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Abstract

Die Freiheit des menschlichen Denkens steht zur Debatte. Prominente Vertreter der neuesten Hirnforschung bestreiten sie grundsätzlich. Zu Unrecht, wie der Neurologe und Philosoph Detlef B. Linke mit guten Gründen meint. Er zeigt, dass der Kreativität und der Zeit eine zentrale Rolle im menschlichen Denken und Handeln zukommt, und weshalb sich genau darin die Freiheit des Denkens manifestiert.

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Abstract

Autonomie gilt als zentrale menschliche Eigenschaft. Doch sie gerät von vielen Seiten unter Beschuss: Die Neurowissenschaft erklärt, der Wille sei nicht frei, die Sozialpsychologie zeigt in ihren Experimenten ebenso wie Shitstorms im Internet, wie mächtig der Anpassungsdruck ist. Die Auswirkungen sind beträchtlich, wenn unsere Autonomie in Gefahr ist. Harald Welzer und Michael Pauen analysieren die Situation auf Grundlage eigener Experimente und Forschungen, um Möglichkeiten der Gegenwehr sichtbar zu machen: Wie können Gemeinschaften so gestaltet werden, dass Konformitätszwänge gering bleiben? Gleichzeitig zeigen sie, dass es wirksame Gegenstrategien nur auf der sozialen Ebene geben kann - solange wichtige Freiheitsspielräume noch bestehen. Die Zeit drängt.

Content

Einleitung -- Der Begriff der Autonomie -- Autonomie als Fähigkeit zu selbstbestimmtem Handeln gegen Widerstände -- Selbstbestimmung -- Autonomie, Heteronomie und Anomie -- Autonomie und Freiheit -- Autonomie als natürliche Eigenschaft -- Autonomie und Sozialität -- Das Paradoxon der Autonomie -- Der Sinn der Konformität -- Konformismus und Gruppendynamik -- Autonomie und Gesellschaft -- Fazit -- Geschichte der Autonomie -- Der Prozess der Zivilisation -- Geschichte der Autonomievorstellungen -- Utopische Entwürfe -- Sozialvertragstheorien -- Autonomie und Erziehung -- Autonomie in der Philosophie -- Decadence -- Russische Utopien zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts -- Fazit -- Empirische Erkenntnisse -- Fallstudien -- Konformitätsexperimente -- Handlungsspielräume des Selbst : ein Forschungsprojekt -- Moralisches Urteilen -- Konformismus und Evolution -- Wege zur Sicherung von Autonomie -- Autonomie Heute -- Die Bürde der Freiheit -- Eine andere Form von Totalitarismus -- Ein irritierendes Erlebnis -- Shifting baselines -- Die Sicherung des Rechtsstaats -- Gleichschaltung -- Der Circle : ein narratives Szenario -- Die schleichende Veränderung sozialer Standards -- Das Verschwinden des Geheimnisses -- Konformismus und Cybermobbing -- Selbstüberwachung -- Versicherungen : Verträge auf Verhalten -- Eine Verteidigung der Autonomie -- Dialektik der Autonomie -- Wie man Autonomie verteidigt -- Danksagung -- Anmerkungen -- Literatur -- Namen- und Sachregister.

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Abstract

Julian Nida-Rümelin, Professor für politische Theorie und Philosophie in München, widmet sich in fünf Kapiteln einem der großen klassischen Themen der Philosophie: Warum die Annahme menschlicher Freiheit begründet ist - Warum Entscheidungen notwenig frei sind - Warum es keine Verantwortung ohne Freiheit gibt - Warum der Zufall moralisch irrelevant ist - Warum Menschenwürde auf Freiheit beruht.

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Abstract

What links conscious experience of pain, joy, color, and smell to bioelectrical activity in the brain? How can anything physical give rise to nonphysical, subjective, conscious states? Christof Koch has devoted much of his career to bridging the seemingly unbridgeable gap between the physics of the brain and phenomenal experience. This engaging book?part scientific overview, part memoir, part futurist speculation?describes Koch's search for an empirical explanation for consciousness. Koch recounts not only the birth of the modern science of consciousness but also the subterranean motivation for his quest?his instinctual (if "romantic") belief that life is meaningful. Koch describes his own groundbreaking work with Francis Crick in the 1990s and 2000s and the gradual emergence of consciousness (once considered a "fringy" subject) as a legitimate topic for scientific investigation. Present at this paradigm shift were Koch and a handful of colleagues, including Ned Block, David Chalmers, Stanislas Dehaene, Giulio Tononi, Wolf Singer, and others. Aiding and abetting it were new techniques to listen in on the activity of individual nerve cells, clinical studies, and brain-imaging technologies that allowed safe and noninvasive study of the human brain in action. Koch gives us stories from the front lines of modern research into the neurobiology of consciousness as well as his own reflections on a variety of topics, including the distinction between attention and awareness, the unconscious, how neurons respond to Homer Simpson, the physics and biology of free will, dogs, Der Ring des Nibelungen, sentient machines, the loss of his belief in a personal God, and sadness. All of them are signposts in the pursuit of his life's work?to uncover the roots of consciousness

Content

In which I introduce the ancient mind-body problem, explain why I am on a quest to use reason and empirical inquiry to solve it, acquaint you with Francis Crick, explain how he relates to this quest, make a confession, and end on a sad note -- In which I write about the wellsprings of my inner conflict between religion and reason, why I grew up wanting to be a scientist, why I wear a lapel pin of Professor Calculus, and how I acquired a second mentor late in life -- In which I explain why consciousness challenges the scientific view of the world, how consciousness can be investigated empirically with both feet firmly planted on the ground, why animals share consciousness with humans, and why self-consciousness is not as important as many people think it is -- In which you hear tales of scientist-magicians that make you look but not see, how they track the footprints of consciousness by peering into your skull, why you don't see with your eyes, and why attention and consciousness are not the same -- In which you learn from neurologists and neurosurgeons that some neurons care a great deal about celebrities, that cutting the cerebral cortex in two does not reduce consciousness by half, that color is leached from the world by the loss of a small cortical region, and that the destruction of a sugar cube-sized chunk of brain stem or thalamic tissue leaves you undead -- In which I defend two propositions that my younger self found nonsense--you are unaware of most of the things that go on in your head, and zombie agents control much of your life, even though you confidently believe that you are in charge -- In which I throw caution to the wind, bring up free will, Der ring des Nibelungen, and what physics says about determinism, explain the impoverished ability of your mind to choose, show that your will lags behind your brain's decision, and that freedom is just another word for feeling -- In which I argue that consciousness is a fundamental property of complex things, rhapsodize about integrated information theory, how it explains many puzzling facts about consciousness and provides a blueprint for building sentient machines -- In which I outline an electromagnetic gadget to measure consciousness, describe efforts to harness the power of genetic engineering to track consciousness in mice, and find myself building cortical observatories -- In which I muse about final matters considered off-limits to polite scientific discourse: to wit, the relationship between science and religion, the existence of God, whether this God can intervene in the universe, the death of my mentor, and my recent tribulations.