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Garfield, E.: Recollections of Irving H. Sher 1924-1996 : Polymath/information scientist extraordinaire (2001)
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- Abstract
- Over a 35-year period, Irving H. Sher played a critical role in the development and implementation of the Science Citation Index and other ISI products. Trained as a biochemist, statistician, and linguist, Sher brought a unique combination of talents to ISI as Director of Quality Control and Director of Research and Development. His talents as a teacher and mentor evoked loyalty. He was a particularly inventive but self-taught programmer. In addition to the SCI, Social Sciences Citation Index, and Arts and Humanities Citation Index,
- Date
- 16.12.2001 14:01:22
- Source
- Journal of the American Society for Information Science and technology. 52(2001) no.14, S.1197-1202
- Type
- a
-
Garfield, E.; Stock, W.G.: Citation Consciousness : Interview with Eugene Garfiels, chairman emeritus of ISI; Philadelphia (2002)
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- Source
- Password. 2002, H.6, S.22-25
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Garfield, E.; Sager, N.: Mechanical indexing, structural linguistics and information retrieval (1993)
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- Source
- Journal of information science. 19(1993) no.2, S.164-165
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Garfield, E.: ¬The Permuterm Subject Index : an autobiographic review (1976)
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- Source
- Journal of the American Society for Information Science. 27(1976), S.88-291
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Garfield, E.; Sher, I.H.: KeyWords Plus: algorithmic derivative indexing (1993)
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- Source
- Journal of the American Society for Information Science. 44(1993) no.5, S.298-299
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Garfield, E.: ¬A retrospective and prospective view of information retrieval and artificial intelligence in the 21st century (2001)
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- Abstract
- Information tends to define community. Garfield reminisces about the reprint-sharing culture of science in the 1950s, and anticipates the digital full-text documents of the future.
- Footnote
- Beitrag eines Themenheftes: Still the Frontier: Information Science at the Millenium
- Source
- Journal of the American Society for Information Science and technology. 52(2001) no.1, S.18-21
- Type
- a
-
Garfield, E.; Pudovkin, A.I.; Istomin, V.S.: Why do we need algorithmic historiography? (2003)
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- Abstract
- This article discusses the rationale for creating historiographs of scholarly topics using a new program called HistCite(TM), which produces a variety of analyses to aid the historian identify key events (papers), people (authors), and journals in a field. By creating a genealogic profile of the evolution, the program aids the scholar in evaluating the paradigm involved.
- Source
- Journal of the American Society for Information Science and technology. 54(2003) no.5, S.400-412
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Garfield, E.: How will new technology change the characteristics of libraries and their users? (1978)
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- Source
- Knowledge and development. Reshaping library and information services for the world of tommorrow. Festschrift for Björn Tell. Ed. by S. Schwarz u. U. Willers
- Type
- a
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Garfield, E.: Agony and ecstasy of the Internet : experiences of an information scientist qua publisher (1996)
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- Abstract
- Reports recent experiences with the publishing, via the Internet and WWW of ISI's biweekly newspaper, The Scientist; which was originally mounted on the NSFnet. Compares the use of the Internet for SDI by comparing Web searches via AltaVista with similar searches on CD-ROM. Predicts that future current awareness services and SDI services will be linked to electronic periodicals in electronic libraries. Concludes with a note on cited reference searching, a variation on the theme of hypertext searching, with particular reference to SCI and Web crawlers
- Source
- Towards a worldwide library: a ten year forecast. Proceedings of the 19th International Essen Symposium, 23-26 Sept 1996. Ed.: A.H. Helal u. J.W. Weiss
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Garfield, E.: From citation indexes to informetrics : is the tail now wagging the dog? (1998)
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- Abstract
- Provides a synoptic review and history of citation indexes and their evolution into research evaluation tools including a discussion of the use of bibliometric data for evaluating US institutions (academic departments) by the National Research Council (NRC). Covers the origin and uses of periodical impact factors, validation studies of citation analysis, information retrieval and dissemination (current awareness), citation consciousness, historiography and science mapping, Citation Classics, and the history of contemporary science. Illustrates the retrieval of information by cited reference searching, especially as it applies to avoiding duplicated research. Discusses the 15 year cumulative impacts of periodicals and the percentage of uncitedness, the emergence of scientometrics, old boy networks, and citation frequency distributions. Concludes with observations about the future of citation indexing
- Type
- a
-
Garfield, E.: Random thoughts on citationology : Its theory and practice (1998)
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- Abstract
- Theories of citation are as elusive as theories of information science, which have been debated for decade. Gives an overview of some of these theories, and as a basis for discussion offers the term citationology as the theory and practice of citation, including its derivative disciplines citation analysis and bibliometrics
- Footnote
- Contribution to a thematic issue devoted to 'Theories of citation?'
- Type
- a
-
Garfield, E.: Citation indexes for science (1985)
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- Abstract
- Indexes in general seek to provide a "key" to a body of literature intending to help the user in identifying, verifying, and/or locating individual or related items. The most common devices for collocation in indexes are authors' names and subjects. A different approach to collocating related items in an index is provided by a method called "citation indexing." Citation indexes attempt to link items through citations or references, in other works, by bringing together items cited in a particular work and the works citing a particular item. Citation indexing is based an the concept that there is a significant intellectual link between a document and each bibliographic item cited in it and that this link is useful to the scholar because an author's references to earlier writings identify relevant information to the subject of his current work. One of the major differences between the citation index and the traditional subject index is that the former, while listing current literature, also provides a retrospec tive view of past literature. While each issue of a traditional index is normally concerned only with the current literature, the citation index brings back retrospective literature in the form of cited references, thereby linking current scholarly works with earlier works. The advantages of the citation index have been considered to be its value as a tool for tracing the history of ideas or discoveries, for associating ideas between current and past work, and for evaluating works of individual authors or library collections. The concept of citation indexing is not new. It has been applied to legal literature since 1873 in a legal reference tool called Shepard's Citations. In the 1950s Eugene Garfield, a documentation consultant and founder and President of the Institute for Scientific Information (Philadelphia), developed the technique of citation indexing for scientific literature. This new application was facilitated by the availability of computer technology, resulting in a series of services: Science Citation Index (1955- ), Social Sciences Citation Index (1966- ), and the Arts & Humanities Index (1976- ). All three appear in printed versions and as machine-readable databases. In the following essay, the first in a series of articles and books elucidating the citation indexing system, Garfield traces the origin and beginning of this idea, its advantages, and the methods of preparing such indexes.
- Source
- Theory of subject analysis: a sourcebook. Ed.: L.M. Chan, et al
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- a
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Garfield, E.: Chemico-linguistics : computer translation of chemical nomenclature (1961)
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- Content
- Zusammenfassung der Dissertation Vgl. auch: Garfield, E.: An algorithm for translating chemical names to molecular formulas. Doctoral dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1961. In: Essays of an information scientist. Vol. 7. Philadelphia, PA: ISI Press, 1985. S.441-513.
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Garfield, E.: ¬The relationship between mechanical indexing, structural linguistics and information retrieval (1992)
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- Source
- Journal of information science. 18(1992) no.5, S.343-354
- Type
- a
-
Pudovkin, A.I.; Garfield, E.: Algorithmic procedure for finding semantically related journals (2002)
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- Abstract
- Journal Citation Reports provides a classification of journals most heavily cited by a given journal and which most heavily cite that journal, but size variation is not taken into account. Pudovkin and Garfield suggest a procedure for meeting this difficulty. The relatedness of journal i to journal j is determined by the number of citations from journal i to journal j in a given year normalized by the product of the papers published in the j journal in that year times the number of references cited in the i journal in that year. A multiplier of ten to the sixth is suggested to bring the values into an easily perceptible range. While citations received depend upon the overall cumulative number of papers published by a journal, the current year is utilized since that data is available in JCR. Citations to current year papers would be quite low in most fields and thus not included. To produce the final index, the maximum of the A citing B value, and the B citing A value is chosen and used to indicate the closeness of the journals. The procedure is illustrated for the journal Genetics.
- Source
- Journal of the American Society for Information Science and technology. 53(2002) no.13, S.1113-1119
- Type
- a
-
Abt, H.A.; Garfield, E.: Is the relationship between numbers of references and paper lengths the same for all sciences? (2002)
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- Abstract
- It has been shown in the physical sciences that a paper's length is related to its number of references in a linear manner. Abt and Garfield here look at the life and social sciences with the thought that if the relation holds the citation counts will provide a measure of relative importance across these disciplines. In the life sciences 200 research papers from 1999-2000 were scanned in each of 10 journals to produce counts of 1000 word normalized pages. In the social sciences an average of 70 research papers in nine journals were scanned for the two-year period. Papers of average length in the various sciences have the same average number of references within plus or minus 17%. A look at the 30 to 60 papers over the two years in 18 review journals indicates twice the references of research papers of the same length.
- Source
- Journal of the American Society for Information Science and technology. 53(2002) no.13, S.1106-1112
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Garfield, E.; Paris, S.W.; Stock, W.G.: HistCite(TM) : a software tool for informetric analysis of citation linkage (2006)
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- Abstract
- HistCite(TM) is a software tool for analyzing and visualizing direct citation linkages between scientific papers. Its inputs are bibliographic records (with cited references) from "Web of Knowledge" or other sources. Its outputs are various tables and graphs with informetric indicators about the knowledge domain under study. As an example we analyze informetrically the literature about Alexius Meinong, an Austrian philosopher and psychologist. The article shortly discusses the informetric functionality of "Web of Knowledge" and shows broadly the possibilities that HistCite offers to its users (e.g. scientists, scientometricans and science journalists).
- Source
- Information - Wissenschaft und Praxis. 57(2006) H.8, S.391-400
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- a
-
Garfield, E.: ¬An algorithm for translating chemical names to molecular formulas (1961)
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- Abstract
- This dissertation discusses, explains, and demonstrates a new algorithm for translating chemica l nomenclature into molecular formulas. In order to place the study in its proper context and perspective the historical development of nomenclature is first discussed, aa well as other related aspects of the chemical information problem. The relationship of nomenclature to modern linguistic studies is then introduced. Tire relevance of structural linguistic procedures to the study of chemical nomenclature is shown. The methods of the linguist are illustrated by examples from chemical discourse. The algorithm is then explained, first for the human translator and then for use by a computer. Flow diagrams for the computer syntactic analysis, dictionary Iook-up routine, and furmula calculation routine are included. The sampling procedure for testing the algorithm is explained and finalIy, conclusions are drawn with respect to the general validity of the method and the dirsction that might be taken for future research. A summary of modern chemical nomenclature practice is appened primarily for use by the reader who is not familiar with chemical nomenclature.
- Content
- Doctoral dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1961. Vgl..: http://www.garfield.library.upenn.edu/essays/v7p441y1984.pdf. Auch in: Essays of an information scientist. Vol. 7. Philadelphia, PA: ISI Press, 1985. S.441-513.
-
Garfield, E.: Is citation analysis a legitime evaluation tool? (1979)
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Garfield, E.: Citation analysis as a tool in journal evaluation (1972)
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