Document (#38008)

Author

Bornmann, L.
Mutz, R.
Daniel, H.-D.

Title

Multilevel-statistical reformulation of citation-based university rankings : the Leiden ranking 2011/2012

Source

Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 64(2013) no.8, S.1649-1658

Year

2013

Abstract

Since the 1990s, with the heightened competition and the strong growth of the international higher education market, an increasing number of rankings have been created that measure the scientific performance of an institution based on data. The Leiden Ranking 2011/2012 (LR) was published early in 2012. Starting from Goldstein and Spiegelhalter's (1996) recommendations for conducting quantitative comparisons among institutions, in this study we undertook a reformulation of the LR by means of multilevel regression models. First, with our models we replicated the ranking results; second, the reanalysis of the LR data showed that only 5% of the PPtop10% total variation is attributable to differences between universities. Beyond that, about 80% of the variation between universities can be explained by differences among countries. If covariates are included in the model the differences among most of the universities become meaningless. Our findings have implications for conducting university rankings in general and for the LR in particular. For example, with Goldstein-adjusted confidence intervals, it is possible to interpret the significance of differences among universities meaningfully: Rank differences among universities should be interpreted as meaningful only if their confidence intervals do not overlap.

Similar documents (author)

1. Bornmann, L.; Mutz, R.; Daniel, H.-D.: Are there better indices for evaluation purposes than the h index? : a comparison of nine different variants of the h index using data from biomedicine (2008) 5.43

   5.427659 = sum of:
     5.427659 = sum of:
       1.3157566 = weight(author_txt:bornmann in 1608) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
         1.3157566 = score(doc=1608,freq=1.0), product of:
           0.4635137 = queryWeight, product of:
             7.5697527 = idf(docFreq=61, maxDocs=44218)
             0.061232343 = queryNorm
           2.8386574 = fieldWeight in 1608, product of:
             1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
               1.0 = termFreq=1.0
             7.5697527 = idf(docFreq=61, maxDocs=44218)
             0.375 = fieldNorm(doc=1608)
       1.6727548 = weight(author_txt:daniel in 1608) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
         1.6727548 = score(doc=1608,freq=1.0), product of:
           0.5439601 = queryWeight, product of:
             1.0833087 = boost
             8.200379 = idf(docFreq=32, maxDocs=44218)
             0.061232343 = queryNorm
           3.0751424 = fieldWeight in 1608, product of:
             1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
               1.0 = termFreq=1.0
             8.200379 = idf(docFreq=32, maxDocs=44218)
             0.375 = fieldNorm(doc=1608)
       2.4391477 = weight(author_txt:mutz in 1608) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
         2.4391477 = score(doc=1608,freq=1.0), product of:
           0.69947296 = queryWeight, product of:
             1.2284406 = boost
             9.298992 = idf(docFreq=10, maxDocs=44218)
             0.061232343 = queryNorm
           3.487122 = fieldWeight in 1608, product of:
             1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
               1.0 = termFreq=1.0
             9.298992 = idf(docFreq=10, maxDocs=44218)
             0.375 = fieldNorm(doc=1608)
   

2. Bornmann, L.; Mutz, R.; Daniel, H.D.: Do we need the h index and its variants in addition to standard bibliometric measures? (2009) 5.43

   5.427659 = sum of:
     5.427659 = sum of:
       1.3157566 = weight(author_txt:bornmann in 2861) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
         1.3157566 = score(doc=2861,freq=1.0), product of:
           0.4635137 = queryWeight, product of:
             7.5697527 = idf(docFreq=61, maxDocs=44218)
             0.061232343 = queryNorm
           2.8386574 = fieldWeight in 2861, product of:
             1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
               1.0 = termFreq=1.0
             7.5697527 = idf(docFreq=61, maxDocs=44218)
             0.375 = fieldNorm(doc=2861)
       1.6727548 = weight(author_txt:daniel in 2861) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
         1.6727548 = score(doc=2861,freq=1.0), product of:
           0.5439601 = queryWeight, product of:
             1.0833087 = boost
             8.200379 = idf(docFreq=32, maxDocs=44218)
             0.061232343 = queryNorm
           3.0751424 = fieldWeight in 2861, product of:
             1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
               1.0 = termFreq=1.0
             8.200379 = idf(docFreq=32, maxDocs=44218)
             0.375 = fieldNorm(doc=2861)
       2.4391477 = weight(author_txt:mutz in 2861) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
         2.4391477 = score(doc=2861,freq=1.0), product of:
           0.69947296 = queryWeight, product of:
             1.2284406 = boost
             9.298992 = idf(docFreq=10, maxDocs=44218)
             0.061232343 = queryNorm
           3.487122 = fieldWeight in 2861, product of:
             1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
               1.0 = termFreq=1.0
             9.298992 = idf(docFreq=10, maxDocs=44218)
             0.375 = fieldNorm(doc=2861)
   

3. Mutz, R.; Bornmann, L.; Daniel, H.-D.: Testing for the fairness and predictive validity of research funding decisions : a multilevel multiple imputation for missing data approach using ex-ante and ex-post peer evaluation data from the Austrian science fund (2015) 5.43

   5.427659 = sum of:
     5.427659 = sum of:
       1.3157566 = weight(author_txt:bornmann in 2270) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
         1.3157566 = score(doc=2270,freq=1.0), product of:
           0.4635137 = queryWeight, product of:
             7.5697527 = idf(docFreq=61, maxDocs=44218)
             0.061232343 = queryNorm
           2.8386574 = fieldWeight in 2270, product of:
             1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
               1.0 = termFreq=1.0
             7.5697527 = idf(docFreq=61, maxDocs=44218)
             0.375 = fieldNorm(doc=2270)
       1.6727548 = weight(author_txt:daniel in 2270) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
         1.6727548 = score(doc=2270,freq=1.0), product of:
           0.5439601 = queryWeight, product of:
             1.0833087 = boost
             8.200379 = idf(docFreq=32, maxDocs=44218)
             0.061232343 = queryNorm
           3.0751424 = fieldWeight in 2270, product of:
             1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
               1.0 = termFreq=1.0
             8.200379 = idf(docFreq=32, maxDocs=44218)
             0.375 = fieldNorm(doc=2270)
       2.4391477 = weight(author_txt:mutz in 2270) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
         2.4391477 = score(doc=2270,freq=1.0), product of:
           0.69947296 = queryWeight, product of:
             1.2284406 = boost
             9.298992 = idf(docFreq=10, maxDocs=44218)
             0.061232343 = queryNorm
           3.487122 = fieldWeight in 2270, product of:
             1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
               1.0 = termFreq=1.0
             9.298992 = idf(docFreq=10, maxDocs=44218)
             0.375 = fieldNorm(doc=2270)
   

4. Bornmann, L.; Mutz, R.: From P100 to P100' : a new citation-rank approach (2014) 3.34

   3.3376927 = sum of:
     3.3376927 = product of:
       5.006539 = sum of:
         1.7543421 = weight(author_txt:bornmann in 1431) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           1.7543421 = score(doc=1431,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.4635137 = queryWeight, product of:
               7.5697527 = idf(docFreq=61, maxDocs=44218)
               0.061232343 = queryNorm
             3.7848763 = fieldWeight in 1431, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               7.5697527 = idf(docFreq=61, maxDocs=44218)
               0.5 = fieldNorm(doc=1431)
         3.2521968 = weight(author_txt:mutz in 1431) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           3.2521968 = score(doc=1431,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.69947296 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2284406 = boost
               9.298992 = idf(docFreq=10, maxDocs=44218)
               0.061232343 = queryNorm
             4.649496 = fieldWeight in 1431, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               9.298992 = idf(docFreq=10, maxDocs=44218)
               0.5 = fieldNorm(doc=1431)
       0.6666667 = coord(2/3)
   

5. Bornmann, L.; Mutz, R.: Growth rates of modern science : a bibliometric analysis based on the number of publications and cited references (2015) 3.34

   3.3376927 = sum of:
     3.3376927 = product of:
       5.006539 = sum of:
         1.7543421 = weight(author_txt:bornmann in 2261) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           1.7543421 = score(doc=2261,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.4635137 = queryWeight, product of:
               7.5697527 = idf(docFreq=61, maxDocs=44218)
               0.061232343 = queryNorm
             3.7848763 = fieldWeight in 2261, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               7.5697527 = idf(docFreq=61, maxDocs=44218)
               0.5 = fieldNorm(doc=2261)
         3.2521968 = weight(author_txt:mutz in 2261) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           3.2521968 = score(doc=2261,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.69947296 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2284406 = boost
               9.298992 = idf(docFreq=10, maxDocs=44218)
               0.061232343 = queryNorm
             4.649496 = fieldWeight in 2261, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               9.298992 = idf(docFreq=10, maxDocs=44218)
               0.5 = fieldNorm(doc=2261)
       0.6666667 = coord(2/3)
   

Similar documents (content)

1. Waltman, L.; Calero-Medina, C.; Kosten, J.; Noyons, E.C.M.; Tijssen, R.J.W.; Eck, N.J. van; Leeuwen, T.N. van; Raan, A.F.J. van; Visser, M.S.; Wouters, P.: ¬The Leiden ranking 2011/2012 : data collection, indicators, and interpretation (2012) 0.47

   0.47212827 = sum of:
     0.47212827 = product of:
       1.4754009 = sum of:
         0.025915965 = weight(abstract_txt:university in 514) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.025915965 = score(doc=514,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.068747014 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1292387 = boost
               4.264995 = idf(docFreq=1688, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014274128 = queryNorm
             0.37697586 = fieldWeight in 514, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.264995 = idf(docFreq=1688, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=514)
         0.14516993 = weight(abstract_txt:2011 in 514) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.14516993 = score(doc=514,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.17210099 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.7866955 = boost
               6.7481275 = idf(docFreq=140, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014274128 = queryNorm
             0.84351593 = fieldWeight in 514, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               6.7481275 = idf(docFreq=140, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=514)
         0.26051253 = weight(abstract_txt:leiden in 514) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.26051253 = score(doc=514,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.2541468 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.1712067 = boost
               8.200379 = idf(docFreq=32, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014274128 = queryNorm
             1.0250474 = fieldWeight in 514, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               8.200379 = idf(docFreq=32, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=514)
         0.2154104 = weight(abstract_txt:ranking in 514) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.2154104 = score(doc=514,freq=12.0), product of:
             0.17770517 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.223589 = boost
               5.598813 = idf(docFreq=444, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014274128 = queryNorm
             1.2121786 = fieldWeight in 514, product of:
               3.4641016 = tf(freq=12.0), with freq of:
                 12.0 = termFreq=12.0
               5.598813 = idf(docFreq=444, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=514)
         0.1505488 = weight(abstract_txt:intervals in 514) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.1505488 = score(doc=514,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.27990058 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.2785614 = boost
               8.6058445 = idf(docFreq=21, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014274128 = queryNorm
             0.5378653 = fieldWeight in 514, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               8.6058445 = idf(docFreq=21, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=514)
         0.20026465 = weight(abstract_txt:rankings in 514) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.20026465 = score(doc=514,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.26870668 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.7342844 = boost
               6.8847027 = idf(docFreq=122, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014274128 = queryNorm
             0.74529094 = fieldWeight in 514, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               6.8847027 = idf(docFreq=122, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=514)
         0.24081498 = weight(abstract_txt:2012 in 514) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.24081498 = score(doc=514,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.27606946 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.7714922 = boost
               6.9783883 = idf(docFreq=111, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014274128 = queryNorm
             0.87229854 = fieldWeight in 514, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               6.9783883 = idf(docFreq=111, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=514)
         0.23676372 = weight(abstract_txt:universities in 514) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.23676372 = score(doc=514,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.3562066 = queryWeight, product of:
               4.0642443 = boost
               6.140059 = idf(docFreq=258, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014274128 = queryNorm
             0.6646809 = fieldWeight in 514, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               6.140059 = idf(docFreq=258, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=514)
       0.32 = coord(8/25)
   

2. Leydesdorff, L.; Bornmann, L.; Mingers, J.: Statistical significance and effect sizes of differences among research universities at the level of nations and worldwide based on the Leiden rankings (2019) 0.31

   0.31207618 = sum of:
     0.31207618 = product of:
       1.1145577 = sum of:
         0.018325355 = weight(abstract_txt:university in 5225) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.018325355 = score(doc=5225,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.068747014 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1292387 = boost
               4.264995 = idf(docFreq=1688, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014274128 = queryNorm
             0.2665622 = fieldWeight in 5225, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.264995 = idf(docFreq=1688, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=5225)
         0.13025627 = weight(abstract_txt:leiden in 5225) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.13025627 = score(doc=5225,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.2541468 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.1712067 = boost
               8.200379 = idf(docFreq=32, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014274128 = queryNorm
             0.5125237 = fieldWeight in 5225, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               8.200379 = idf(docFreq=32, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=5225)
         0.2607582 = weight(abstract_txt:intervals in 5225) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.2607582 = score(doc=5225,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.27990058 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.2785614 = boost
               8.6058445 = idf(docFreq=21, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014274128 = queryNorm
             0.93161 = fieldWeight in 5225, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               8.6058445 = idf(docFreq=21, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=5225)
         0.11562285 = weight(abstract_txt:rankings in 5225) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.11562285 = score(doc=5225,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.26870668 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.7342844 = boost
               6.8847027 = idf(docFreq=122, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014274128 = queryNorm
             0.43029392 = fieldWeight in 5225, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.8847027 = idf(docFreq=122, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=5225)
         0.077388056 = weight(abstract_txt:among in 5225) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.077388056 = score(doc=5225,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.19348095 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.9953525 = boost
               4.5252304 = idf(docFreq=1301, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014274128 = queryNorm
             0.39997762 = fieldWeight in 5225, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.5252304 = idf(docFreq=1301, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=5225)
         0.1021203 = weight(abstract_txt:differences in 5225) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.1021203 = score(doc=5225,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.23277178 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.2854435 = boost
               4.9634852 = idf(docFreq=839, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014274128 = queryNorm
             0.43871427 = fieldWeight in 5225, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.9634852 = idf(docFreq=839, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=5225)
         0.41008678 = weight(abstract_txt:universities in 5225) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.41008678 = score(doc=5225,freq=9.0), product of:
             0.3562066 = queryWeight, product of:
               4.0642443 = boost
               6.140059 = idf(docFreq=258, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014274128 = queryNorm
             1.1512611 = fieldWeight in 5225, product of:
               3.0 = tf(freq=9.0), with freq of:
                 9.0 = termFreq=9.0
               6.140059 = idf(docFreq=258, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=5225)
       0.28 = coord(7/25)
   

3. Perianes-Rodriguez, A.; Ruiz-Castillo, J.: University citation distributions (2016) 0.18

   0.17920311 = sum of:
     0.17920311 = product of:
       0.6400111 = sum of:
         0.017937265 = weight(abstract_txt:only in 3152) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.017937265 = score(doc=3152,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.067772955 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1212102 = boost
               4.234672 = idf(docFreq=1740, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014274128 = queryNorm
             0.264667 = fieldWeight in 3152, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.234672 = idf(docFreq=1740, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3152)
         0.04848433 = weight(abstract_txt:university in 3152) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.04848433 = score(doc=3152,freq=7.0), product of:
             0.068747014 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1292387 = boost
               4.264995 = idf(docFreq=1688, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014274128 = queryNorm
             0.70525724 = fieldWeight in 3152, product of:
               2.6457512 = tf(freq=7.0), with freq of:
                 7.0 = termFreq=7.0
               4.264995 = idf(docFreq=1688, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3152)
         0.13025627 = weight(abstract_txt:leiden in 3152) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.13025627 = score(doc=3152,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.2541468 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.1712067 = boost
               8.200379 = idf(docFreq=32, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014274128 = queryNorm
             0.5125237 = fieldWeight in 3152, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               8.200379 = idf(docFreq=32, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3152)
         0.062183626 = weight(abstract_txt:ranking in 3152) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.062183626 = score(doc=3152,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.17770517 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.223589 = boost
               5.598813 = idf(docFreq=444, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014274128 = queryNorm
             0.34992582 = fieldWeight in 3152, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.598813 = idf(docFreq=444, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3152)
         0.11562285 = weight(abstract_txt:rankings in 3152) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.11562285 = score(doc=3152,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.26870668 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.7342844 = boost
               6.8847027 = idf(docFreq=122, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014274128 = queryNorm
             0.43029392 = fieldWeight in 3152, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.8847027 = idf(docFreq=122, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3152)
         0.072209954 = weight(abstract_txt:differences in 3152) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.072209954 = score(doc=3152,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.23277178 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.2854435 = boost
               4.9634852 = idf(docFreq=839, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014274128 = queryNorm
             0.31021783 = fieldWeight in 3152, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.9634852 = idf(docFreq=839, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3152)
         0.19331676 = weight(abstract_txt:universities in 3152) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.19331676 = score(doc=3152,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.3562066 = queryWeight, product of:
               4.0642443 = boost
               6.140059 = idf(docFreq=258, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014274128 = queryNorm
             0.54270965 = fieldWeight in 3152, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               6.140059 = idf(docFreq=258, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3152)
       0.28 = coord(7/25)
   

4. Leydesdorff, L.; Shin, J.C.: How to evaluate universities in terms of their relative citation impacts : fractional counting of citations and the normalization of differences among disciplines (2011) 0.18

   0.17787936 = sum of:
     0.17787936 = product of:
       0.8893968 = sum of:
         0.09327544 = weight(abstract_txt:ranking in 4466) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.09327544 = score(doc=4466,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.17770517 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.223589 = boost
               5.598813 = idf(docFreq=444, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014274128 = queryNorm
             0.52488875 = fieldWeight in 4466, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.598813 = idf(docFreq=444, maxDocs=44218)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=4466)
         0.17343427 = weight(abstract_txt:rankings in 4466) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.17343427 = score(doc=4466,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.26870668 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.7342844 = boost
               6.8847027 = idf(docFreq=122, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014274128 = queryNorm
             0.6454409 = fieldWeight in 4466, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.8847027 = idf(docFreq=122, maxDocs=44218)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=4466)
         0.11608207 = weight(abstract_txt:among in 4466) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.11608207 = score(doc=4466,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.19348095 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.9953525 = boost
               4.5252304 = idf(docFreq=1301, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014274128 = queryNorm
             0.5999664 = fieldWeight in 4466, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.5252304 = idf(docFreq=1301, maxDocs=44218)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=4466)
         0.21662986 = weight(abstract_txt:differences in 4466) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.21662986 = score(doc=4466,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.23277178 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.2854435 = boost
               4.9634852 = idf(docFreq=839, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014274128 = queryNorm
             0.93065345 = fieldWeight in 4466, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               4.9634852 = idf(docFreq=839, maxDocs=44218)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=4466)
         0.28997514 = weight(abstract_txt:universities in 4466) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.28997514 = score(doc=4466,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.3562066 = queryWeight, product of:
               4.0642443 = boost
               6.140059 = idf(docFreq=258, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014274128 = queryNorm
             0.8140645 = fieldWeight in 4466, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               6.140059 = idf(docFreq=258, maxDocs=44218)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=4466)
       0.2 = coord(5/25)
   

5. Mutz, R.; Daniel, H.-D.: What is behind the curtain of the Leiden Ranking? (2015) 0.12

   0.11852727 = sum of:
     0.11852727 = product of:
       0.59263635 = sum of:
         0.031740446 = weight(abstract_txt:university in 2171) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.031740446 = score(doc=2171,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.068747014 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1292387 = boost
               4.264995 = idf(docFreq=1688, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014274128 = queryNorm
             0.46169925 = fieldWeight in 2171, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               4.264995 = idf(docFreq=1688, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2171)
         0.18421018 = weight(abstract_txt:leiden in 2171) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.18421018 = score(doc=2171,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.2541468 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.1712067 = boost
               8.200379 = idf(docFreq=32, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014274128 = queryNorm
             0.724818 = fieldWeight in 2171, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               8.200379 = idf(docFreq=32, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2171)
         0.12436725 = weight(abstract_txt:ranking in 2171) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.12436725 = score(doc=2171,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.17770517 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.223589 = boost
               5.598813 = idf(docFreq=444, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014274128 = queryNorm
             0.69985163 = fieldWeight in 2171, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               5.598813 = idf(docFreq=444, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2171)
         0.11562285 = weight(abstract_txt:rankings in 2171) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.11562285 = score(doc=2171,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.26870668 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.7342844 = boost
               6.8847027 = idf(docFreq=122, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014274128 = queryNorm
             0.43029392 = fieldWeight in 2171, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.8847027 = idf(docFreq=122, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2171)
         0.1366956 = weight(abstract_txt:universities in 2171) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.1366956 = score(doc=2171,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.3562066 = queryWeight, product of:
               4.0642443 = boost
               6.140059 = idf(docFreq=258, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014274128 = queryNorm
             0.3837537 = fieldWeight in 2171, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.140059 = idf(docFreq=258, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2171)
       0.2 = coord(5/25)