Document (#33179)

Author

Cohen, D.J.

Title

From Babel to knowledge : data mining large digital collections

Source

D-Lib magazine. 12(2006) no.3, x S

Year

2006

Abstract

In Jorge Luis Borges's curious short story The Library of Babel, the narrator describes an endless collection of books stored from floor to ceiling in a labyrinth of countless hexagonal rooms. The pages of the library's books seem to contain random sequences of letters and spaces; occasionally a few intelligible words emerge in the sea of paper and ink. Nevertheless, readers diligently, and exasperatingly, scan the shelves for coherent passages. The narrator himself has wandered numerous rooms in search of enlightenment, but with resignation he simply awaits his death and burial - which Borges explains (with signature dark humor) consists of being tossed unceremoniously over the library's banister. Borges's nightmare, of course, is a cursed vision of the research methods of disciplines such as literature, history, and philosophy, where the careful reading of books, one after the other, is supposed to lead inexorably to knowledge and understanding. Computer scientists would approach Borges's library far differently. Employing the information theory that forms the basis for search engines and other computerized techniques for assessing in one fell swoop large masses of documents, they would quickly realize the collection's incoherence though sampling and statistical methods - and wisely start looking for the library's exit. These computational methods, which allow us to find patterns, determine relationships, categorize documents, and extract information from massive corpuses, will form the basis for new tools for research in the humanities and other disciplines in the coming decade. For the past three years I have been experimenting with how to provide such end-user tools - that is, tools that harness the power of vast electronic collections while hiding much of their complicated technical plumbing. In particular, I have made extensive use of the application programming interfaces (APIs) the leading search engines provide for programmers to query their databases directly (from server to server without using their web interfaces). In addition, I have explored how one might extract information from large digital collections, from the well-curated lexicographic database WordNet to the democratic (and poorly curated) online reference work Wikipedia. While processing these digital corpuses is currently an imperfect science, even now useful tools can be created by combining various collections and methods for searching and analyzing them. And more importantly, these nascent services suggest a future in which information can be gleaned from, and sense can be made out of, even imperfect digital libraries of enormous scale. A brief examination of two approaches to data mining large digital collections hints at this future, while also providing some lessons about how to get there.

Content

Vgl. Syllabus Finder unter: http://chnm.gmu.edu/tools/syllabi/

Footnote

Vgl.: http://dlib.ukoln.ac.uk/dlib/march06/cohen/03cohen.html.

Theme

Data Mining

Object

Syllabus Finder

Similar documents (author)

1. Cohen, W.W.: ¬The whirl approach to information integration (1998) 5.50

   5.504072 = sum of:
     5.504072 = weight(author_txt:cohen in 5639) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       5.504072 = fieldWeight in 5639, product of:
         1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
           1.0 = termFreq=1.0
         8.806516 = idf(docFreq=17, maxDocs=44218)
         0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=5639)
   

2. Cohen, J.: ¬The hermeneutics of the reference question (1993) 5.50

   5.504072 = sum of:
     5.504072 = weight(author_txt:cohen in 7428) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       5.504072 = fieldWeight in 7428, product of:
         1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
           1.0 = termFreq=1.0
         8.806516 = idf(docFreq=17, maxDocs=44218)
         0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=7428)
   

3. Cohen, J.D.: Highlights: language- and domain-independent automatic indexing terms for abstracting (1995) 5.50

   5.504072 = sum of:
     5.504072 = weight(author_txt:cohen in 1793) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       5.504072 = fieldWeight in 1793, product of:
         1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
           1.0 = termFreq=1.0
         8.806516 = idf(docFreq=17, maxDocs=44218)
         0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=1793)
   

4. Cohen, P.: Different approaches to quality (1996) 5.50

   5.504072 = sum of:
     5.504072 = weight(author_txt:cohen in 7290) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       5.504072 = fieldWeight in 7290, product of:
         1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
           1.0 = termFreq=1.0
         8.806516 = idf(docFreq=17, maxDocs=44218)
         0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=7290)
   

5. Cohen, J.D.: Massive query resolution for rapid selective dissemination of information (1999) 5.50

   5.504072 = sum of:
     5.504072 = weight(author_txt:cohen in 3054) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       5.504072 = fieldWeight in 3054, product of:
         1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
           1.0 = termFreq=1.0
         8.806516 = idf(docFreq=17, maxDocs=44218)
         0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=3054)
   

Similar documents (content)

1. Gentili-Tedeschi, M.: Music presentation format : toward a cataloging babel? (2015) 0.22

   0.21549863 = sum of:
     0.21549863 = product of:
       1.3468665 = sum of:
         0.043764576 = weight(abstract_txt:even in 1885) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.043764576 = score(doc=1885,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.10984608 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0454654 = boost
               5.0997415 = idf(docFreq=732, maxDocs=44218)
               0.020602824 = queryNorm
             0.3984173 = fieldWeight in 1885, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.0997415 = idf(docFreq=732, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1885)
         0.021596383 = weight(abstract_txt:other in 1885) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.021596383 = score(doc=1885,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.078521244 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0825715 = boost
               3.5204957 = idf(docFreq=3555, maxDocs=44218)
               0.020602824 = queryNorm
             0.27503872 = fieldWeight in 1885, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.5204957 = idf(docFreq=3555, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1885)
         0.04334026 = weight(abstract_txt:while in 1885) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.04334026 = score(doc=1885,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.124928296 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3655053 = boost
               4.44059 = idf(docFreq=1416, maxDocs=44218)
               0.020602824 = queryNorm
             0.3469211 = fieldWeight in 1885, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.44059 = idf(docFreq=1416, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1885)
         1.2381653 = weight(title_txt:babel in 1885) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           1.2381653 = score(doc=1885,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.3584217 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.8884892 = boost
               9.211981 = idf(docFreq=11, maxDocs=44218)
               0.020602824 = queryNorm
             3.4544928 = fieldWeight in 1885, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               9.211981 = idf(docFreq=11, maxDocs=44218)
               0.375 = fieldNorm(doc=1885)
       0.16 = coord(4/25)
   

2. Zuccala, A.; Thelwall, M.; Oppenheim, C.; Dhiensa, R.: Web intelligence analyses of digital libraries : a case study of the National electronic Library for Health (NeLH) (2007) 0.19

   0.18522564 = sum of:
     0.18522564 = product of:
       0.46306407 = sum of:
         0.026258748 = weight(abstract_txt:even in 838) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.026258748 = score(doc=838,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.10984608 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0454654 = boost
               5.0997415 = idf(docFreq=732, maxDocs=44218)
               0.020602824 = queryNorm
             0.23905039 = fieldWeight in 838, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.0997415 = idf(docFreq=732, maxDocs=44218)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=838)
         0.02950236 = weight(abstract_txt:engines in 838) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.02950236 = score(doc=838,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.11871523 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0868524 = boost
               5.3016257 = idf(docFreq=598, maxDocs=44218)
               0.020602824 = queryNorm
             0.2485137 = fieldWeight in 838, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.3016257 = idf(docFreq=598, maxDocs=44218)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=838)
         0.020558223 = weight(abstract_txt:search in 838) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.020558223 = score(doc=838,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.08477726 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1248709 = boost
               3.6580524 = idf(docFreq=3098, maxDocs=44218)
               0.020602824 = queryNorm
             0.24249691 = fieldWeight in 838, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               3.6580524 = idf(docFreq=3098, maxDocs=44218)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=838)
         0.043720856 = weight(abstract_txt:server in 838) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.043720856 = score(doc=838,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.15431009 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2391233 = boost
               6.044398 = idf(docFreq=284, maxDocs=44218)
               0.020602824 = queryNorm
             0.28333116 = fieldWeight in 838, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.044398 = idf(docFreq=284, maxDocs=44218)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=838)
         0.08075902 = weight(abstract_txt:mining in 838) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.08075902 = score(doc=838,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.16107278 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2659847 = boost
               6.1754265 = idf(docFreq=249, maxDocs=44218)
               0.020602824 = queryNorm
             0.5013822 = fieldWeight in 838, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               6.1754265 = idf(docFreq=249, maxDocs=44218)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=838)
         0.05684248 = weight(abstract_txt:extract in 838) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.05684248 = score(doc=838,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.18381625 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3524129 = boost
               6.5970206 = idf(docFreq=163, maxDocs=44218)
               0.020602824 = queryNorm
             0.30923533 = fieldWeight in 838, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.5970206 = idf(docFreq=163, maxDocs=44218)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=838)
         0.026004156 = weight(abstract_txt:while in 838) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.026004156 = score(doc=838,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.124928296 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3655053 = boost
               4.44059 = idf(docFreq=1416, maxDocs=44218)
               0.020602824 = queryNorm
             0.20815265 = fieldWeight in 838, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.44059 = idf(docFreq=1416, maxDocs=44218)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=838)
         0.06615909 = weight(abstract_txt:library's in 838) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.06615909 = score(doc=838,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.23282272 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.8641278 = boost
               6.0620975 = idf(docFreq=279, maxDocs=44218)
               0.020602824 = queryNorm
             0.28416082 = fieldWeight in 838, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.0620975 = idf(docFreq=279, maxDocs=44218)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=838)
         0.014630406 = weight(abstract_txt:from in 838) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.014630406 = score(doc=838,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.11292641 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.9831207 = boost
               2.7638826 = idf(docFreq=7577, maxDocs=44218)
               0.020602824 = queryNorm
             0.129557 = fieldWeight in 838, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               2.7638826 = idf(docFreq=7577, maxDocs=44218)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=838)
         0.09862872 = weight(abstract_txt:digital in 838) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.09862872 = score(doc=838,freq=6.0), product of:
             0.19824415 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.220688 = boost
               4.332974 = idf(docFreq=1577, maxDocs=44218)
               0.020602824 = queryNorm
             0.4975114 = fieldWeight in 838, product of:
               2.4494898 = tf(freq=6.0), with freq of:
                 6.0 = termFreq=6.0
               4.332974 = idf(docFreq=1577, maxDocs=44218)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=838)
       0.4 = coord(10/25)
   

3. Crane, G.; Jones, A.: Text, information, knowledge and the evolving record of humanity (2006) 0.18

   0.17630377 = sum of:
     0.17630377 = product of:
       0.33904573 = sum of:
         0.013404846 = weight(abstract_txt:would in 1182) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.013404846 = score(doc=1182,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.100499816 = queryWeight, product of:
               4.877963 = idf(docFreq=914, maxDocs=44218)
               0.020602824 = queryNorm
             0.1333818 = fieldWeight in 1182, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.877963 = idf(docFreq=914, maxDocs=44218)
               0.02734375 = fieldNorm(doc=1182)
         0.02166236 = weight(abstract_txt:even in 1182) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.02166236 = score(doc=1182,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.10984608 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0454654 = boost
               5.0997415 = idf(docFreq=732, maxDocs=44218)
               0.020602824 = queryNorm
             0.1972065 = fieldWeight in 1182, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               5.0997415 = idf(docFreq=732, maxDocs=44218)
               0.02734375 = fieldNorm(doc=1182)
         0.015117467 = weight(abstract_txt:other in 1182) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.015117467 = score(doc=1182,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.078521244 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0825715 = boost
               3.5204957 = idf(docFreq=3555, maxDocs=44218)
               0.020602824 = queryNorm
             0.1925271 = fieldWeight in 1182, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               3.5204957 = idf(docFreq=3555, maxDocs=44218)
               0.02734375 = fieldNorm(doc=1182)
         0.01720971 = weight(abstract_txt:engines in 1182) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.01720971 = score(doc=1182,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.11871523 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0868524 = boost
               5.3016257 = idf(docFreq=598, maxDocs=44218)
               0.020602824 = queryNorm
             0.14496633 = fieldWeight in 1182, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.3016257 = idf(docFreq=598, maxDocs=44218)
               0.02734375 = fieldNorm(doc=1182)
         0.014687504 = weight(abstract_txt:search in 1182) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.014687504 = score(doc=1182,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.08477726 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1248709 = boost
               3.6580524 = idf(docFreq=3098, maxDocs=44218)
               0.020602824 = queryNorm
             0.17324816 = fieldWeight in 1182, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               3.6580524 = idf(docFreq=3098, maxDocs=44218)
               0.02734375 = fieldNorm(doc=1182)
         0.04689265 = weight(abstract_txt:extract in 1182) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.04689265 = score(doc=1182,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.18381625 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3524129 = boost
               6.5970206 = idf(docFreq=163, maxDocs=44218)
               0.020602824 = queryNorm
             0.25510612 = fieldWeight in 1182, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               6.5970206 = idf(docFreq=163, maxDocs=44218)
               0.02734375 = fieldNorm(doc=1182)
         0.026273636 = weight(abstract_txt:while in 1182) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.026273636 = score(doc=1182,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.124928296 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3655053 = boost
               4.44059 = idf(docFreq=1416, maxDocs=44218)
               0.020602824 = queryNorm
             0.21030973 = fieldWeight in 1182, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               4.44059 = idf(docFreq=1416, maxDocs=44218)
               0.02734375 = fieldNorm(doc=1182)
         0.024661079 = weight(abstract_txt:books in 1182) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.024661079 = score(doc=1182,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.1727279 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.6056255 = boost
               5.2214546 = idf(docFreq=648, maxDocs=44218)
               0.020602824 = queryNorm
             0.14277415 = fieldWeight in 1182, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.2214546 = idf(docFreq=648, maxDocs=44218)
               0.02734375 = fieldNorm(doc=1182)
         0.028809255 = weight(abstract_txt:tools in 1182) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.028809255 = score(doc=1182,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.16737042 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.8250371 = boost
               4.451232 = idf(docFreq=1401, maxDocs=44218)
               0.020602824 = queryNorm
             0.1721287 = fieldWeight in 1182, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.451232 = idf(docFreq=1401, maxDocs=44218)
               0.02734375 = fieldNorm(doc=1182)
         0.028864766 = weight(abstract_txt:large in 1182) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.028864766 = score(doc=1182,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.16758536 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.8262086 = boost
               4.454089 = idf(docFreq=1397, maxDocs=44218)
               0.020602824 = queryNorm
             0.17223918 = fieldWeight in 1182, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.454089 = idf(docFreq=1397, maxDocs=44218)
               0.02734375 = fieldNorm(doc=1182)
         0.019083507 = weight(abstract_txt:from in 1182) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.019083507 = score(doc=1182,freq=5.0), product of:
             0.11292641 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.9831207 = boost
               2.7638826 = idf(docFreq=7577, maxDocs=44218)
               0.020602824 = queryNorm
             0.16899066 = fieldWeight in 1182, product of:
               2.236068 = tf(freq=5.0), with freq of:
                 5.0 = termFreq=5.0
               2.7638826 = idf(docFreq=7577, maxDocs=44218)
               0.02734375 = fieldNorm(doc=1182)
         0.052520584 = weight(abstract_txt:digital in 1182) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.052520584 = score(doc=1182,freq=5.0), product of:
             0.19824415 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.220688 = boost
               4.332974 = idf(docFreq=1577, maxDocs=44218)
               0.020602824 = queryNorm
             0.2649288 = fieldWeight in 1182, product of:
               2.236068 = tf(freq=5.0), with freq of:
                 5.0 = termFreq=5.0
               4.332974 = idf(docFreq=1577, maxDocs=44218)
               0.02734375 = fieldNorm(doc=1182)
         0.029858373 = weight(abstract_txt:collections in 1182) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.029858373 = score(doc=1182,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.23263842 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.4056258 = boost
               4.693822 = idf(docFreq=1099, maxDocs=44218)
               0.020602824 = queryNorm
             0.1283467 = fieldWeight in 1182, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.693822 = idf(docFreq=1099, maxDocs=44218)
               0.02734375 = fieldNorm(doc=1182)
       0.52 = coord(13/25)
   

4. Scharnhorst, A.; Smiraglia, R.P.; Guéret, C.; Salah, A.A.A.: Knowledge maps for libraries and archives : uses and use cases (2015) 0.18

   0.17607938 = sum of:
     0.17607938 = product of:
       0.44019842 = sum of:
         0.026184222 = weight(abstract_txt:other in 2304) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.026184222 = score(doc=2304,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.078521244 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0825715 = boost
               3.5204957 = idf(docFreq=3555, maxDocs=44218)
               0.020602824 = queryNorm
             0.3334667 = fieldWeight in 2304, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               3.5204957 = idf(docFreq=3555, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=2304)
         0.05312833 = weight(abstract_txt:interfaces in 2304) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.05312833 = score(doc=2304,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.12584756 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.119025 = boost
               5.4585624 = idf(docFreq=511, maxDocs=44218)
               0.020602824 = queryNorm
             0.42216414 = fieldWeight in 2304, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               5.4585624 = idf(docFreq=511, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=2304)
         0.016959669 = weight(abstract_txt:search in 2304) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.016959669 = score(doc=2304,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.08477726 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1248709 = boost
               3.6580524 = idf(docFreq=3098, maxDocs=44218)
               0.020602824 = queryNorm
             0.20004974 = fieldWeight in 2304, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.6580524 = idf(docFreq=3098, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=2304)
         0.054397278 = weight(abstract_txt:mining in 2304) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.054397278 = score(doc=2304,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.16107278 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2659847 = boost
               6.1754265 = idf(docFreq=249, maxDocs=44218)
               0.020602824 = queryNorm
             0.33771864 = fieldWeight in 2304, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.1754265 = idf(docFreq=249, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=2304)
         0.03294052 = weight(abstract_txt:methods in 2304) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.03294052 = score(doc=2304,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.14525609 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.7001982 = boost
               4.146752 = idf(docFreq=1900, maxDocs=44218)
               0.020602824 = queryNorm
             0.2267755 = fieldWeight in 2304, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.146752 = idf(docFreq=1900, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=2304)
         0.04074244 = weight(abstract_txt:tools in 2304) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.04074244 = score(doc=2304,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.16737042 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.8250371 = boost
               4.451232 = idf(docFreq=1401, maxDocs=44218)
               0.020602824 = queryNorm
             0.24342674 = fieldWeight in 2304, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.451232 = idf(docFreq=1401, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=2304)
         0.040820945 = weight(abstract_txt:large in 2304) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.040820945 = score(doc=2304,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.16758536 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.8262086 = boost
               4.454089 = idf(docFreq=1397, maxDocs=44218)
               0.020602824 = queryNorm
             0.243583 = fieldWeight in 2304, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.454089 = idf(docFreq=1397, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=2304)
         0.024138939 = weight(abstract_txt:from in 2304) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.024138939 = score(doc=2304,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.11292641 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.9831207 = boost
               2.7638826 = idf(docFreq=7577, maxDocs=44218)
               0.020602824 = queryNorm
             0.21375814 = fieldWeight in 2304, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               2.7638826 = idf(docFreq=7577, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=2304)
         0.06643387 = weight(abstract_txt:digital in 2304) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.06643387 = score(doc=2304,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.19824415 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.220688 = boost
               4.332974 = idf(docFreq=1577, maxDocs=44218)
               0.020602824 = queryNorm
             0.33511135 = fieldWeight in 2304, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.332974 = idf(docFreq=1577, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=2304)
         0.08445223 = weight(abstract_txt:collections in 2304) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.08445223 = score(doc=2304,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.23263842 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.4056258 = boost
               4.693822 = idf(docFreq=1099, maxDocs=44218)
               0.020602824 = queryNorm
             0.36301926 = fieldWeight in 2304, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.693822 = idf(docFreq=1099, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=2304)
       0.4 = coord(10/25)
   

5. Dushay, N.: Visualizing bibliographic metadata : a virtual (book) spine viewer (2004) 0.15

   0.14946868 = sum of:
     0.14946868 = product of:
       0.33970153 = sum of:
         0.012216759 = weight(abstract_txt:other in 1197) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.012216759 = score(doc=1197,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.078521244 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0825715 = boost
               3.5204957 = idf(docFreq=3555, maxDocs=44218)
               0.020602824 = queryNorm
             0.1555854 = fieldWeight in 1197, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               3.5204957 = idf(docFreq=3555, maxDocs=44218)
               0.03125 = fieldNorm(doc=1197)
         0.01966824 = weight(abstract_txt:engines in 1197) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.01966824 = score(doc=1197,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.11871523 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0868524 = boost
               5.3016257 = idf(docFreq=598, maxDocs=44218)
               0.020602824 = queryNorm
             0.1656758 = fieldWeight in 1197, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.3016257 = idf(docFreq=598, maxDocs=44218)
               0.03125 = fieldNorm(doc=1197)
         0.03718208 = weight(abstract_txt:interfaces in 1197) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.03718208 = score(doc=1197,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.12584756 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.119025 = boost
               5.4585624 = idf(docFreq=511, maxDocs=44218)
               0.020602824 = queryNorm
             0.29545334 = fieldWeight in 1197, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               5.4585624 = idf(docFreq=511, maxDocs=44218)
               0.03125 = fieldNorm(doc=1197)
         0.009691239 = weight(abstract_txt:search in 1197) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.009691239 = score(doc=1197,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.08477726 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1248709 = boost
               3.6580524 = idf(docFreq=3098, maxDocs=44218)
               0.020602824 = queryNorm
             0.11431414 = fieldWeight in 1197, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.6580524 = idf(docFreq=3098, maxDocs=44218)
               0.03125 = fieldNorm(doc=1197)
         0.030027011 = weight(abstract_txt:while in 1197) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.030027011 = score(doc=1197,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.124928296 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3655053 = boost
               4.44059 = idf(docFreq=1416, maxDocs=44218)
               0.020602824 = queryNorm
             0.24035397 = fieldWeight in 1197, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               4.44059 = idf(docFreq=1416, maxDocs=44218)
               0.03125 = fieldNorm(doc=1197)
         0.02818409 = weight(abstract_txt:books in 1197) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.02818409 = score(doc=1197,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.1727279 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.6056255 = boost
               5.2214546 = idf(docFreq=648, maxDocs=44218)
               0.020602824 = queryNorm
             0.16317046 = fieldWeight in 1197, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.2214546 = idf(docFreq=648, maxDocs=44218)
               0.03125 = fieldNorm(doc=1197)
         0.018823154 = weight(abstract_txt:methods in 1197) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.018823154 = score(doc=1197,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.14525609 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.7001982 = boost
               4.146752 = idf(docFreq=1900, maxDocs=44218)
               0.020602824 = queryNorm
             0.129586 = fieldWeight in 1197, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.146752 = idf(docFreq=1900, maxDocs=44218)
               0.03125 = fieldNorm(doc=1197)
         0.08849666 = weight(abstract_txt:rooms in 1197) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.08849666 = score(doc=1197,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.32355443 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.7942834 = boost
               8.752448 = idf(docFreq=18, maxDocs=44218)
               0.020602824 = queryNorm
             0.273514 = fieldWeight in 1197, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               8.752448 = idf(docFreq=18, maxDocs=44218)
               0.03125 = fieldNorm(doc=1197)
         0.023326254 = weight(abstract_txt:large in 1197) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.023326254 = score(doc=1197,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.16758536 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.8262086 = boost
               4.454089 = idf(docFreq=1397, maxDocs=44218)
               0.020602824 = queryNorm
             0.13919029 = fieldWeight in 1197, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.454089 = idf(docFreq=1397, maxDocs=44218)
               0.03125 = fieldNorm(doc=1197)
         0.03796221 = weight(abstract_txt:digital in 1197) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.03796221 = score(doc=1197,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.19824415 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.220688 = boost
               4.332974 = idf(docFreq=1577, maxDocs=44218)
               0.020602824 = queryNorm
             0.1914922 = fieldWeight in 1197, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.332974 = idf(docFreq=1577, maxDocs=44218)
               0.03125 = fieldNorm(doc=1197)
         0.034123853 = weight(abstract_txt:collections in 1197) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.034123853 = score(doc=1197,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.23263842 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.4056258 = boost
               4.693822 = idf(docFreq=1099, maxDocs=44218)
               0.020602824 = queryNorm
             0.14668193 = fieldWeight in 1197, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.693822 = idf(docFreq=1099, maxDocs=44218)
               0.03125 = fieldNorm(doc=1197)
       0.44 = coord(11/25)