Search (9409 results, page 471 of 471)

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Abstract

Wikimedia Deutschland hat rund 150 hauptamtliche Mitarbeitende. Von den Erlösen aber kauft sich niemand eine Yacht. Ein Gastbeitrag. Online-Plattformen dominieren in vielen Bereichen unser Leben. Wie wir einkaufen, wie wir miteinander kommunizieren, wie wir Informationen sammeln - all das wird von einigen wenigen kommerziellen Plattformen mitbestimmt. Längst drängt sich der Eindruck auf, das Netz sei durchkommerzialisiert. Dabei gibt es sie noch: einige wenige Projekte im Netz, die nicht auf Profit ausgerichtet sind, sondern dem Gemeinwohl zugutekommen.

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Content

"Will there ever be a science equivalent of Google? Two of the world's biggest science publishing and information firms seem to think that there will. They are about to compete head-to-head to create the most popular tool for searching the scientific literature. Elsevier, the Amsterdam-based publisher of more than 1,800 journals, has announced that this autumn it will launch Scopus, an online search engine covering abstracts and references from 14,000 scientific journals. Scopus will arrive as a direct competitor for the established Web of Science, owned by Thomson ISI of Philadelphia, the scientific information specialist. "Scopus will definitely be a threat to ISI," says one science publishing expert, who asked not to be named. "But ISI will not just let this happen. There will be some kind of arms race in terms of adding new features." Many researchers are already wedded to subject-specific databases of scientific information, such as PubMed, for biomedical research. But Web of Science is currently the only service to cover the full spectrum of scientific disciplines and publications. It can also generate the citation statistics that are sometimes used to measure the quality ofjournals and individual papers. ISI, which is widely used by libraries worldwide, may be hard to displace. It covers fewer than 9,000 journals, but it has been available in its present form since 1997 and includes a 60-year archive of papers. Thomson ISI says it will extend this to 105 years by the end of 2005. The company also owns the only extensive database an patent abstracts.
Elsevier cannot hope to match this coverage in the short term. The company has been able to draw an its experience of running biomedical and pharmaceutical databases, and developers began compiling a multidisciplinary index two years ago. Even so, when it launches, Scopus will index only five years of references far some journals, rising to ten years during 2005. Data an abstracts will go back further, in some cases to the mid-1960s. Because Scopus has been built from scratch, Elsevier has been able to work with librarians to develop an alternative to the Web of Science interface, which has been criticized by some users. "Users are very happy with Scopus," says Steven Gheyselinck, a librarian at the University of Lausanne in Switzerland who has been testing it. Although Scopus and Web of Science are the only products aiming to cover all of science, other search engines are also under development. The Google of science could end up being Google itself the company has collaborated with nine publishers, including Nature Publishing Group, to create an engine called CrossRef Search. This service, a pilot of which appeared last month, allows users to search digital versions of all papers held by the publishers involved and returns links to articles an their websites. Unlike Web of Science and Scopus, which scan through the titles and abstracts of articles, CrossRef Search also searches the full text of papers. Many of the other 300 or so members of CrossRef - a publishers' collaboration established to allow easier linking between citations - are likely to join the service if the pilot is successful."

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Abstract

Eine an der Forschungspraxis orientierte Wissenschaftstheorie hat die Aufgabe, fachunabhängige allgemeine Grundkenntnisse über das wissenschaftliche Handwerk zu vermitteln. Sie muß den scheinbaren Widerspruch auflösen, daß einerseits Forschungsergebnisse nicht subjektiv sein dürfen, Forschung aber andererseits von Individuen betrieben wird, die unvermeidbar subjektive Elemente ins Spiel bringen: Wissenschaftlichkeit ist durch das Ausschalten der Subjektivität, genauer: durch den Übergang von subjektiven zu intersubjektiven Urteilen, gekennzeichnet. Eine intersubjektive Übereinstimmung liegt vor, wenn eine repräsentative Anzahl von Fachleuten hinsichtlich eines Ergebnisses zu einer übereinstimmenden Ansicht gekommen ist. Intersubjektivität setzt somit voraus, daß alle Ergebnisse im Prinzip von allen Wissenschaftlern überprüft werden können. Doch wann ist eine Anzahl repräsentativ? Was ist das Kriterium für Übereinstimmung? Worüber soll Einigkeit herrschen? Hinter diesen Fragen verbergen sich grundlegende Begründungsprobleme, die sich nur über eine auf anerkannte Methoden gestützte Forschungspraxis befriedigend lösen lassen: Wissenschaftlichkeit zeichnet sich durch den Gebrauch von Methoden aus. Die Objektivität wissenschaftlicher Aussagen ist an die verwendeten Methoden gebunden. Gegenstand einer forschungsorientierten Wissenschaftstheorie sind daher die wissenschaftlichen Methoden. Empirische Themen gehören dagegen nicht zu ihrem Aufgabengebiet. Wie jede Theorie ist zwar auch sie auf Ergebnisse anderer Disziplinen angewiesen, aber das darf nicht dazu verleiten, diese in der Wissenschaftstheorie selbst gewinnen zu wollen. So gehören z.B. Technik- bzw. Wissenschaftsfolgenabschätzung, Wissenschaftssoziologie, Erkenntnistheorie, Kognition usw. als Erfahrungswissenschaften nicht zur Wissenschaftstheorie

Series

Fortschritte in der Wissensorganisation; Bd.5

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Abstract

Thomson ISI has announced the Century of Science initiative. Currently, Web of Science coverage extends to 1945. The Century of Science initiative will expand the Web of Science to include bibliographic data from the highest impact scientific literature published between 1944 and 1900, adding nearly 850,000 articles from approximately 200 journals. The jour-nals have been carefully selected by the Thomson ISI editorial team, based an such criteria as citation patterns, geographic origin, and meaningful balance across scientific disciplines. The Century of Science initiative will extend through 2004, with the new material available to customers in 2005. Using the historical data that will be available, researchers will be able to track published research concepts retrospectively back to the beginning of the 20th century and consequently develop a greater understanding of prior developments. Currently, Web of Science indexes approximately 8,500 scholarly journals, providing users with complete bibliographic data, searchable author abstracts, and cited references. Web of Science is a key component of ISI Web of Knowledge, the single Web environment from which researchers can access, analyze, and manage information. Thomson ISI (http: //www.thomsonisi.com) is a business of Thomson Scientific, part of The Thomson Corp. [Die Kosten für den Kauf der ISI Backfiles würden sich für ein österreichisches Konsortium auf USD 800.000,-, zahlbar in drei Jahresraten, belaufen. Anm. d. Red.]

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Abstract

The author stresses the need for a general, overall theory of cognitive psychological processes for cognitive science. The relevance of the Graz-school theorie on the 'production of ideas' is then examined as an attempt to provide such a framework. In Graz-school, at the beginning of 20th century, representation ('Vorstellung') was the foundational aspect of all the cognitive processes. As an example of an analysis of the origin of representation Stephan Witasek's theory of sensation is surveyed. The explanation of the origin of representations is also theoretically and practically important for cognitive science

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Abstract

The paper deals with procedures and problems arising when computers are used as tools in the production of indexes. The following steps of the procedure are explained and studied: 1) Correction of machine-readable records; 2) Production of index entries. Here, various methods and forms (KWIC, KWOC, rotation method) and dictionary use are described and discussed, and information about their advantages and disadvantages is given; 3) Sorting and cumulation of index entries; 4) Output and setting, output feasibilities are detailed. Emphasis is also laid on the problems arising from the non-satisfactory links of the processing chain: data recording, limited fonts, and choice of index terms.

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Abstract

Librarians in West Germany have thesauri for subject cataloguing through the use of Regeln fur den Schlagwortkatalog (RSWK - Subject Cataloguing Rules) with the Schlagwortnormdatei (SWD - Standard Keyword Data File). There is controversy over the terminological properties of standard keyword data files, over whether SWD is universal and whether inductive vocabulary construction is successful here. Some RSWK chain components have no separate semantic isentity and, although SWD has several aids for definition precision, semantic structures are not fully expressed. At present cooperative cataloguing partners using RSWK should use SWD with it as a starting point and think about possible improvements. RSWK with SWD is at present unsuitable for personal computers

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Abstract

Der bis 1999 vom Deutschen Bibliotheksinstitut mit dem Online-System IBAS angebotene Retro-VK liegt jetzt auf fünf CD-ROMs mit dem System Allegro (alcarta) vor. Damit wird die Übernahme von Titelaufnahmen im MAB2-Format zum Zwecke der Konversion weiterhin ermöglicht. Lokaldaten sind nicht enthalten. Ausgangsmaterial sind die im damaligen DBI zusammengeführten Titelaufnahmen bis Erwerbungsjahr 1996 der zu diesem Zeitpunkt sieben Verbundsysteme. Der Hauptteil beinhaltet ca. 14 Mio. Datensätze, das Supplement ca. 1,1 Mio. Datensätze. Der Preis für bisherige RETRO-VK-Nutzer sowie Bibliotheken, die an Verbundsystemen teilnehmen bzw. in öffentlicher Trägerschaft sind, beträgt EUR 200,-. Der Preis für Interessenten außerhalb dieses Kreises beträgt EUR 1500,-.

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Abstract

XML bietet zwar durchaus das allgemein akzeptierte Verfahren zum Austausch strukturierter Daten, das in vielen Anwendungen benötigt wird, ist aber dennoch nicht ausreichend, Interoperabilität zwischen anwendungen sicherzustellen. Probleme können auf verschiedenen Ebenen entstehen, beginned bei so grundlegenden Dingen wie Zeichenkodierungen, bis hin zu Problemen des inhaltlichen Verständnisses von XML Dokumenten. Im vorliegeneden Artikel soll auf den letzteren Aspekt näher eingegangen werden, also die Frage, was notwendig ist, damit der Austausch von XML nicht nur syntaktisch funktioniert, sondern auch auf einem gemeinsamen Verständnis beider Seiten basiert.