-
Fonseca, F.T.; Martin, J.E.: Toward an alternative notion of information systems ontologies : information engineering as a hermeneutic enterprise (2005)
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- Abstract
- In this paper we discuss the construction of information systems ontologies. We summarize and discuss Barry Smith's review (2003a) of the field in the paper, "Ontology." In that essay Smith concludes with a plea for ontologies that reflect the categories of current scientific theories because they represent our best knowledge of the world. In this context, we develop an argument for a hermeneutic approach to ontologies-one compatible with the orientation introduced into information science by Winograd and Flores (1986) and later developed by many others. To do this, we argue that the literature in the philosophy and history of science supports a hermeneutic interpretation of the nature and growth of science. This, given Smith's argument, shows the relevance of hermeneutics to the creation of information system ontologies. The problems associated with understanding and creating information systems ontologies are addressed fruitfully only if one begins by acknowledging that databases are mechanisms for communication involving judgments and interpretations by intelligent and knowledgeable users. The main contributions of this paper are our conclusions that (a) information system ontologies should take into consideration a perspective of the philosophy and history of science, and (b) hermeneutics as construed by Gadamer (1975, 1979) constitutes a place from which we can understand the tasks of information ontologists and database users.
- Date
- 20. 3.2005 10:29:38
-
Ingwersen, P.; Järvelin, K.: ¬The turn : integration of information seeking and retrieval in context (2005)
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- Abstract
- The Turn analyzes the research of information seeking and retrieval (IS&R) and proposes a new direction of integrating research in these two areas: the fields should turn off their separate and narrow paths and construct a new avenue of research. An essential direction for this avenue is context as given in the subtitle Integration of Information Seeking and Retrieval in Context. Other essential themes in the book include: IS&R research models, frameworks and theories; search and works tasks and situations in context; interaction between humans and machines; information acquisition, relevance and information use; research design and methodology based on a structured set of explicit variables - all set into the holistic cognitive approach. The present monograph invites the reader into a construction project - there is much research to do for a contextual understanding of IS&R. The Turn represents a wide-ranging perspective of IS&R by providing a novel unique research framework, covering both individual and social aspects of information behavior, including the generation, searching, retrieval and use of information. Regarding traditional laboratory information retrieval research, the monograph proposes the extension of research toward actors, search and work tasks, IR interaction and utility of information. Regarding traditional information seeking research, it proposes the extension toward information access technology and work task contexts. The Turn is the first synthesis of research in the broad area of IS&R ranging from systems oriented laboratory IR research to social science oriented information seeking studies. TOC:Introduction.- The Cognitive Framework for Information.- The Development of Information Seeking Research.- Systems-Oriented Information Retrieval.- Cognitive and User-Oriented Information Retrieval.- The Integrated IS&R Research Framework.- Implications of the Cognitive Framework for IS&R.- Towards a Research Program.- Conclusion.- Definitions.- References.- Index.
- Footnote
- Rez. in: Mitt. VÖB 59(2006) H.2, S.81-83 (O. Oberhauser): "Mit diesem Band haben zwei herausragende Vertreter der europäischen Informationswissenschaft, die Professoren Peter Ingwersen (Kopenhagen) und Kalervo Järvelin (Tampere) ein Werk vorgelegt, das man vielleicht dereinst als ihr opus magnum bezeichnen wird. Mich würde dies nicht überraschen, denn die Autoren unternehmen hier den ambitionierten Versuch, zwei informations wissenschaftliche Forschungstraditionen, die einander bisher in eher geringem Ausmass begegneten, unter einem gesamtheitlichen kognitiven Ansatz zu vereinen - das primär im sozialwissenschaftlichen Bereich verankerte Forschungsgebiet "Information Seeking and Retrieval" (IS&R) und das vorwiegend im Informatikbereich angesiedelte "Information Retrieval" (IR). Dabei geht es ihnen auch darum, den seit etlichen Jahren zwar dominierenden, aber auch als zu individualistisch kritisierten kognitiven Ansatz so zu erweitern, dass technologische, verhaltensbezogene und kooperative Aspekte in kohärenter Weise berücksichtigt werden. Dies geschieht auf folgende Weise in neun Kapiteln: - Zunächst werden die beiden "Lager" - die an Systemen und Laborexperimenten orientierte IR-Tradition und die an Benutzerfragen orientierte IS&R-Fraktion - einander gegenübergestellt und einige zentrale Begriffe geklärt. - Im zweiten Kapitel erfolgt eine ausführliche Darstellung der kognitiven Richtung der Informationswissenschaft, insbesondere hinsichtlich des Informationsbegriffes. - Daran schliesst sich ein Überblick über die bisherige Forschung zu "Information Seeking" (IS) - eine äusserst brauchbare Einführung in die Forschungsfragen und Modelle, die Forschungsmethodik sowie die in diesem Bereich offenen Fragen, z.B. die aufgrund der einseitigen Ausrichtung des Blickwinkels auf den Benutzer mangelnde Betrachtung der Benutzer-System-Interaktion. - In analoger Weise wird im vierten Kapitel die systemorientierte IRForschung in einem konzentrierten Überblick vorgestellt, in dem es sowohl um das "Labormodell" als auch Ansätze wie die Verarbeitung natürlicher Sprache und Expertensysteme geht. Aspekte wie Relevanz, Anfragemodifikation und Performanzmessung werden ebenso angesprochen wie die Methodik - von den ersten Laborexperimenten bis zu TREC und darüber hinaus.
-
Robertson, G.: What is information? (1996)
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- Abstract
- Discusses information in the context of information resources management arguing that it is an essential resource for every organization but one that needs to be managed better. Examines information as a resource, as an asset, as a commodity, as a rubbish
- Source
- Managing information. 3(1996) no.6, S.22-23
-
Cole, C.: Activity of understanding a problem during interaction with an 'enabling' information retrieval system : modeling information flow (1999)
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- Abstract
- This article is about the mental coding processes involved in the flow of 'information' when the user is interacting with an 'enabling' information retrieval system. An 'enabling' IR system is designed to stimulate the user's grasping towards a higher understanding of the information need / problem / task that brought the user to the IR system. C. Shannon's (1949/1959) model of the flow of information and K.R. Popper's (1975) 3 worlds concept are used to diagram the flow of information between the user and system when the user receives a stimulating massage, with particluar emphasis on the decoding and encoding operations involved as the user processes the message. The key difference between the model of information flow proposed here and the linear transmission, receiver-oriented model now in use is that we assume that users of a truly interactive, 'enabling' IR system are primarily message senders, not passive receivers of the message, because they must create a new message back to the system, absed on a reconceptualization of their information need, while they are 'online' interacting with the system
- Date
- 22. 5.1999 14:51:49
-
Blanke, H.T.: Librarianship and public culture in the age of information capitalism (1996)
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- Abstract
- The escalating economic importance of information and the increasing integration of cultural spheres into the economic system are identified as key factors in the conception of information as a commodity, rather than a public good. This is now having a significant impact on government policy and on libraries, with prominent professional representatives advocating an entrepreneurial model of librarianship which contradicts traditional ideas of free and equal access to information. Such a model threatens the future of the library as a vital sphere of democratic culture. Discusses the broader trends exemplifying the current trajectory of advanced capitalism so as to proved a context for the critical interpretation of issues within librarianship
-
Thellefsen, T.; Thellefsen, M.: Signifikans-effekt i indeksering (1998)
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- Abstract
- Building on Jens-Erik Mai: 'Semiotics and its uses in library and information science', discusses indexing and semiotics. Presents the concept significance affect as expression of an information effect in index words, based on a discussion of the key concepts in Geroge Lakoff's cognitive semantics: basic-level categorizing, cue validity, prototype effect, kinesthetic image schemas, metaphors, metonymy and radical structures, and idealized cognitive models
- Date
- 20.10.2000 13:54:29
-
Ingwersen, P.: Information and information science in context (1992)
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-
Anderson, O.R.: Some interrelationships between constructivist models of learning and current neurobiological theory, with implications for science ieducation (1992)
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- Abstract
- Recent advances in the neurosciences have begun to elucidate how some fundamental mechanisms of nervous systems activity can explain human information processing and the acquisition of knowledge. Some of these findings are consistent with a cognitive view of constructivist models of learning and provide additional theoretical support for constructivist applications to science education reform. Current thought at the interface between neurocognitive research and constructivist philosophy is summarized here and discussed in a context of implications for scientific epistemology and conceptual change processes in science education
- Source
- Journal of research in science teaching. 29(1992) no.10, S.1037-1058
-
Tuominen, K.: Yksilo tiedonhankkijana : sense-making -teorian nakokulma tiedonhankintaprosessiin (1994)
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- Abstract
- Presents a critical review of the sense making theory of Brenda Dervin, an important contribution to the theory building in information studies. Special attention is given to the use of the sense making theory in empirical research. Claims that the difficulties faced in data collection and analysis when applying sense making as a methodology are dur to the fact that the conceptual apparatus developed by Dervin has not yet been sufficiently elaborated. Dervin, along with many other theorizers of information seeking and use, is also criticized for ignoring the social nature and context of knowledge and thought. The construction of meaning, and thinking in general, it not only a subjective process but it also involves socially shared representations and ideas
- Date
- 29. 3.1996 21:35:26
-
Cardoso, A.M.P.: Pos-modernidade e informacao : conceitos complementares? (1996)
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- Abstract
- Throughout history, science has been considered as the engine of modernity, signalling the supremacy of rational thought. The post-modern world, in contrast, is characterised by globalisation engendered by the development of communication technology. In this context, information is a social product and information science has broken from the traditional model of science, abandoning its initial attempt to establish laws and focusing instead on users. This has resulted in interdisciplinary links with related fields such as psychology, communications theory etc. In Brazil development is unequal, with some regions at a post-modern stage and other still feudal or pre-modern. The role of information here is to level these disparities and create a more just society
- Date
- 29. 1.1996 18:23:13
-
Simoes, A.M.: ¬O peocesso de producao e distribuicao de informacao enquanto conhecimento : algumas reflexoes (1996)
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- Abstract
- The information process is characterised by 3 phases: potential information, consolidated information and information as knowledge, at which point is becomes a means rather than an end. In the social context, knowledge functions both as a social institution and a socialising institution: since reality is constantly changing, knowledge thus becomes a perspective determined by individual experience. Distribution of knowledge is controlled by those who have access, and in a society marked by inequality such as Brazil this virtually excludes all those living on the margins. The production and distribution of knowledge is thus based on capitalist criteria, reflecting the practices of the owners of capital
- Date
- 29. 1.1996 18:23:13
-
Brier, S.: Cybersemiotics : a new interdisciplinary development applied to the problems of knowledge organisation and document retrieval in information science (1996)
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- Abstract
- This article is a contribution to the development of a comprehensive interdisciplinary theory of LIS in the hope of giving a more precise evaluation of its current problems. The article describes an interdisciplinary framework for LIS, especially information retrieval (IR), in a way that goes beyond the cognitivist 'information processing paradigm'. The main problem of this paradigm is that its concept of information and laguage does not deal in a systematic way with how social and cultural dynamics set the contexts that determine the meaning of those signs and words that are the basic tools for the organisation and retrieving of documents in LIS. The paradigm does not distinguish clearly enough between how the computer manipulates signs and how librarians work with meaning in practice when they design and run document mediating systems. The 'cognitive viewpoint' of Ingwersen and Belkin makes clear that information is not objective, but rather only potential, until it is interpreted by an individual mind with its own internal mental world view and purposes. It facilitates futher study of the social pragmatic conditions for the interpretation of concepts. This approach is not yet fully developed. The domain analytic paradigm of Hjoerland and Albrechtsen is a conceptual realisiation of an important aspect of this area. In the present paper we make a further development of a non-reductionistic and interdisciplinary view of information and human social communication by texts in the light of second-order cybernetics, where information is seen as 'a difference which makes a difference' for a living autopoietic (self-organised, self-creating) system. Other key ideas are from the semiotics of Peirce and also Warner. This is the understanding of signs as a triadic relation between an object, a representation and an interpretant. Information is the interpretation of signs by living, feeling, self-organising biological, psychological and social systems. Signification is created and controlled in an cybernetic way within social systems and is communicated through what Luhman calls generalised media, such as science and art. The modern socio-linguistic concept 'discourse communities' and Wittgenstein's 'language gane' concept give a further pragmatic description of the self-organising system's dynamic that determines the meaning of words in a social context. As Blair and Liebenau and Backhouse point out in their work it is these semantic fields of significance that are the true pragmatic tools of knowledge organisation and document retrieval. Methodologically they are the first systems to be analysed when designing document mediating systems as they set the context for the meaning of concepts. Several practical and analytical methods from linguistics and the sociology of knowledge can be used in combination with standard methodology to reveal the significant language games behind document mediation
-
Foster, J.; Clough, P.: Embedded, added, cocreated : revisiting the value of information in an age of data (2018)
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- Abstract
- This article proposes that the value of information is a topic worth revisiting in the contemporary era. Although the topic has been of perennial interest to information professionals and others, since at the least the early 1980s, we believe that it is timely to revisit this question in the context of a more connected and networked environment of data, information, and knowledge. The principal argument is that existing models of information exchange and use do not sufficiently take account of the multiplicity of networked users as a source of value, for example, their implicit and explicit interactions with other users, and with the information system. We briefly review existing kinds of value that have been theorized, operationalized, and measured in the information science literature. Principally, these are the notions of information as embedded value; and information and information systems as adding value. To these notions we add the further notion of connected or cocreated value. We conclude our opinion article with a set of questions intended to orient future research into the question of the value of information in the contemporary era.
-
Crowe, M.; Beeby, R.; Gammack, J.: Constructing systems and information : a process view (1996)
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- Date
- 25.12.2001 13:22:30
- LCSH
- System design
- Subject
- System design
-
Dervin, B.; Harlock, S.; Atwood, R.; Garzona, C.: ¬The human side of information : an exploration in a health communication context (1980)
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-
Fugmann, R.: Informationstheorie: Der Jahrhundertbluff : (Teil 1] (2007)
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- Abstract
- In ihrer "Mathematical Theory of Communication" beschrieben Shannon und Weaver zur Mitte des vergangenen Jahrhunderts die Technik einer möglichst ungestörten und wirtschaftlichen Nachrichten-Übertragung. Die Einbeziehung der Deutung (Interpretation und Semantik) und der Nutzung der Nachrichten (Pragmatik) blieben der späteren Entwicklung überlassen. Ohne dass es zu dieser Fortentwicklung gekommen wäre, wurde der Geltungsbereich der Theorie jedoch bald auf den gesamten Kommunikationsprozess ausgedehnt. Dies geschah dadurch, dass diese Theorie in "Information Theory" umbenannt wurde, mancherlei Widersprüchen aus der Fachwelt zum Trotz. Noch immer wurde kein Unterschied zwischen Nachricht und Information gemacht, und einer jeglichen Nachricht und jeglichem Signal wurde eine neu definierte Art von "Informationsmenge" zugewiesen. Dieser rein statistische Begriff ist weit entfernt von der ureigentlichen Bedeutung des Wortes "Information". Was eine Nachricht bedeutet und ob sie für den Empfänger verständlich, interessant und nützlich ist, bleibt in dieser Theorie außer Betracht. Die Ursachen, der Verlauf und die Folgen dieser Verirrung werden untersucht und kritisiert. Wenn und so lange auch die Informatik einen solchen "Informations"-Begriff zu ihrer Grundlage hat, entbehrt sie jeglicher Kompetenz auf dem Gebiet dessen, was traditionell und umgangsprachig unter Information verstanden wird. Durch die ungerechtfertigte Beanspruchung und Durchsetzung von Zuständigkeit für das Gesamtgebiet der Information hat die "Informations"-Theorie weitverbreitet großen Schaden verursacht. Dies gilt bei aller Anerkennung der großen Fortschritte in der Informatik bei der reinen Technik der Datenverarbeitung, die aufgrund dieser Theorie ebenfalls erzielt worden sind. Teil 1 behandelt die index-relevanten Aspekte der "Informationstheorie".
- Date
- 12. 5.2008 16:29:20
-
Manovich, L.: Auf den Spuren der globalen digitalen Kulturen : Kulturanalytik für Anfänger (2009)
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- Abstract
- Noch vor nur fünfzehn Jahren hatten Kulturwissenschaftler es meist mit relativ kleinen Informationsbeständen zu tun, die präzise in Verzeichnissen und Listen organisiert und von vornherein bestimmten Kategorien zugeordnet waren. Im Gegensatz dazu haben wir es heute mit einer riesigen, schlecht organisierten, ständig wachsenden und sich verändernden Informationswolke zu tun: wir "googeln". Der Aufstieg der Suche als vorherrschende Form des Auffindens von Information ist Ausdruck eines fundamentalen Wandels in unserer informationellen Umwelt. Wir sind Zeugen einer exponentiellen Explosion der Daten, die die Menschen generieren, erfassen, analysieren, visualisieren und speichern - einschließlich kultureller Inhalte. Am 25. August 2008 gaben die Softwaretechniker bei Google bekannt, dass der Index der Webseiten, den Google mehrmals täglich durchrechnet, eine Trillion URLs erreicht habe. Im selben Monat berichtete YouTube, dass seine Nutzer jede Minute 13 Stunden neues Videomaterial auf die Seite hochladen. Und im November 2008 erreichte die Zahl der Bilder auf Flickr drei Milliarden. Die Informationsbombe, die von Paul Virilio 1998 beschrieben wurde, ist nicht nur einmal explodiert. Sie hat eine Kette weiterer Explosionen ausgelöst, deren Gesamtwirkung heftiger ist, als irgendjemand vorhersehen hätte können. 2008 schätzte die International Data Corporation (IDC), dass das digitale Universum bis zum Jahr 2011 auf das zehnfache seiner Größe von 2006 anwachsen würde. Dies entspricht einer jährlichen Wachstumsrate von 60%.6 Natürlich ist es möglich, dass die globale Wirtschaftskrise, die 2008 einsetzte, dieses Wachstum verlangsamen wird, aber wahrscheinlich nicht um viel.
- Date
- 17. 3.2012 18:29:00
-
Evans, H.; Griffiths, P.J.; Manguel, A.: Unterdrückte Wahrheiten : Die Fotografie: erst als Medium der Wahrheit gefeiert, heute aber zunehmend der Manipulation geziehen. Drei Meinungen (1999)
0.02
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- Abstract
- Die digitale Bildbearbeitung löst das Original auf. Damit ist der vorläufige Höhepunkt in den Manipulationsmöglichkeiten von Bildern gegeben. Vor allem die politische Fotografie hat sich der Fälschung bedient und damit Zensur ausgeübt. Mit diesem Thema befasst sich 'Index on Censorship'. Wir dokumentieren 3 Beiträge. 'Unterdrückte Wahrheiten' erscheint alle 2 Monate in Zusammenarbeit mit der Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung Berlin und 'Index of Censorship', einer Zeitschrift, die seit 1972 in London existiert und sich mit Zensur weltweit beschäftigt. Ausgewählt und übersetzt werden die Beiträge von Uta Ruge, Beiratsmiglied bei 'Index of Censorship'.
-
Zhang, L.; Olson, H.A.: Distilling abstractions : genre redefining essence versus context (2015)
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- Abstract
- The construction of concepts achieved by the apparently incompatible ideas of essence and context is examined through genre. Essence is defined by essential characteristics: innate, immutable, independent of context. Unlike essences, contexts are fluid, changing with time and location. Genre has the stability of the essential characteristics that define essence and the fluidity of differing circumstances that define context, thus making it effective for the exploration of essence and context. Controlled vocabularies reveal diachronically and synchronically the stable/fluid ambivalence of genre classes. The Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC1, DDC13, DDC23) exhibits stability (and modest fluidity) in the Divisions, the primary reflection of academic disciplines one hierarchical step below the main classes and the development of the standard subdivisions as a slow multi-edition evolution. Genre serves as a lens for us to better understand essences, contexts, and concepts and their manifestations, classes. Rather than being incompatible opposites, essences and contexts complement each other in the definition of concepts. How these abstractions relate to classification is a question both theoretical and practical to our efforts to further knowledge organization.
-
Marijuan, P.C.: ¬La acumulacion social del conomiento : une perspectiva interdisciplinar (1995)
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- Abstract
- Establishes a connection between knowledge processes in the lower level of living organisms - bacteria - and the modern sophisticated society of scientists from the perspective of the 'artificial life' paradigm. Explores bacterial colonies from an information perspective. Views the society of science as a living biological society, where sciences interact not only hierarchically but in horizontal cooperation processes. Discusses the education system, scientific politics and the geography of science
- Source
- Scire. 1(1995) no.1, S.29-55
