Search (51 results, page 1 of 3)

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Date

3. 3.1999 17:29:59

Source

Program. 30(1996) no.1, S.1-22

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Abstract

In this position paper we propose a document-centric middleware component called Living Documents to support context-aware information retrieval in distributed communities. A Living Document acts as a micro server for a document which contains computational services, a semi-structured knowledge repository to uniformly store and access context-related information, and finally the document's digital content. Our initial prototype of Living Documents is based an the concept of mobile agents and implemented in Java and XML.

Source

Gaining insight from research information (CRIS2002): Proceedings of the 6th International Conference an Current Research Information Systems, University of Kassel, August 29 - 31, 2002. Eds: W. Adamczak u. A. Nase

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Abstract

Specifically designed for core units in library automation and information systems, this long awaited new text gives students a comprehensive overview of one of the most critical areas of library operations. Produced by two internationally known scholars, Thomas Kochtanek and Joseph Matthews, this book will enable students to take the lead in managing an immense diversity of information resources and at the same time handle the complexities that information technology brings to the library. Giving important insight into library information systems-from the historical background to the latest technological trends and developments-the book is organized into 14 chapters, each presenting helpful information on such topics as systems design, types of systems, coverage of standards and standards organizations, technology axioms, system selection and implementation, usability of systems, library information systems management, technology trends, digital libraries, and more. New to the acclaimed Library and Information Science Text Series, this book will prove an indispensable resource to students preparing for a career in today's ever-evolving library environment. Complete with charts and illustrations, chapter summaries, suggested print and electronic resources, a glossary of terms, and an index, this text will be of central importance to libraries and library schools everywhere.

Footnote

Rez. in: JASIST 54(2003) no.12, S.1166-1167 (Brenda Chawner): "Kochtanek and Matthews have written a welcome addition to the small set of introductory texts an applications of information technology to library and information Services. The book has fourteen chapters grouped into four sections: "The Broader Context," "The Technologies," "Management Issues," and "Future Considerations." Two chapters provide the broad content, with the first giving a historical overview of the development and adoption of "library information systems." Kochtanek and Matthews define this as "a wide array of solutions that previously might have been considered separate industries with distinctly different marketplaces" (p. 3), referring specifically to integrated library systems (ILS, and offen called library management systems in this part of the world), and online databases, plus the more recent developments of Web-based resources, digital libraries, ebooks, and ejournals. They characterize technology adoption patterns in libraries as ranging from "bleeding edge" to "leading edge" to "in the wedge" to "trailing edge"-this is a catchy restatement of adopter categories from Rogers' diffusion of innovation theory, where they are more conventionally known as "early adopters," "early majority," "late majority," and "laggards." This chapter concludes with a look at more general technology trends that have affected library applications, including developments in hardware (moving from mainframes to minicomputers to personal Computers), changes in software development (from in-house to packages), and developments in communications technology (from dedicated host Computers to more open networks to the current distributed environment found with the Internet). This is followed by a chapter describing the ILS and online database industries in some detail. "The Technologies" begins with a chapter an the structure and functionality of integrated library systems, which also includes a brief discussion of precision versus recall, managing access to internal documents, indexing and searching, and catalogue maintenance. This is followed by a chapter an open systems, which concludes with a useful list of questions to consider to determine an organization's readiness to adopt open source solutions. As one world expect, this section also includes a detailed chapter an telecommunications and networking, which includes types of networks, transmission media, network topologies, switching techniques (ranging from dial up and leased lines to ISDN/DSL, frame relay, and ATM). It concludes with a chapter an the role and importance of standards, which covers the need for standards and standards organizations, and gives examples of different types of standards, such as MARC, Dublin Core, Z39.50, and markup standards such as SGML, HTML, and XML. Unicode is also covered but only briefly. This section world be strengthened by a chapter an hardware concepts-the authors assume that their reader is already familiar with these, which may not be true in all cases (for example, the phrase "client-Server" is first used an page 11, but only given a brief definition in the glossary). Burke's Library Technology Companion: A Basic Guide for Library Staff (New York: Neal-Schuman, 2001) might be useful to fill this gap at an introductory level, and Saffady's Introduction to Automation for Librarians, 4th ed. (Chicago: American Library Association, 1999) world be better for those interested in more detail. The final two sections, however, are the book's real strength, with a strong focus an management issues, and this content distinguishes it from other books an this topic such as Ferguson and Hebels Computers for Librarians: an Introduction to Systems and Applications (Waggawagga, NSW: Centre for Information Studies, Charles Sturt University, 1998). ...
Though the book definitely meets a need for an up-to-date introduction to library information systems and associated management issues, and the emphasis an management issues means that it will not date too quickly, there is room for improvement. Some topics are described too briefly to be useful, such as customization/personalization, which is covered in a single paragraph, and does not mention recent developments such as the MyLibrary concept. Other topics seem to have only a peripheral connection to the main chapter theme-for example, it is surprising to find a discussion of information literacy at the end of the chapter an system selection and implementation, and the material an personalization/customization is at the end of the discussion of intranets. Despite these comments, 1 would consider using this as a textbook in an introductory course an library automation or information technology, and practitioners who want to upgrade their knowledge of current practices and issues will also find it useful. People who are primarily interested in a specific topic, such as information systems planning or system selection and implementation are likely to find more specialized books such as Planning for Integrated Systems and Technologies: A How-to-Do-It Manual for Librarians by John M. Cohn, Anne L. Kelsey, and Keith Michael Fiels (New York: Neal-Schuman, 2001) more useful."

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Abstract

During the 1990s statewide cooperative use of networks in the USA has moved towards providing mainly access to bibliographic and full-text resources not held locally and usually provided by commercial vendors for use by libraries. Describes 3 academic library networks: the University System of Maryland's Library Information Management System serving the information needs of users throughout the state; Georgia's GALILEO (Georgia Library Learning On-Line) which provides a set of electronic resources and services for the 34 colleges and universities of the University System of Georgia; and TexShare in which all 52 libraries from the public educational institutions in Texas participate. Although the development of funding sources, the technical implementations and support, and the management organization differ from state to state, all three reflect an incremental shift towards the electronic library

Date

29. 7.1998 19:42:59

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Abstract

Im Januar 2004 wurde das EU-Projekt »The European Library (TEL)« erfolgreich beendet: Die Errichtung einer virtuellen europäischen Nationalbibliothek hat sich als machbar erwiesen. Die Arbeit im TEL-Projekt wurde im Februar 2001 aufgenommen und konzentrierte sich auf folgende Schwerpunkte: - Untersuchung der Möglichkeiten, Vereinbarungen mit Verlegern über die europaweite Bereitstellung elektronischer Publikationen über die Nationalbibliotheken zu erzielen, - Herstellen eines Konsenses unter den beteiligten Partnern über das angestrebte gemeinsame Serviceangebot sowie die Erstellung eines für alle akzeptablen Geschäftsmodells für die Entwicklung, das Management und die Finanzierung dieses Serviceangebots, - Erstellung eines abgestimmten, für weitere Entwicklungen offenen Metadaten-Modells für das geplante Serviceangebot, - Entwicklung und Test einer technischen Umgebung, welche den integrierten Zugang zu den Daten der Partner sowohl über Z39.50 als auch über einen zentralen, XML-basierten Index ermöglicht. Die Ergebnisse des TEL-Projektes sind ein Geschäftsmodell, ein Metadatenmodell sowie eine technische Lösung für die Integration von Daten, auf welche über Z39.50 oder über einen zentralen, XML-basierten Index zugegriffen werden kann. Aufgrund dieser Ergebnisse beschlossen die TEL-Partner (die Nationalbibliotheken von Deutschland, Finnland, Großbritannien, Italien, der Niederlande, Portugal, Slowenien und der Schweiz sowie das Istituto Centrale per il Catalogo Unico delle Biblioteche Italia ne e per le Informazioni Bibliografiche ICCU), nach Beendigung der Projektphase TEL als kostenloses Webangebot der europäischen Nationalbibliotheken aufzubauen. Alle Projektpartner erklärten sich bereit, sich an der Umsetzung und Startfinanzierung zu beteiligen. Langfristig ist die Beteiligung aller in der Konferenz der Europäischen Nationalbibliothekare (CENL) vertretenen Nationalbibliotheken geplant. Das TEL-Projekt ist aus der Idee der Weiterentwicklung von Gabriel entstanden, dem Webservice der CENL-Bibliotheken. Im Jahre 1994 beschlossen die Direktorinnen und Direktoren der europäischen Nationalbibliotheken die Einrichtung eines gemeinsamen Online-Forums, um einen schnelleren und einfacheren Austausch über neue Entwicklungen und Aktivitäten in europäischen Bibliotheken zu ermöglichen. Die Idee wurde bald ausgeweitet, sodass nicht nur ein Forum für alle CENL-Mitglieder, sondern auch ein Informationsangebot über CENL, ihre Mitgliedsbibliotheken und deren OnlineDienste als »single point of access« geplant wurde. Die Nationalbibliotheken von Deutschland, Finnland, Frankreich, Großbritannien und den Niederlanden übernahmen die Entwicklung eines prototypischen Webangebots, das sie »Gabriel - Gateway and Bridge to Europe's National Libraries« nannten. Gabriel bietet Informationen auf drei Ebenen: auf der europäischen Ebene über Kooperationsprojekte und internationale Veranstaltungen, auf nationaler Ebene Beschreibungen der Bibliotheken, ihrer Funktionen und ihrer Sammlungen und schließlich auf individueller Ebene die Dienstleistungsangebote der einzelnen Bibliotheken.

Date

15. 2.2006 11:25:29

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Source

Catalogue and index. 2001, no.139, S.1-4

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Abstract

A decentralized resource sharing environment has been a key strategic initiative of the National Library of Canada for many years. The use of open system communication and ISO standards is one of the cornerstones of this vision of the Canadian library service. Summarizes Canadian Z39.50 implementation activities and the major role played by the National Library of Canada. Highlights the achievements and findings of the virtual Canadian union catalogue (vCuc) pilot project

Date

3. 3.1999 17:22:57

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Abstract

Federated search and distributed information retrieval systems provide a single user interface for searching multiple full-text search engines. They have been an active area of research for more than a decade, but in spite of their success as a research topic, they are still rare in operational environments. This article discusses a prototype federated search system developed for the U.S. government's FedStats Web portal, and the issues addressed in adapting research solutions to this operational environment. A series of experiments explore how well prior research results, parameter settings, and heuristics apply in the FedStats environment. The article concludes with a set of lessons learned from this technology transfer effort, including observations about search engine quality in the real world.

Date

22. 7.2006 16:02:07

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Abstract

The aims of CATRIONA were: (1) to investigate the requirements for developing procedures and applications for cataloguing and retrieval of networked resources, and (2) to explore the feasibility of a collaborative project to develop such applications and procedures and integrate them with existing library systems. The project established that a distributed catalogue of networked resources integrated with standard Z39.50 library system OPAC interfaces with information on hard-copy resources is already a practical proposition at a basic level. At least one Z39.50 OPAC client can search remote Z39.50 OPACs, retrieve USMARC records with URLs in 856$u, load a viewer like Netscape, and use it to retrieve and display the remotely held electronic resource on the local workstation. A follow-up project on related issues is being finalised.

Source

Cataloging and classification quarterly. 22(1996) nos.3/4, S.127-141

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Abstract

Purpose - Biodiversity resources are inevitably digital and stored in a wide variety of formats by researchers or stakeholders. In Malaysia, although digitizing biodiversity data has long been stressed, the interoperability of the biodiversity data is still an issue that requires attention. This is because, when data are shared, the question of copyright occurs, creating a setback among researchers wanting to promote or share data through online presentations. To solve this, the aim is to present an approach to integrate data through wrapping of datasets stored in relational databases located on networked platforms. Design/methodology/approach - The approach uses tools such as XML, PHP, ASP and HTML to integrate distributed databases in heterogeneous formats. Five current database integration systems were reviewed and all of them have common attributes such as query-oriented, using a mediator-based approach and integrating a structured data model. These common attributes were also adopted in the proposed solution. Distributed Generic Information Retrieval (DiGIR) was used as a model in designing the proposed solution. Findings - A new database integration system was developed, which is user-friendly and simple with common attributes found in current integration systems.

Date

29. 8.2010 12:29:10

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Abstract

Metadata harvesting is an increasingly popular model of interaction between the mutually autonomous parties of medium, medium-large federations of digital library services. With a harvesting protocol, in particular, resource descriptions locally available at each party can be served to remote applications for the implementation of federated services, such as resource discovery. This article offers a systematic explanation of the success of the model and its standard implementations in the context of current initiatives for national and international federations.

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Abstract

Reports on the work of the ABDUX project to investigate the use of the standardized protocol for the X.500 directory service for searching distributed bibliographic databases. It is a joint project between the Computer Science Department of the University College London, and the Library and Computer Service of Brunel University, UK. Gives a design overview and discusses the implementation phase of the project which involved: enhancements to an X.500 system; implementing user interfaces; and gathering test data for the system. Examines experiences with the system, and assesses why interest in the system has been less than hoped for. Puts forward a model for bibliographic querying which recognises the role of other protocols. Summarizes the main lessons to be drawn from the project

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Abstract

DAFFODIL ist ein System zur integrierten Suche in verteilten, heterogenen Digitalen Bibliotheken mit der Zielsetzung der strategischen Unterstützung des Benutzers. In diesem Artikel wird ein Überblick bezüglich des aktuellen Standes der Funktionalität gegeben und darüber hinaus neue Forschungsrichtungen aufgezeigt.

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Abstract

This article describes an approach for linking geographically distributed collections of metadata so that they are searchable as a single collection. We describe the infrastructure, which uses standard Internet protocols such as the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) and the Common Indexing Protocol (CIP), to distribute queries, return results, and exchange index information. We discuss the advantages of using linked collections of authoritative metadata as an alternative to using a keyword indexing search-engine for resource discovery. We examine other architectures that use metadata for resource discovery, such as Dienst/NCSTRL, the AHDS HTTP/Z39.50 Gateway, and the ROADS initiative. Finally, we discuss research issues and future directions of the project. The Internet Scout Project, which is funded by the National Science Foundation and is located in the Computer Sciences Department at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, is charged with assisting the higher education community in resource discovery on the Internet. To that end, the Scout Report and subsequent subject-specific Scout Reports were developed to guide the U.S. higher education community to research-quality resources. The Scout Report Signpost utilizes the content from the Scout Reports as the basis of a metadata collection. Signpost consists of more than 2000 cataloged Internet sites using established standards such as Library of Congress subject headings and abbreviated call letters, and emerging standards such as the Dublin Core (DC). This searchable and browseable collection is free and freely accessible, as are all of the Internet Scout Project's services.
As well developed as both the Scout Reports and Signpost are, they cannot capture the wealth of high-quality content that is available on the Internet. An obvious next step toward increasing the usefulness of our own collection and its value to our customer base is to partner with other high-quality content providers who have developed similar collections and to develop a single, virtual collection. Project Isaac (working title) is the Internet Scout Project's latest resource discovery effort. Project Isaac involves the development of a research testbed that allows experimentation with protocols and algorithms for creating, maintaining, indexing and searching distributed collections of metadata. Project Isaac's infrastructure uses standard Internet protocols, such as the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) and the Common Indexing Protocol (CIP) to distribute queries, return results, and exchange index or centroid information. The overall goal is to support a single-search interface to geographically distributed and independently maintained metadata collections.

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Abstract

The HILT High Level Thesaurus Project aims to study and report an the problern of cross-searching and browsing by subject across a range of communities, services, and service or resource types in the UK given the wide range of subject schemes and associated practices in place in the communities in question (Libraries, Museums, Archives, and Internet Services) and taking the international context into consideration. The paper reports an progess to date, focusing particularly an the inter-community consensus reached at a recent Stakeholder Workshop.

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Abstract

This article describes two approaches for searching heterogeneous resources, which are explained as they are used in two corresponding existing systems-RIRS (Resource Integration Retrieval System) and HRUSP (Heterogeneous Resource Union Search Platform). On analyzing the existing systems, a possible framework-the MUSP (Multimetadata-Based Union Search Platform) is presented. Libraries now face a dilemma. On one hand, libraries subscribe to many types of database retrieval systems that are produced by various providers. The libraries build their data and information systems independently. This results in highly heterogeneous and distributed systems at the technical level (e.g., different operating systems and user interfaces) and at the conceptual level (e.g., the same objects are named using different terms). On the other hand, end users want to access all these heterogeneous data via a union interface, without having to know the structure of each information system or the different retrieval methods used by the systems. Libraries must achieve a harmony between information providers and users. In order to bridge the gap between the service providers and the users, it would seem that all source databases would need to be rebuilt according to a uniform data structure and query language, but this seems impossible. Fortunately, however, libraries and information and technology providers are now making an effort to find a middle course that meets the requirements of both data providers and users. They are doing this through resource integration.

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Abstract

Nowadays, users of information services are faced with highly decentralised, heterogeneous document sources with different content analysis. Semantic heterogeneity occurs e.g. when resources using different systems for content description are searched using a simple query system. This report describes several approaches of handling semantic heterogeneity used in projects of the German Social Science Information Centre

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Abstract

Eine wichtige Aufgabe der Informationsverarbeitung als fachbezogene Informatik besteht darin, die neue Entwicklung der Informationstechnologie zu verfolgen, sich damit auseinanderzusetzen, inwieweit diese Entwicklung die Forschung sowie die Anwendung in der Geisteswissenschaft unterstützen kann, und die daraus entstandenen Konzepte zu realisieren. Das im Jahre 1999 veröffentlichte Nachrichtenaustauschprotokoll SOAP (Abkürzung für Simple Object Access Protocol) entstand vor dem Hintergrund der schnellen Entwicklung der Vernetzung besonders des Internets. In den letzten Jahren hat SOAP große Aufmerksamkeit auf sich gezogen, weil man mit SOAP einige Beschränkungen der vorhandenen Techniken überwinden kann und damit die Leistungsfähigkeit der Software sowie Anwendung wesentlich verbessern kann. Ziel der Magisterarbeit liegt darin, einerseits theoretisch über die Möglichkeit des Einsetzens von SOAP in der Bibliotheksanwendung zu untersuchen, andererseits das Ergebnis der theoretischen Untersuchung in die Praxis umzusetzen, d.h. das Konzept eines Bibliotheksanwendungssystems mit dem Einsatz von SOAP zusammenzustellen und es zu realisieren. SOAP ist ein Nachrichtenprotokoll, das die Kommunikationen zwischen entfernten Systemen unterstützt. In der Arbeit wird durch eine theoretische Untersuchung gezeigt, dass SOAP sich besonders gut für die in der stark heterogenen Umgebung wie Internet verteilte Anwendung eignet. Eine der häufig von dem Bibliotheksystem über das Internet angebotenen verteilten Anwendungen ist der verteilte OPAC. Ein verteilter OPAC bietet eine verteilte Suche in mehreren Bibliothekssystemen an. Die meisten bisherigen Bibliothekssysteme realisieren die verteilte Suche vorwiegend mit der Unterstützung des Protokolls Z39.50. Durch die theoretische Untersuchung ist es zu sehen, dass mit dem Einsatz von SOAP einerseits der Arbeitsaufwand in der Realisierung bzw. die Verwaltung des Systems verglichen mit dem Z39.50 reduziert, andererseits die Funktionalität des Systems stark erweitert wird, dass eine Zusammenarbeit des Bibliothekssystems mit den Systemen anderer Bereiche leicht realisiert werden kann. Als praktisches Projekt der Magisterarbeit wird ein System der verteilten OPACs mit SOAP als Nachrichtenaustauschprotokoll entwickelt.

Content

Überblick über die Kapitel In Kapitel l. Simple Object Acces Protocol (SOAP) wird zuerst der Hintergrund der Entwicklung von SOAP untersucht. Mit einer kurzen Vorstellung der Entwicklung von verteilter Anwendung bis Web Service wird die Situation dargestellt, dass die vorhandenen Standards wie CORBA, DCOM sowie RMI die Ansprüche der stark heterogenen Umgebung wie Internet nicht erfüllen können. Um diesen Mangel der vorhandenen Lösungen zu überwinden, wurde SOAP mit dem Ziel der Unterstützung des plattformenunabhängigen Nachrichtenaustausches entwickelt. Anschließend wird der Begriff Web Service eingeführt, mit dem SOAP stark verbunden ist. Dabei wird über die Möglichkeit des Einsatzes von SOAP in den Bibliothekssystemen diskutiert. Schließlich wird SOAP durch unterschiedliche Aspekte wie SOAP und XML, SOAP Nachricht, Fehler Behandlung usw. untersucht. In Kapitel 3. Die durch Internet erweiterte Bibliothek wird die Beziehung zwischen dem Internet und der Bibliothek aus zwei Sichten, die verteilte Suche und Metadaten, beschrieben. In dem Teil über die verteilte Suche wird vorwiegend das Protokoll Z39.50, womit die bisherigen verteilten Bibliothekssysteme realisiert werden, dargestellt. In dem Teil der Metadaten wird sich zuerst mit der Bedeutung der Metadaten für die Bibliothek sowie für das Internet auseinandergesetzt. Anschließend wird über die existierenden Probleme der Metadaten und die Lösungsmöglichkeiten diskutiert. Schließlich wird eine Untersuchung einiger Metadatenstandards mit Dublin Core als Schwerpunkt durchgeführt, weil Dublin Core zur Zeit der Standard für das Internet und aus diesem Grund auch fir die Internet bezogene Bibliotheksanwendung wichtig ist. In Kapitel 4. Die Entwicklung eines verteilten Bibliothekssystems mit dem SOAP-Einsatz wird die Entwicklung des praktischen Projektes beschrieben. Zuerst wird das Ziel und die Funktionalität des Projektes festgelegt, dass ein verteiltes Bibliothekssystem mit dem Einsatz von SOAP entwickelt wird und das System eine verteilte Suche auf mehreren entfernten Bibliotheksdatenbanken ermöglichen soll. Anschließend wird beschrieben, in welchen Schritten das System entworfen und implementiert wird. Mit dem ersten System kann man nur in einer Datenbank suchen, während man mit dem zweiten System parallel in zwei Datenbanken suchen kann. Dublin Core wird als der Metadatenstandard im gesamten System eingesetzt. Die im System verwendeten Softwarepakete und die Softwarestandardtechnologien werden vorgestellt. Es wird untersucht, wie einzelne technische Komponenten zusammenarbeiten. Schließlich wird die Entwicklung der einzelnen Programmmodule und die Kommunikation zwischen ihnen beschrieben.

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Content

Enthält die Beiträge: Devadason, F.J., N. Intaraksa u. P. Patamawongjariya u.a.: Faceted indexing application for organizing and accessing internet resources; Nicholson, D., S. Wake: HILT: subject retrieval in a distributed environment; Olson, T.: Integrating LCSH and MeSH in information systems; Kuhr, P.S.: Putting the world back together: mapping multiple vocabularies into a single thesaurus; Freyre, E., M. Naudi: MACS : subject access across languages and networks; McIlwaine, I.C.: The UDC and the World Wide Web; Garrison, W.A.: The Colorado Digitization Project: subject access issues; Vizine-Goetz, D., R. Thompson: Towards DDC-classified displays of Netfirst search results: subject access issues; Godby, C.J., J. Stuler: The Library of Congress Classification as a knowledge base for automatic subject categorization: subject access issues; O'Neill, E.T., E. Childress u. R. Dean u.a.: FAST: faceted application of subject terminology; Bean, C.A., R. Green: Improving subject retrieval with frame representation; Zeng, M.L., Y. Chen: Features of an integrated thesaurus management and search system for the networked environment; Hudon, M.: Subject access to Web resources in education; Qin, J., J. Chen: A multi-layered, multi-dimensional representation of digital educational resources; Riesthuis, G.J.A.: Information languages and multilingual subject access; Geisselmann, F.: Access methods in a database of e-journals; Beghtol, C.: The Iter Bibliography: International standard subject access to medieval and renaissance materials (400-1700); Slavic, A.: General library classification in learning material metadata: the application in IMS/LOM and CDMES metadata schemas; Cordeiro, M.I.: From library authority control to network authoritative metadata sources; Koch, T., H. Neuroth u. M. Day: Renardus: Cross-browsing European subject gateways via a common classification system (DDC); Olson, H.A., D.B. Ward: Mundane standards, everyday technologies, equitable access; Burke, M.A.: Personal Construct Theory as a research tool in Library and Information Science: case study: development of a user-driven classification of photographs

Footnote

Rez. in: KO 31(2004) no.2, S.117-118 (D. Campbell): "This excellent volume offers 22 papers delivered at an IFLA Satellite meeting in Dublin Ohio in 2001. The conference gathered together information and computer scientists to discuss an important and difficult question: in what specific ways can the accumulated skills, theories and traditions of librarianship be mobilized to face the challenges of providing subject access to information in present and future networked information environments? The papers which grapple with this question are organized in a surprisingly deft and coherent way. Many conferences and proceedings have unhappy sessions that contain a hodge-podge of papers that didn't quite fit any other categories. As befits a good classificationist, editor I.C. McIlwaine has kept this problem to a minimum. The papers are organized into eight sessions, which split into two broad categories. The first five sessions deal with subject domains, and the last three deal with subject access tools. The five sessions and thirteen papers that discuss access in different domains appear in order of in creasing intension. The first papers deal with access in multilingual environments, followed by papers an access across multiple vocabularies and across sectors, ending up with studies of domain-specific retrieval (primarily education). Some of the papers offer predictably strong work by scholars engaged in ongoing, long-term research. Gerard Riesthuis offers a clear analysis of the complexities of negotiating non-identical thesauri, particularly in cases where hierarchical structure varies across different languages. Hope Olson and Dennis Ward use Olson's familiar and welcome method of using provocative and unconventional theory to generate meliorative approaches to blas in general subject access schemes. Many papers, an the other hand, deal with specific ongoing projects: Renardus, The High Level Thesaurus Project, The Colorado Digitization Project and The Iter Bibliography for medieval and Renaissance material. Most of these papers display a similar structure: an explanation of the theory and purpose of the project, an account of problems encountered in the implementation, and a discussion of the results, both promising and disappointing, thus far. Of these papers, the account of the Multilanguage Access to Subjects Project in Europe (MACS) deserves special mention. In describing how the project is founded an the principle of the equality of languages, with each subject heading language maintained in its own database, and with no single language used as a pivot for the others, Elisabeth Freyre and Max Naudi offer a particularly vivid example of the way the ethics of librarianship translate into pragmatic contexts and concrete procedures. The three sessions and nine papers devoted to subject access tools split into two kinds: papers that discuss the use of theory and research to generate new tools for a networked environment, and those that discuss the transformation of traditional subject access tools in this environment. In the new tool development area, Mary Burke provides a promising example of the bidirectional approach that is so often necessary: in her case study of user-driven classification of photographs, she user personal construct theory to clarify the practice of classification, while at the same time using practice to test the theory. Carol Bean and Rebecca Green offer an intriguing combination of librarianship and computer science, importing frame representation technique from artificial intelligence to standardize syntagmatic relationships to enhance recall and precision.