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  • × author_ss:"Cole, C."
  1. Cole, C.; Leide, J.; Beheshti, J.; Large, A.; Brooks, M.: Investigating the Anomalous States of Knowledge hypothesis in a real-life problem situation : a study of history and psychology undergraduates seeking information for a course essay (2005) 0.01 
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    Abstract
    The authors present a study of the real-life information needs of 59 McGill University undergraduates researching essay topics for either a history or psychology course, interviewed just after they had selected their essay topic. The interview's purpose was to transform the undergraduate's query from general topic terms, based an vague conceptions of their essay topic, to an information need-based query. To chart the transformation, the authors investigate N. J. Belkin, R. N. Oddy, and H. M. Brooks' Anomalous States of Knowledge (ASK) hypothesis (1982a, 1982b), which links the user's ASK to a relevant document set via a common code based an structural facets. In the present study an interoperable structural code based an eight essay styles is created, then notions of structural facets compatible with a highimpact essay structure are presented. The important findings of the study are: (a) the undergraduates' topic statements and terms derived from it do not constitute an effective information need statement because for most of the subjects in the study the topic terms conformed to a low-impact essay style; (b) essay style is an effective interoperable structural code for charting the evolution of the undergraduate's knowledge state from ASK to partial resolution of the ASK in an information need statement.
    Source
    Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 56(2005) no.14, S.1544-1554
    Type
    a
  2. Cole, C.: Calculating the information content of an information process for a domain expert using Shannon's mathematical theory of communication : a preliminary analysis (1997) 0.01 
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    Abstract
    Using Bertram Brookes fundamental equation, sets out a method for calculating the information content of an information process. The knowledge structure variables in the Brookes' equation are operationalized, following principles set out in Claude Shannon's mathematical theory of communication. The set of 'a priori' alternatives and the 'a priori' probabilities assigned to each member of the set by the person undergoing the information process is the operational definition of the variable K(S) from the fundamental equation, which represented the person's knowledge structure before the information process takes place. The set of the a posteriori alternatives and the revised probabilities assigned to each member of the set by the person undergoing the information process is the operational definition of the Brookes variable which is the person's knowledge structure after the information process take place. Gives an example of an information process from a recent archeological discovery
    Source
    Information processing and management. 33(1997) no.6, S.715-726
    Type
    a
  3. Yi, K.; Beheshti, J.; Cole, C.; Leide, J.E.; Large, A.: User search behavior of domain-specific information retrieval systems : an analysis of the query logs from PsycINFO and ABC-Clio's Historical Abstracts/America: History and Life (2006) 0.01 
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    Abstract
    The authors report the findings of a study that analyzes and compares the query logs of PsycINFO for psychology and the two history databases of ABC-Clio: Historical Abstracts and America: History and Life to establish the sociological nature of information need, searching, and seeking in history versus psychology. Two problems are addressed: (a) What level of query log analysis - by individual query terms, by co-occurrence of word pairs, or by multiword terms (MWTs) - best serves as data for categorizing the queries to these two subject-bound databases; and (b) how can the differences in the nature of the queries to history versus psychology databases aid in our understanding of user search behavior and the information needs of their respective users. The authors conclude that MWTs provide the most effective snapshot of user searching behavior for query categorization. The MWTs to ABC-Clio indicate specific instances of historical events, people, and regions, whereas the MWTs to PsycINFO indicate concepts roughly equivalent to descriptors used by PsycINFO's own classification scheme. The average length of queries is 3.16 terms for PsycINFO and 3.42 for ABC-Clio, which breaks from findings for other reference and scholarly search engine studies, bringing query length closer in line to findings for general Web search engines like Excite.
    Source
    Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 57(2006) no.9, S.1208-1220
    Type
    a
  4. Cole, C.: Activity of understanding a problem during interaction with an 'enabling' information retrieval system : modeling information flow (1999) 0.01 
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    Abstract
    This article is about the mental coding processes involved in the flow of 'information' when the user is interacting with an 'enabling' information retrieval system. An 'enabling' IR system is designed to stimulate the user's grasping towards a higher understanding of the information need / problem / task that brought the user to the IR system. C. Shannon's (1949/1959) model of the flow of information and K.R. Popper's (1975) 3 worlds concept are used to diagram the flow of information between the user and system when the user receives a stimulating massage, with particluar emphasis on the decoding and encoding operations involved as the user processes the message. The key difference between the model of information flow proposed here and the linear transmission, receiver-oriented model now in use is that we assume that users of a truly interactive, 'enabling' IR system are primarily message senders, not passive receivers of the message, because they must create a new message back to the system, absed on a reconceptualization of their information need, while they are 'online' interacting with the system
    Date
    22. 5.1999 14:51:49
    Source
    Journal of the American Society for Information Science. 50(1999) no.6, S.544-552
    Type
    a
  5. Cole, C.; Behesthi, J.; Large, A.; Lamoureux, I.; Abuhimed, D.; AlGhamdi, M.: Seeking information for a middle school history project : the concept of implicit knowledge in the students' transition from Kuhlthau's Stage 3 to Stage 4 (2013) 0.00 
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    Abstract
    The article reports the findings of a content analysis study of 16 student-group proposals for a grade eight history project. The students listed their topic and thesis in the proposal, and information in support of their thesis. The study's focus is this topic-to-thesis transition. The study's conceptual framework is Kuhlthau's six stage ISP Model's transition from exploring information in Stage 3 to formulating a focus or personal perspective on the assignment topic in Stage 4. Our study coding scheme identifies elements of the students' implicit knowledge in the 16 proposals. To validate implicit knowledge as a predictor of successful student performance, implicit knowledge was coded, scored, and then the correlation coefficient was established between the score and the students' instructors' marks. In Part 2 of the study we found strong and significant association between the McGill coding scores and the instructors' marks for the 16 proposals. This study is a first step in identifying, operationalizing, and testing user-centered implicit knowledge elements for future implementation in interactive information systems designed for middle school students researching a thesis-objective history assignment.
    Date
    22. 3.2013 19:41:17
    Source
    Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 64(2013) no.3, S.558-573
    Type
    a
  6. Spink, A.; Cole, C.: ¬A multitasking framework for cognitive information retrieval (2005) 0.00 
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    Abstract
    Information retrieval (IR) research has developed considerably since the 1950's to include consideration of more cognitive, interactive and iterative processes during the interaction between humans and IR or Web systems (Ingwersen, 1992, 1996). Interactive search sessions by humans with IR systems have been depicted as interactive IR models (Saracevic, 1997). Human-IR system interaction is also modeled as taking place within the context of broader human information behavior (HIB) processes (Spink et al., 2002). Research into the human or cognitive (user modeling) aspects of IR is a growing body of research on user interactivity, task performance and measures for observing user interactivity. The task context and situational characteristics of users' searches and evaluation have also been identified as key elements in a user's interaction with an IR system (Cool and Spink, 2002; Vakkari, 2003). Major theorized interactive IR models have been proposed relating to the single search episode, including Ingwersen's (1992,1996) Cognitive Model of IR Interaction, Belkin et al.'s (1995) Episodic Interaction Model, and Saracevic's (1996,1997) Stratified Model of IR Interaction. In this chapter we examine Saracevic's Stratified Model of IR Interaction and extend the model within the framework of cognitive IR (CIR) to depict CIR as a multitasking process. This chapter provides a new direction for CIR research by conceptualizing IR with a multitasking context. The next section of the chapter defines the concept of multitasking in the cognitive sciences and Section 3 discusses the emerging understanding of multitasking information behavior. In Section 4, cognitive IR is depicted within a multitasking framework using Saracevic's (1996, 1997) Stratified Model of IR Interaction. In Section 5, we link information searching and seeking models together, via Saracevic's Stratified Model of IR Interaction, but starting with a unitask model of HIB. We begin to model multitasking in cognitive IR in Section 6. In Sections 7 and 8, we increase the complexity of our developing multitasking model of cognitive IR by adding coordinating mechanisms, including feedback loops. Finally, in Section 9, we conclude the chapter and indicate future directions for further research.
    Date
    19. 1.2007 12:55:22
    Pages
    S.99-112
    Source
    New directions in cognitive information retrieval. Eds.: A. Spink, C. Cole
    Type
    a
  7. Tao, H.; Cole, C.: Wade-Giles or Hanyu Pinyin : practical issues in the transliteration of Chinese titles and proper names (1990) 0.00 
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    Abstract
    This article briefly examines an issue currently facing cataloguers: how to transliterate Chinese proper names and titles into romanized letters. The two major transliteration systems are Wade-Giles, still used by many libraries in the West, and Hanyu Pinyin, which is not only used in the People's Republic of China's elementary schools as a pronunciation aid, but has recently been adopted by our own western media and certain departments of the American government. The authors advocate the complete abandonment of Wade-Giles in favor of Hanyu Pinyin.
    Source
    Cataloging and classification quarterly. 12(1990) no.2, S.105-124
    Type
    a
  8. Cole, C.: Intelligent information retrieval: diagnosing information need : Part II: uncertainty expansion in a prototype of a diagnostic IR tool (1998) 0.00 
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    Source
    Information processing and management. 34(1998) no.6, S.721-731
    Type
    a
  9. Cole, C.; Kennedy, L.; Carter, S.: ¬The optimization of online searches through the labelling of a dynamic, situation-dependent information need : the reference interview and online searching for undergraduates doing a social-science assignment (1996) 0.00 
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    Abstract
    Proposes a reference interview strategy that will allow the reference librarian to: efficiently assess the information need of undergraduates undertaking a social science assignment, label the information need, and assign the most appropriate online search strategy to satisfy this need
    Source
    Information processing and management. 32(1996) no.6, S.709-717
    Type
    a
  10. Cole, C.: Intelligent information retrieval : Part IV: Testing the timing of two information retrieval devices in a naturalistic setting (2001) 0.00 
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    Source
    Information processing and management. 37(2001) no.1, S.163-182
    Type
    a
  11. Spink, A.; Cole, C.: ¬A human information behavior approach to a philosophy of information (2004) 0.00 
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    Abstract
    This paper outlines the relation between philosophy of information (PI) and human information behavior (HIB). In this paper, we first briefly outline the basic constructs and approaches of PI and HIB. We argue that a strong relation exists between PI and HIB, as both are exploring the concept of information and premise information as a fundamental concept basic to human existence. We then exemplify that a heuristic approach to PI integrates the HIB view of information as a cognitive human-initiated process by presenting a specific cognitive architecture for information initiation based on modular notion from HIB/evolutionary psychology and the vacuum mechanism from PI.
    Source
    Library trends. 52(2004) no.3, S.617-628
    Type
    a
  12. Cole, C.: ¬A rebuttal of the book review of the book titled "The Consciousness' Drive: Information Need and the Search for Meaning" : mapping cognitive and document spaces (2020) 0.00 
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    Content
    Vgl. die Rezension in: JASIST 71(2020) no.1, S.118-120 (Heidi Julien).
    Source
    Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology. 71(2020) no.2, S.242
    Type
    a
  13. Large, A.; Beheshti, J.; Cole, C.: Information architecture for the Web : the IA matrix approach to designing children's portals (2002) 0.00 
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    Abstract
    The article presents a matrix that can serve as a tool for designing the information architecture of a Web portal in a logical and systematic manner. The information architect begins by inputting the portal's objective, target user, and target content. The matrix then determines the most appropriate information architecture attributes for the portal by filling in the Applied Information Architecture portion of the matrix. The article discusses how the matrix works using the example of a children's Web portal to provide access to museum information.
    Source
    Journal of the American Society for Information Science and technology. 53(2002) no.10, S.831.838
    Type
    a
  14. Kennedy, L.; Cole, C.; Carter, S.: Connecting online search strategies and information needs : a user-centered, focus-labeling approach (1997) 0.00 
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    Abstract
    When assisting undergraduate students in accessing materials, academic librarians must balance the task of conducting reference interviews with instructing students on how to use databases (OPACs, CD-ROM and online databases). Presents a method for connecting these tasks via the construction of a search strategy which is wholly dependent on the user's information needs. Using this method, the librarian assesses and explicitly labels the student's information need (using a diagnostoc tool based on Kuhlthau's and Taylor's concept of 'focus'), then assigns the most appropriate online search strategy for the satisfaction of this need
    Source
    RQ. 36(1997) no.4, S.562-568
    Type
    a
  15. Leide, J.E.; Cole, C.; Beheshti, J.; Large, A.; Lin, Y.: Task-based information retrieval : structuring undergraduate history essays for better course evaluation using essay-type visualizations (2007) 0.00 
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    Abstract
    When domain novices are in C.C. Kuhlthau's (1993) Stage 3, the exploration stage of researching an assignment, they often do not know their information need; this causes them to go back to Stage 2, the topic-selection stage, when they are selecting keywords to formulate their query to an Information Retrieval (IR) system. Our hypothesis is that instead of going backward, they should be going forward toward a goal state-the performance of the task for which they are seeking the information. If they can somehow construct their goal state into a query, this forward-looking query better operationalizes their information need than does a topic-based query. For domain novice undergraduates seeking information for a course essay, we define their task as selecting a high-impact essay structure which will put the students' learning on display for the course instructor who will evaluate the essay. We report a study of first-year history undergraduate students which tested the use and effectiveness of "essay type" as a task-focused query-formulation device. We randomly assigned 78 history undergraduates to an intervention group and a control group. The dependent variable was essay quality, based on (a) an evaluation of the student's essay by a research team member, and (b) the marks given to the student's essay by the course instructor. We found that conscious or formal consideration of essay type is inconclusive as a basis of a task-focused query-formulation device for IR.
    Source
    Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 58(2007) no.9, S.1227-1241
    Type
    a
  16. Cole, C.: Intelligent information retrieval: diagnosing information need : Part I: the theoretical framework for developing an intelligent IR tool (1998) 0.00 
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    Source
    Information processing and management. 34(1998) no.6, S.709-720
    Type
    a
  17. Cole, C.; Leide, J.E.: Using the user's mental model to guide the integration of information space into information need (2003) 0.00 
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    Abstract
    The study reported here tested the efficacy of an information retrieval system output summary and visualization scheme for undergraduates taking a Vietnam War history who were in Kuhlthau's Stage 3 of researching a history essay. The visualization scheme consisted of (a) the undergraduate's own visualization of his or her essay topic, drawn by the student an the bottom half of a sheet of paper, and (b) a visualization of the information space (determined by index term counting) an the tophalf of the same page. To test the visualization scheme, students enrolled in a Vietnam War history course were randomly assigned to either the visualization scheme group, who received a high recall search output, or the nonvisualization group, who received a high precision search output. The dependent variable was the mark awarded the essay by the course instructor. There was no significant difference between the mean marks for the two groups. We were pleasantly surprised with this result given the bad reputation of high recall as a practical search strategy. We hypothesize that a more proactive visualization system is needed that takes the student through the process of using the visualization scheme, including steps that induce student cognition about task-subject objectives.
    Source
    Journal of the American Society for Information Science and technology. 54(2003) no.1, S.39-46
    Type
    a
  18. Cole, C.; Lin, Y.; Leide, J.; Large, A.; Beheshti, J.: ¬A classification of mental models of undergraduates seeking information for a course essay in history and psychology : preliminary investigations into aligning their mental models with online thesauri (2007) 0.00 
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    Abstract
    The article reports a field study which examined the mental models of 80 undergraduates seeking information for either a history or psychology course essay when they were in an early, exploration stage of researching their essay. This group is presently at a disadvantage when using thesaurus-type schemes in indexes and online search engines because there is a disconnect between how domain novice users of IR systems represent a topic space and how this space is represented in the standard IR system thesaurus. The study attempted to (a) ascertain the coding language used by the 80 undergraduates in the study to mentally represent their topic and then (b) align the mental models with the hierarchical structure found in many thesauri. The intervention focused the undergraduates' thinking about their topic from a topic statement to a thesis statement. The undergraduates were asked to produce three mental model diagrams for their real-life course essay at the beginning, middle, and end of the interview, for a total of 240 mental model diagrams, from which we created a 12-category mental model classification scheme. Findings indicate that at the end of the intervention, (a) the percentage of vertical mental models increased from 24 to 35% of all mental models; but that (b) 3rd-year students had fewer vertical mental models than did 1st-year undergraduates in the study, which is counterintuitive. The results indicate that there is justification for pursuing our research based on the hypothesis that rotating a domain novice's mental model into a vertical position would make it easier for him or her to cognitively connect with the thesaurus's hierarchical representation of the topic area.
    Source
    Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 58(2007) no.13, S.2092-2104
    Type
    a
  19. Cole, C.: Information need : a theory connecting information search to knowledge formation (2012) 0.00 
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    Content
    Inhalt: The importance of information need -- The history of information need -- The framework for our discussion -- Modeling the user in information search -- Information seeking's conceptualization of information need during information search -- Information use -- Adaptation : internal information flows and knowledge generation -- A theory of information need -- How information need works -- The user's situation in the pre-focus search -- The situation of user's information need in pre-focus information search -- The selection concept -- A review of the user's pre-focus information search -- How information need works in a focusing search -- Circles 1 to 5 : how information need works -- Corroborating research -- Applying information need -- The astrolabe : an information system for stage 3 information exploration -- Conclusion.
    Footnote
    Rez. in: JASIST 64(2013) no.12, S.2595-2596 (N. Ford)
    Pages
    XIII, 224 S
  20. Cole, C.: Interaction with an enabling information retrieval system : modeling the user's decoding and encoding operations (2000) 0.00 
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    Abstract
    With new interactive technology, we can increase user satisfaction by designing information retrieval systems that inform the user while the user is on-line interacting with the system. The purpose of this article is to model the information processing operations of a generic user who has just received an information message from the system and is stimulated by the message into grasping at a higher understanding of his or her information task or problem. The model consists of 3 levels, each of which forms a separate subsystem. In the Perseption subsystem, the user perceives the system message in a visual sense; in the Comprehension subsystem, the user must comprehend the system message; and in the Application subsystem, the user must (a) interpret the system message in terms of the user's task at hand, and (b) create and send a new message back to the system to complete the interaction. Because of the information process stimulated by the interaction, the user's new message forms a query to the system that more accurately represents the user's information need than would have been the case if the interaction had not taken place. This article proposes a device to enable clarification of the user's task, and thus his/her information need at the Application subsystem level of the model
    Source
    Journal of the American Society for Information Science. 51(2000) no.5, S.417-426
    Type
    a

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