Document (#28769)

Author

Glänzel, W.
Debackere, K.

Title

Messen von Wissenschaftlicher Kommunikation und Forschungsleistung : Möglichkeiten und Beschränkungen bibliometrischer Methoden

Source

Mitteilungen der Vereinigung Österreichischer Bibliothekarinnen und Bibliothekare. 58(2005) H.2, S.9-20

Year

2005

Abstract

In den letzten drei Jahrzehnten hat sich die Bibliometrie (auch Szientometrie genannt) zu einem komplexen Forschungs- und Dienstleistungsgebiet entwickelt. Ergebnisse bibliometrischer Studien haben längst Eingang gefunden in Wissenschaftspolitik und Forschungsmanagement. Allerdings haben sich betreffend der Aufgabe und Funktion der Bibliometrie auch hartnäckig Vorurteile und Mißverständnisse gehalten. Zu diesen gehören Meinungen wie z. B., daß methodische Forschung auf diesem Gebiet unnötig sei und daß Bibliometriker ihre Aktivitäten besser auf den praxisorientierte Einsatz und auf die Erarbeitung leicht verständlicher Guidelines für den Umgang mit ihren Indikatoren konzentrieren sollten. Trotz derverbreiteten Auffassung, daß Bibliometrie lediglich ein Hilfsmittel im Dienste der Wissenschaftspolitik sei, haben Bibliometriker durch ihre Forschung gezeigt, daß sich ihre Disziplin zu einem vielseitigem interdisziplinären Fachgebiet mit eigenen Teilbereichen entwickelt hat: Die strukturelle Szientometrie beschäftigt sich mit der epistemologischen Struktur der Wissenschaft, die dynamische Szientometrie brachte z. B. Modelle des Wachstums der Wissenschaft, der Alterung von Information und der Zitationsprozesse hervor; die evaluative Szientometrie entwickelte schließlich Indikatoren zum Messen und zur Evaluation von Forschungsleistung. Obwohl sich im letztgenannten Bereich ein Anwendungsschwerpunkt herauskristallisiert hat, sollte hierbei noch ein letztes Mißverständins ausgeräumt werden: Bibliometrie kann zwar zur Entwicklung von Methoden für die Forschungsevaluation genutzt werden; es kann aber nicht Aufgabe der Bibliometrie sein, Forschungsergebnisse zu beurteilen. Darüber hinaus hat Bibliometrie auch nicht zum Ziel, qualitative Methoden durch quantitative Verfahren, also im besonderen peer reviews oder Gutachten von Experten durch indikatorbasierte Evaluationen zu ersetzen; qualitative Methoden und Bibliometrie sollten einander stets ergänzen. Im folgenden wollen wir zunächst kurz die Struktur der gegenwärtigen bibliometrischen Forschung abreißen und dann die Möglichkeiten und Beschränkungen bibliometrischer Methoden diskutieren.

Content

"Struktur der Bibliometrie: Bibliometrie hat drei große Zielgruppen, die direkt oder indirekt das Profil der gegenwärtigen bibliometrischen Forschung mitbestimmen. 1. Bibliometrie für Bibliometriker (Methodik) Das ist die Domäne der bibliometrischen "Grundlagenforschung". Die methodische Forschung erfolgt zumeist in diesem Bereich. 2. Bibliometrie für Wissenschaftsgebiete (Wissenschaftsinformation) Dieser Bereich wird durch eine große aber sehr heterogene Interessengruppe repräsentiert. Infolge der primären Orientierung der Fachwissenschaftler sind deren Interessen stark auf ihr eigenes Gebiet ausgerichtet. Dieser Bereich läßt sich vielleicht am ehesten als Erweiterung der Wissenschaftsinformation mit metrischen Mitteln beschreiben. Hier finden wir auch das Grenzgebiet zu quantitativen Aspekten des Information Retrievals. 3. Bibliometrie für Wissenschaftspolitik (Wissenschaftspolitik) Dieser Bereich ist gegenwärtig der wichtigste in der Bibliometrie. Hier stehen nationale, regionale und institutionelle Strukturen in der Wissenschaft und die vergleichende Untersuchung und die Evaluation der Forschungsleistung auf diesen Aggregationsebenen im Vordergrund."

Theme

Informetrie

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