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Chalmers, A.F.: Wege der Wissenschaft : Einführung in die Wissenschaftstheorie (2007)
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- Date
- 22. 5.2007 12:07:37
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Henderson, L.; Tallman, J.I.: Stimulated recall and mental models : tools for teaching and learning computer information literacy (2006)
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- Footnote
- Rez. in: JASIST 58(2007) no.3, S.456-457 (D. Cook): "In February 2006, the Educational Testing Service (ETS) announced the release of its brand new core academic assessment of its Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Literacy Assessment. The core assessment is designed to assess the information literacy of high school students transitioning to higher education. Many of us already know ETS for some of its other assessment tools like the SAT and GRE. But ETS's latest test comes on the heels of its 2005 release of an advanced level of its ICT Literacy Assessment for college students progressing to their junior and senior year of undergraduate studies. Neither test, ETS insists, is designed to be an entrance examination. Rather, they are packaged and promoted as diagnostic assessments. We are in the grips of the Information Age where information literacy is a prized skill. Knowledge is power. However, information literacy is not merely creating flawless documents or slick PowerPoint presentations on a home PC. It is more than being able to send photos and text messages via cell phone. Instead, information literacy is gauged by one's ability to skillfully seek, access, and retrieve valid information from credible and reliable sources and using that information appropriately. It involves strong online search strategies and advanced critical thinking skills. And, although it is not clear whether they seized the opportunity or inherited it by default, librarians are in the vanguard of teaching information literacy to the next generation of would-be power brokers.
The release of Stimulated Recall and Mental Models, therefore, could not have been timelier. It describes an empirical qualitative, case study research conducted by authors Lyn Henderson and Julie Tallman in which they studied the mental models of school librarians teaching K-12 students how to use electronic databases. In this research, funded by the Spencer Foundation, Henderson and Tallman studied and analyzed the mental models of their subjects, six American and four Australian school librarians, as they went about the task of teaching students one-on-one how to access and retrieve the information they needed for class assignments from electronic databases. Each librarian and student underwent a structured pre-lesson interview to ascertain their mental models (the sum of their prior learning and experiences) regarding the upcoming lesson. The lesson followed immediately and was carefully video- and audio-recorded, with the full knowledge of the librarian and her student. After the lessons, both student and librarian were interviewed with the intent of learning what each were thinking and feeling at specific points during the lesson, using the recordings as memory joggers. After the first librarian-pupil session, the student was freed but the librarian was re-studied tutoring a second learner. Again, the teacher and new student were preinterviewed, their lesson was recorded, and they were debriefed using the recordings for stimulated recall. It is important to note here the use of the recordings to create stimulated recall. Though considered a dubious practice by many respected researchers, Henderson and Tallman expend considerable time and effort in this book trying to establish the credibility of stimulated recall as a valid research tool. I find it interesting that the authors report that their realization of the value of stimulated recall was a collateral benefit of their study; they claim the original objective of their research was to analyze and compare the pre- and post-lesson mental models of the teacher-librarians (p.15). Apparently, this realization provided the inspiration for this book (pp. I & 208). Hence, its place of importance in the book's title.
As for the value of reflecting on their teaching performance, the authors report the not-so-startling denouement that while it is easy to identify and define malpractice and to commit to changing performance errors, it is often difficult to actually implement those improvements. Essentially, what is first learned is best learned and what is most used is best used. In the end, however, the authors rightfully call for further study to be conducted by themselves and others. ETS's core ICT Literacy Assessment is not currently a mandatory college entrance examination. Neither is the advanced ICT Literacy Assessment a mandatory examination for promotion to upper level undergraduate studies. But it would be naïve not to expect some enterprising institutions of higher education to at least consider making them so in the very near future. Consequently, librarians of all stripes (public. academic, school, or others) would do well to read and study Stimulated Recall and Mental Models if they are truly committed to leading the charge on advancing information literacy in the Information Age. In this book are some valuable how-tos for instructing patrons on searching electronic databases. And some of those same principles could be applicable to other areas of information literacy instruction."
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Breidbach, O.: Neue Wissensordnungen : wie aus Informationen und Nachrichten kulturelles Wissen entsteht (2008)
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- Date
- 22. 7.2009 13:43:50
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Boerner, K.: Atlas of science : visualizing what we know (2010)
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- Date
- 22. 1.2017 17:12:16
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Steenblock, V.: Arbeit am Logos : Aufstieg und Krise der wissenschaftlichen Vernunft (2000)
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Stock, W.G.: Wissenschaftliche Informationen - metawissenschaftlich betrachtet : eine Theorie der wissenschaftlichen Information (1980)
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Kanitscheider, B.: Im Innern der Natur : Philosophie und moderne Physik (1996)
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Barrow, J.D.: ¬Die Entdeckung des Unmöglichen : Forschung an den Grenzen des Wissens (2001)
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- Abstract
- Grenzen sind dazu da, dass man sie überschreitet. In diesem Sinne denkt John D. Barrow über die Grenzen der Wissenschaft nach - mit den Methoden moderner Wissenschaft. Das 'Unmögliche' war und wird immer nur ein Synonym für die Tür sein, die in das nächste Zimmer führt, und das Verlangen, wenigstens einmal durch das Schlüsselloch zu schauen, war und wird immer der Motor sein, der die Wissenschaft am laufen hält. Ohne diesen Antrieb gäbe es keine neuen Erkenntnisse: Fortschritt ist also de facto nur durch die Existenz ungelöster Probleme möglich. Daß diese keineswegs nur an der vorderen Front der Wissenschaften diskutiert werden, vermag zunächst nicht einleuchten, und doch sind es oft augenscheinlich triviale Probleme, die die Wissenschaftler in größte Not bringen. Wo liegt schließlich das Problem, wenn ein Hersteller von Computerplatinen seine Produktionsprozesse optimieren will, indem der Roboter die gut 3000 Lötpunkte auf dem kürzesten Weg ansteuern soll? Nun, dieses auf den ersten Blick wenig spektakuläre "Problem des Handlungsreisenden" hat einen modernen Computer immerhin eineinhalb Jahre Rechenzeit gekostet. Dieses Beispiel kann nur einen winzigen Einblick in das 'Unmögliche' geben, das der Mathematiker und Physiker John D. Barrow hier in faszinierender und spannender Weise schildert. Dabei schlägt er einen Bogen von den visuellen Paradoxien der Künstler Reutersvärd oder Escher über die Komplexität und Flexibilität des menschlichen Gehirns bis hin zu Gödels Theorem zur Konsistenz der Arithmetik. Dem überaus weit gebildeten Barrow gelingt es dabei, sich an den Grenzen naturwissenschaftlichen Wissens zu bewegen. Dort, wo die Verschmelzung mit der Philosophie stattfindet, die Ausdruck ist für unsere Suche nach dem, was die 'Welt in den Angeln' hält. Diese Grenzen verschieben sich naturgemäss im Laufe des technischen und wissenschaftlichen Fortschritts und Barrow zeigt, daß hier an dieser Grenze das eigentlich Spannende geschieht, aber auch, daß die Frage woher wir kommen, wohl niemals beantwortet werden kann. Jedenfalls, soweit wir wissen.
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Mittelstraß, J.: ¬Der Flug der Eule : Von der Vernunft der Wissenschaft und der Aufgabe der Philosophie (1997)
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Kornmeier, M.: Wissenschaftstheorie und wissenschaftliches Arbeiten : eine Einführung für Wirtschaftswissenschaftler (2007)
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Foucault, M.: ¬Die Ordnung der Dinge : eine Archäologie der Humanwissenschaften (2002)
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Popper, K.R.: Logik der Forschung (1994)
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Kuhlen, R.: Informationsethik : Umgang mit Wissen und Information in elektronischen Räumen (2004)
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