Literatur zur Informationserschließung

Diese Datenbank enthält über 40.000 Dokumente zu Themen aus den Bereichen Formalerschließung – Inhaltserschließung – Information Retrieval.

© 2015 W. Gödert, TH Köln, Institut für Informationswissenschaft / Powered by litecat, BIS Oldenburg (Stand: 04. Juni 2021)

Suchergebnisse

• 1
  Wolfangel, E.: DeepMind will Problem der Proteinfaltung gelöst haben.[30.11.2020].
  In: https://www.spektrum.de/news/deepmind-will-problem-der-proteinfaltung-geloest-haben/1802324?utm_source=pocket-newtab-global-de-DE.
  
  Abstract: Welche Struktur hat ein Protein? An dieser Frage beißen sich Biologen seit Jahrzehnten die Zähne aus. Nun hat eine künstliche Intelligenz sensationell gute Resultate erzielt.
  
  Wissenschaftsfach: Informatik ; Molekularbiologie
  Objekt: DeepMind
  
  
• 2
  Jaeger, L.: ¬Die gefährlichen Ideologen von Silicon Valley : Technologische Allmachtsphantasien.
  In: Open Password. 2019, Nr.544 vom 10. April 2019 [https://www.password-online.de/?wysija-page=1&controller=email&action=view&email_id=679&wysijap=subscriptions&user_id=1045].
  
  Abstract: In den 1970er-Jahren gelang den Biologen ein bedeutender Durchbruch: Die Entdeckung so genannter Restriktionsenzyme versetzte sie in die Lage, "Gen-Transplantationen" durchzuführen. Es war die Geburtsstunde der Gentechnik. Künstliche Gene produzierten bestimmte Proteine, mit denen sich menschliche Krankheiten behandeln ließen. Mit dieser Form des "genetischen Engineering" erregten die Biowissenschaften mit einem Schlag die Phantasie und das Interesse der Unternehmer. Ein Pionier dieser Entwicklung war der Molekularbiologie Herbert Boyer. Dieser traf sich 1976 mit dem Manager und Finanzinvestor Robert Swanson, um ihm seine Ergebnisse zu erläutern. Gemeinsam gründeten sie ein Unternehmen, das die Forschungsergebnisse Boyers in konkrete medizinische Produkte umsetzen sollte. Südlich von San Francisco, dort, wo zeitgleich zahlreiche neue Computerfirmen entstanden, entstand das Unternehmen "Genentech". 1982 brachte Genentech mit Insulin das erste gentechnisch hergestellte Medikament auf den Markt. Swanson und Boyer verkauften ihr Unternehmen 1990 für 2,1 Milliarden US-Dollar an das Schweizer Pharmaunternehmen Hoffmann-La Roche. Damit war Boyer zum ersten Wissenschaftsmilliardär der Geschichte aufgestiegen.
  
  Wissenschaftsfach: Molekularbiologie ; Informationstechnik
  
  
• 3
  Zhao, D. ; Strotmann, A.: Counting first, last, or all authors in citation analysis : a comprehensive comparison in the highly collaborative stem cell research field.
  In: Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 62(2011) no.4, S.654-676.
  
  Abstract: How can citation analysis take into account the highly collaborative nature and unique research and publication culture of biomedical research fields? This study explores this question by introducing last-author citation counting and comparing it with traditional first-author counting and theoretically optimal all-author counting in the stem cell research field for the years 2004-2009. For citation ranking, last-author counting, which is directly supported by Scopus but not by ISI databases, appears to approximate all-author counting quite well in a field where heads of research labs are traditionally listed as last authors; however, first author counting does not. For field mapping, we find that author co-citation analyses based on different counting methods all produce similar overall intellectual structures of a research field, but detailed structures and minor specialties revealed differ to various degrees and thus require great caution to interpret. This is true especially when authors are selected into the analysis based on citedness, because author selection is found to have a greater effect on mapping results than does choice of co-citation counting method. Findings are based on a comprehensive, high-quality dataset extracted in several steps from PubMed and Scopus and subjected to automatic reference and author name disambiguation.
  
  Themenfeld: Informetrie
  Wissenschaftsfach: Molekularbiologie
  
  
• 4
  Urbain, J. ; Goharian, N. ; Frieder, O.: Probabilistic passage models for semantic search of genomics literature.
  In: Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 59(2008) no.12, S.2008-2023.
  
  Abstract: We explore unsupervised learning techniques for extracting semantic information about biomedical concepts and topics, and introduce a passage retrieval model for using these semantics in context to improve genomics literature search. Our contributions include a new passage retrieval model based on an undirected graphical model (Markov Random Fields), and new methods for modeling passage-concepts, document-topics, and passage-terms as potential functions within the model. Each potential function includes distributional evidence to disambiguate topics, concepts, and terms in context. The joint distribution across potential functions in the graph represents the probability of a passage being relevant to a biologist's information need. Relevance ranking within each potential function simplifies normalization across potential functions and eliminates the need for tuning of passage retrieval model parameters. Our dimensional indexing model facilitates efficient aggregation of topic, concept, and term distributions. The proposed passage-retrieval model improves search results in the presence of varying levels of semantic evidence, outperforming models of query terms, concepts, or document topics alone. Our results exceed the state-of-the-art for automatic document retrieval by 14.46% (0.3554 vs. 0.3105) and passage retrieval by 15.57% (0.1128 vs. 0.0976) as assessed by the TREC 2007 Genomics Track, and automatic document retrieval by 18.56% (0.3424 vs. 0.2888) as assessed by the TREC 2005 Genomics Track. Automatic document retrieval results for TREC 2007 and TREC 2005 are statistically significant at the 95% confidence level (p = .0359 and .0253, respectively). Passage retrieval is significant at the 90% confidence level (p = 0.0893).
  
  Themenfeld: Retrievalalgorithmen
  Wissenschaftsfach: Molekularbiologie
  
  
• 5
  Daizadeh, I.: ¬An example of information management in biology : qualitative data economizing theory applied to the Human Genome Project databases.
  In: Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 57(2006) no.2, S.244-250.
  
  Abstract: Ironically, although much work has been done an elucidating algorithms for enabling scientists to efficiently retrieve relevant information from the glut of data derived from the efforts of the Human Genome Project and other similar projects, little has been performed an optimizing the levels of data economy across databases. One technique to qualify the degree of data economization is that constructed by Boisot. Boisot's Information Space (I-Space) takes into account the degree to which data are written (codification), the degree to which the data can be understood (abstraction), and the degree to which the data are effectively communicated to an audience (diffusion). A data system is said to be more data economical if it is relatively high in these dimensions. Application of the approach to entries in two popular, publicly available biological data repositories, the Protein DataBank (PDB) and GenBank, leads to the recommendation that PDB increases its level of abstraction through establishing a larger set of detailed keywords, diffusion through constructing hyperlinks to other databases, and codification through constructing additional subsections. With these recommendations in place, PDB would achieve the greater data economies currently enjoyed by GenBank. A discussion of the limitations of the approach is presented.
  
  Wissenschaftsfach: Molekularbiologie
  
  
• 6
  Vaughan, L. ; Shaw, D.: Web citation data for impact assessment : a comparison of four science disciplines.
  In: Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 56(2005) no.10, S.1075-1087.
  
  Abstract: The number and type of Web citations to journal articles in four areas of science are examined: biology, genetics, medicine, and multidisciplinary sciences. For a sample of 5,972 articles published in 114 journals, the median Web citation counts per journal article range from 6.2 in medicine to 10.4 in genetics. About 30% of Web citations in each area indicate intellectual impact (citations from articles or class readings, in contrast to citations from bibliographic services or the author's or journal's home page). Journals receiving more Web citations also have higher percentages of citations indicating intellectual impact. There is significant correlation between the number of citations reported in the databases from the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI, now Thomson Scientific) and the number of citations retrieved using the Google search engine (Web citations). The correlation is much weaker for journals published outside the United Kingdom or United States and for multidisciplinary journals. Web citation numbers are higher than ISI citation counts, suggesting that Web searches might be conducted for an earlier or a more fine-grained assessment of an article's impact. The Web-evident impact of non-UK/USA publications might provide a balance to the geographic or cultural biases observed in ISI's data, although the stability of Web citation counts is debatable.
  
  Themenfeld: Informetrie ; Citation indexing ; Internet
  Wissenschaftsfach: Biologie ; Medizin ; Molekularbiologie
  
  
• 7
  Toldo, L. ; Rippmann, F.: Integrated bioinformatics application for automated target discovery..
  In: Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 56(2005) no.5, S.483-492.
  
  Abstract: In this article we present an in silico method that automatically assigns putative functions to DNA sequences. The annotations are at an increasingly conceptual level, up to identifying general biomedical fields to which the sequences could contribute. This bioinformatics data-mining system makes substantial use of several resources: a locally stored MEDLINE® database; a manually built classification system; the MeSH® taxonomy; relational technology; and bioinformatics methods. Knowledge is generated from various data sources by using well-defined semantics, and by exploiting direct links between them. A two-dimensional Concept Map(TM) displays the knowledge graph, which allows causal connections to be followed. The use of this method has been valuable and has saved considerable time in our in-house projects, and can be generally exploited for any sequence-annotation or knowledge-condensation task.
  
  Anmerkung: Beitrag in einem special issue on bioinformatics
  
  Wissenschaftsfach: Molekularbiologie
  
  
• 8
  Brown, C.: ¬The changing face of scientific discourse : analysis of genomic and proteomic database usage and acceptance.
  In: Journal of the American Society for Information Science and technology. 54(2003) no.10, S.926-938.
  
  Abstract: The explosion of the field of molecular biology is paralleled by the growth in usage and acceptance of Webbased genomic and proteomic databases (GPD) such as GenBank and Protein Data Bank in the scholarly communication of scientists. Surveys, case studies, analysis of bibliographic records from Medline and CAPIus, and examination of "Instructions to Authors" sections of molecular biology journals all confirm the integral role of GPD in the scientific literature cycle. Over the past 20 years the place of GPD in the culture of molecular biologists was observed to move from tacit implication to explicit knowledge. Originally journals suggested deposition of data in GDP but by the Iate 1980s, the majority of journals mandated deposition of data for a manuscript to be accepted for publication. A surge subsequently occurred in the number of articles retrievable from Medline and CAPIus using the keyword "GenBank." GPD were not found to a new form of publication, but rather a fundamental storage and retrieval mechanism for vast amounts of molecular biology information that support the creation of scientific intellectual property. For science to continue to advance, scientists unequivocally agreed that GDP must remain free of peer-review and available at no charge to the public. The results suggest that the existing models of scientific communication should be updated to incorporate GDP data deposition into the current continuum of scientific communication.
  
  Wissenschaftsfach: Molekularbiologie
  
  
• 9
  Benoit, G.: Data discretization for novel relationship discovery in information retrieval.
  In: Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 53(2002) no.9, S.736-746.
  
  Abstract: A sample of 600 Dialog and Swiss-Prot full text records in genetics and molecular biology were parsed and term frequencies calculated to provide data for a test of Benoit's visualization model for retrieval. A retrieved set is displayed graphically allowing for manipulation of document and concept relationships in real time, which hopefully will reveal unanticipated relationships.
  
  Themenfeld: Computerlinguistik
  Wissenschaftsfach: Molekularbiologie
  
  
• 10
  Noy, N.F.: Knowledge representation for intelligent information retrieval in experimental sciences.
  Boston, MA : Northeastern University, 1997. V, 308 S.
  
  Abstract: More and more information is available on-line every day. The greater the amount of on-line information, the greater the demand for tools that process and disseminate this information. Processing electronic information in the form of text and answering users' queries about that information intelligently is one of the great challenges in natural language processing and information retrieval. The research presented in this talk is centered on the latter of these two tasks: intelligent information retrieval. In order for information to be retrieved, it first needs to be formalized in a database or knowledge base. The ontology for this formalization and assumptions it is based on are crucial to successful intelligent information retrieval. We have concentrated our effort on developing an ontology for representing knowledge in the domains of experimental sciences, molecular biology in particular. We show that existing ontological models cannot be readily applied to represent this domain adequately. For example, the fundamental notion of ontology design that every "real" object is defined as an instance of a category seems incompatible with the universe where objects can change their category as a result of experimental procedures. Another important problem is representing complex structures such as DNA, mixtures, populations of molecules, etc., that are very common in molecular biology. We present extensions that need to be made to an ontology to cover these issues: the representation of transformations that change the structure and/or category of their participants, and the component relations and spatial structures of complex objects. We demonstrate examples of how the proposed representations can be used to improve the quality and completeness of answers to user queries; discuss techniques for evaluating ontologies and show a prototype of an Information Retrieval System that we developed.
  
  Inhalt: Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Computer Science in the College of Computer Science at Northeastern University, Boston, MA. Vgl.: http://www.stanford.edu/~natalya/papers/Thesis.pdf.
  
  Themenfeld: Wissensrepräsentation
  Wissenschaftsfach: Mikrobiologie ; Molekularbiologie
  
  
• 11
  Timm, A.: Fachinformation in den Bereichen Gentechnologie und Molekularbiologie am Beispiel ausgewählter Datenbanken und Dienstleistungen im World Wide Web.
  Köln : Fachhochschule, Fachbereich Bibliotheks- und Informationswesen, 1996. 97 S.
  
  Anmerkung: Hausarbeit zur Prüfung für den höheren Bibliotheksdienst; Frühjahr 1997
  
  Themenfeld: Internet
  Wissenschaftsfach: Molekularbiologie
  
  
• 12
  Bertrand, U.: ¬Die Modellbauer oder : der Glaube an die Macht der Gene.
  In: Wechselwirkung. 17(1995) H.1, S.53-58.
  
  Abstract: Die Technisierung des Lebens schreitet voran. Einen wesentlichen Anteil daran hat der wachsende Einfluß der Informatik auf die Biotechnologie, die den menschlichen Körper zu einem 'informationsverarbeitenden System' stilisiert. Nach diesem Modell kann das Leben einfach umprogrammiert und das Schicksal eines Menschen vorhergesagt werden. Konstruktivistische Wissenschaftskritik zeigt die gesellschaftliche Prägung naturwissenschaftlicher Erkenntnis und kann so z.B. Biologismen offenlegen. Der Konstruktivismus kann aber in eine Teufelskreis führen, solange man Modelle mit anderen (neuen) Modellen kritisiert. Dies wird im folgenden anhand des genetischen Codes aus einer feministischen Perspektive gezeigt
  
  Themenfeld: Information
  Wissenschaftsfach: Molekularbiologie
  
  
• 13
  ISI atlas of science : Biochemistry and molecular biology; including minireviews of 102 research front specialties.1978/80.
  Philadelphia, PA : Institute for Scientific Information, 1981.
  
  Anmerkung: Daneben: ISI atlas of science mit den Unterreihen: (1) Biochemistry, 1(1988); (2) Immunology 1-2(1987-88); (3) Pharmacology 1(1988). - Vgl. dazu Kap.8 'Mapping the structure of science' in Garfield, E.: Citation indexing: its theory and application in science, technology, and humanities
  
  Wissenschaftsfach: Biochemie ; Molekularbiologie
  
  
• 14
  
  
  
  Wissenschaftsfach: Biologie s. auch Molekularbiologie