschung erst seit kurzem erforscht werden und wird in diesem Buch dargestellt. Es verbindet Hirnforschung mit Psychologie und erklärt aus neurobiologischer Sicht, wie bestimmte Persönlichkeitsmerkmale entstehen. Anspruchsvoller, groß angelegter Versuch, ein neurobiologisches Verständnis des Seelisch-Psychischen, der Entwicklung der menschlichen Persönlichkeit als Träger des Seelischen, der Entstehung psychischer Krankheiten und der Wirksamkeit von Psychotherapie zu erreichen.

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Abstract

Die vergleichsweise junge Neurobiologie verstehen der "Altmeister" Gerhard Roth und seine junge Kollegin Nicole Strüber als ergänzende Wissenschaft zu Psychologie und Psychotherapie. Sie bekennen sich uneingeschränkt zur naturwissenschaftlichen Sichtweise: "Alles, was wir erleben, hat seinen Ort im Gehirn". Ihr Anspruch, dass es außerhalb der naturalistischen Betrachtungsweise keine anderen Erklärungsmodelle geben kann, wird seit vielen Jahren kontrovers diskutiert. Gerhard Roth weist selber auf eine Erklärungslücke hin: Es ist völlig unklar, wie Bewusstsein entsteht, auch wenn die biologischen Vorgänge im Gehirn bekannt sind. Dennoch ist er sich sicher, dass "aus neurobiologischer Sicht die Suche nach dem Sitz der Seele erfolgreich beendet wurde.",Auf den ersten 200 Seiten werden detailliert die Anatomie und Physiologie des Nervensystems erklärt. Psychologische Begriffe werden auf ihre neurobiologische Grundlage hin untersucht. Aufmerksamkeit, Gedächtnis und Persönlichkeit haben ihre typischen Lokalisationen im Gehirn. Einige Grundannahmen der Psychotherapien werden bestätigt, etwa die große Bedeutung der vorgeburtlichen und frühkindlichen Erfahrungen, die Bindungserfahrungen und die genetischen Dispositionen. Manche Therapiekonstrukte werden widerlegt, wie Freuds Traumtheorie oder die kognitive Umstrukturierung. Möglicherweise kann die Neurobiologie in Zukunft noch viel mehr zur Diagnostik und Therapie beitragen, meint Roth. Für Laien gibt es kaum ein vergleichbar umfangreiches Sachbuch, das dermaßen gut verständlich, klar und nüchtern die moderne Hirnforschung beschreibt.

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Abstract

The real story of how our brains and nervous systems change throughout our lifetimes-with or without "brain training." Fifty years ago, neuroscientists thought that a mature brain was fixed like a fly in amber, unable to change. Today, we know that our brains and nervous systems change throughout our lifetimes. This concept of neuroplasticity has captured the imagination of a public eager for self-improvement-and has inspired countless Internet entrepreneurs who peddle dubious "brain training" games and apps. In this book, Moheb Costandi offers a concise and engaging overview of neuroplasticity for the general reader, describing how our brains change continuously in response to our actions and experiences.

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Abstract

What links conscious experience of pain, joy, color, and smell to bioelectrical activity in the brain? How can anything physical give rise to nonphysical, subjective, conscious states? Christof Koch has devoted much of his career to bridging the seemingly unbridgeable gap between the physics of the brain and phenomenal experience. This engaging book?part scientific overview, part memoir, part futurist speculation?describes Koch's search for an empirical explanation for consciousness. Koch recounts not only the birth of the modern science of consciousness but also the subterranean motivation for his quest?his instinctual (if "romantic") belief that life is meaningful. Koch describes his own groundbreaking work with Francis Crick in the 1990s and 2000s and the gradual emergence of consciousness (once considered a "fringy" subject) as a legitimate topic for scientific investigation. Present at this paradigm shift were Koch and a handful of colleagues, including Ned Block, David Chalmers, Stanislas Dehaene, Giulio Tononi, Wolf Singer, and others. Aiding and abetting it were new techniques to listen in on the activity of individual nerve cells, clinical studies, and brain-imaging technologies that allowed safe and noninvasive study of the human brain in action. Koch gives us stories from the front lines of modern research into the neurobiology of consciousness as well as his own reflections on a variety of topics, including the distinction between attention and awareness, the unconscious, how neurons respond to Homer Simpson, the physics and biology of free will, dogs, Der Ring des Nibelungen, sentient machines, the loss of his belief in a personal God, and sadness. All of them are signposts in the pursuit of his life's work?to uncover the roots of consciousness

Content

In which I introduce the ancient mind-body problem, explain why I am on a quest to use reason and empirical inquiry to solve it, acquaint you with Francis Crick, explain how he relates to this quest, make a confession, and end on a sad note -- In which I write about the wellsprings of my inner conflict between religion and reason, why I grew up wanting to be a scientist, why I wear a lapel pin of Professor Calculus, and how I acquired a second mentor late in life -- In which I explain why consciousness challenges the scientific view of the world, how consciousness can be investigated empirically with both feet firmly planted on the ground, why animals share consciousness with humans, and why self-consciousness is not as important as many people think it is -- In which you hear tales of scientist-magicians that make you look but not see, how they track the footprints of consciousness by peering into your skull, why you don't see with your eyes, and why attention and consciousness are not the same -- In which you learn from neurologists and neurosurgeons that some neurons care a great deal about celebrities, that cutting the cerebral cortex in two does not reduce consciousness by half, that color is leached from the world by the loss of a small cortical region, and that the destruction of a sugar cube-sized chunk of brain stem or thalamic tissue leaves you undead -- In which I defend two propositions that my younger self found nonsense--you are unaware of most of the things that go on in your head, and zombie agents control much of your life, even though you confidently believe that you are in charge -- In which I throw caution to the wind, bring up free will, Der ring des Nibelungen, and what physics says about determinism, explain the impoverished ability of your mind to choose, show that your will lags behind your brain's decision, and that freedom is just another word for feeling -- In which I argue that consciousness is a fundamental property of complex things, rhapsodize about integrated information theory, how it explains many puzzling facts about consciousness and provides a blueprint for building sentient machines -- In which I outline an electromagnetic gadget to measure consciousness, describe efforts to harness the power of genetic engineering to track consciousness in mice, and find myself building cortical observatories -- In which I muse about final matters considered off-limits to polite scientific discourse: to wit, the relationship between science and religion, the existence of God, whether this God can intervene in the universe, the death of my mentor, and my recent tribulations.

Footnote

Rez. in: The New York Review of Books, 10.01.2013 ( J. Searle): "The problem of consciousness remains with us. What exactly is it and why is it still with us? The single most important question is: How exactly do neurobiological processes in the brain cause human and animal consciousness? Related problems are: How exactly is consciousness realized in the brain? That is, where is it and how does it exist in the brain? Also, how does it function causally in our behavior? To answer these questions we have to ask: What is it? Without attempting an elaborate definition, we can say the central feature of consciousness is that for any conscious state there is something that it feels like to be in that state, some qualitative character to the state. For example, the qualitative character of drinking beer is different from that of listening to music or thinking about your income tax. This qualitative character is subjective in that it only exists as experienced by a human or animal subject. It has a subjective or first-person existence (or "ontology"), unlike mountains, molecules, and tectonic plates that have an objective or third-person existence. Furthermore, qualitative subjectivity always comes to us as part of a unified conscious field. At any moment you do not just experience the sound of the music and the taste of the beer, but you have both as part of a single, unified conscious field, a subjective awareness of the total conscious experience. So the feature we are trying to explain is qualitative, unified subjectivity.
Now it might seem that is a fairly well-defined scientific task: just figure out how the brain does it. In the end I think that is the right attitude to have. But our peculiar history makes it difficult to have exactly that attitude-to take consciousness as a biological phenomenon like digestion or photosynthesis, and figure out how exactly it works as a biological phenomenon. Two philosophical obstacles cast a shadow over the whole subject. The first is the tradition of God, the soul, and immortality. Consciousness is not a part of the ordinary biological world of digestion and photosynthesis: it is part of a spiritual world. It is sometimes thought to be a property of the soul and the soul is definitely not a part of the physical world. The other tradition, almost as misleading, is a certain conception of Science with a capital "S." Science is said to be "reductionist" and "materialist," and so construed there is no room for consciousness in Science. If it really exists, consciousness must really be something else. It must be reducible to something else, such as neuron firings, computer programs running in the brain, or dispositions to behavior. There are also a number of purely technical difficulties to neurobiological research. The brain is an extremely complicated mechanism with about a hundred billion neurons in ... (Rest nicht frei). " [https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2013/01/10/can-information-theory-explain-consciousness/].

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Footnote

Das ist kein Top-down-, sondern ein Bottom-up-Ansatz. Die Leistung, Bewusstsein hervorzurufen, wird nicht »holistisch« dem Gehirn als Ganzem oder größeren Hirnarealen zugeschrieben, sondern möglichst kleinen Ensembles spezifischer Neuronen, eben den NCCs. Koch hebt beispielsweise die Fähigkeit einzelner Neuronen hervor, selektiv auf ein bekanntes Gesicht anzusprechen. Er bestreitet nicht, dass »höhere« bewusste Leistungen - etwa das Erfassen von Dingkategorien - größere Areale beanspruchen; aber für die empirische Untersuchung der Hirnvorgänge bei einfachen Wahrnehmungen sucht er nach dem neuronalen Minimum. Dafür müssen die Versuchspersonen nicht unbedingt Menschen sein; auch Affen, denen im Experiment unterschiedliche Bilder für beide Augen dargeboten werden, richten ihre Aufmerksamkeit abwechselnd auf das eine oder andere Bild, und entsprechend variiert das - mit modernen Verfahren messbare - neuronale Erregungsmuster ihres Gehirns. So wird Bewusstsein zu einem Gegenstand empirischer Forschung im Tierversuch. Koch - der immer wieder betont, auch im Namen seines verstorbenen Mentors Crick zu schreiben - behauptet nicht, er könne mit den NCCs schon das Rätsel des Bewusstseins insgesamt lösen. Wohl aber beharrt er darauf, dass nur dieser Bottom-up-Ansatz den Weg zu einer Erklärung weist. Er skizziert ein langfristiges Forschungsprogramm, das, so hofft er, die Erklärungslücke zwischen objektiven Hirnprozessen und subjektivem Erleben schließen wird. Bewusstsein ist für Koch eine emergente Eigenschaft komplexer Nerventätigkeit. Darum würde er auch nicht zögern, einem hochkomplex verdrahteten und autonom agierenden Roboter eine Art Bewusstheit zuzugestehen. Das ungeheuer reichhaltige, elegant geschriebene und gut übersetzte Buch wendet sich eigentlich an zwei verschiedene Lesergruppen: Die einen wollen »nur« erfahren, was die modernste Naturwissenschaft über das Bewusstsein zu sagen weiß; die anderen finden ein komplettes Lehrbuch der Neurobiologie vor. Der Autor versucht, es beiden recht zu machen, indem er Details und Quellen in umfangreiche Fußnoten verbannt. Ein neugieriger Leser wird sich förmlich zwingen müssen, über das Kleingedruckte hinwegzulesen, welches das untere Drittel fast jeder Seite ausmacht." Originaltitel: The quest for consciousness -a neurobiological approach.