Search (61 results, page 1 of 4)

  • × language_ss:"e"
  • × theme_ss:"Computerlinguistik"
  • × year_i:[2000 TO 2010}
  1. Mustafa El Hadi, W.: Terminologies, ontologies and information access (2006) 0.03
    0.026324045 = product of:
      0.10529618 = sum of:
        0.022864813 = weight(_text_:23 in 1488) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.022864813 = score(doc=1488,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.07217676 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02013827 = queryNorm
            0.31678912 = fieldWeight in 1488, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1488)
        0.022864813 = weight(_text_:23 in 1488) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.022864813 = score(doc=1488,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.07217676 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02013827 = queryNorm
            0.31678912 = fieldWeight in 1488, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1488)
        0.022864813 = weight(_text_:23 in 1488) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.022864813 = score(doc=1488,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.07217676 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02013827 = queryNorm
            0.31678912 = fieldWeight in 1488, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1488)
        0.011012898 = product of:
          0.022025796 = sum of:
            0.022025796 = weight(_text_:29 in 1488) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
              0.022025796 = score(doc=1488,freq=2.0), product of:
                0.070840135 = queryWeight, product of:
                  3.5176873 = idf(docFreq=3565, maxDocs=44218)
                  0.02013827 = queryNorm
                0.31092256 = fieldWeight in 1488, product of:
                  1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                    2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                  3.5176873 = idf(docFreq=3565, maxDocs=44218)
                  0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1488)
          0.5 = coord(1/2)
        0.025688844 = product of:
          0.051377688 = sum of:
            0.051377688 = weight(_text_:engineering in 1488) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
              0.051377688 = score(doc=1488,freq=2.0), product of:
                0.10819342 = queryWeight, product of:
                  5.372528 = idf(docFreq=557, maxDocs=44218)
                  0.02013827 = queryNorm
                0.47486886 = fieldWeight in 1488, product of:
                  1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                    2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                  5.372528 = idf(docFreq=557, maxDocs=44218)
                  0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1488)
          0.5 = coord(1/2)
      0.25 = coord(5/20)
    
    Abstract
    Ontologies have become an important issue in research communities across several disciplines. This paper discusses some of the innovative techniques involving automatic terminology resources acquisition are briefly discussed. Suggests that NLP-based ontologies are useful in reducing the cost of ontology engineering. Emphasizes that linguistic ontologies covering both ontological and lexical information can offer solutions since they can be more easily updated by the resources of NLP products.
    Date
    29. 2.2008 16:25:23
  2. Jaaranen, K.; Lehtola, A.; Tenni, J.; Bounsaythip, C.: Webtran tools for in-company language support (2000) 0.02
    0.016856018 = product of:
      0.067424074 = sum of:
        0.017148608 = weight(_text_:23 in 5553) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.017148608 = score(doc=5553,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.07217676 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02013827 = queryNorm
            0.23759183 = fieldWeight in 5553, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=5553)
        0.017148608 = weight(_text_:23 in 5553) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.017148608 = score(doc=5553,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.07217676 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02013827 = queryNorm
            0.23759183 = fieldWeight in 5553, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=5553)
        0.0065578544 = weight(_text_:und in 5553) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.0065578544 = score(doc=5553,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.044633795 = queryWeight, product of:
              2.216367 = idf(docFreq=13101, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02013827 = queryNorm
            0.14692576 = fieldWeight in 5553, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              2.216367 = idf(docFreq=13101, maxDocs=44218)
              0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=5553)
        0.017148608 = weight(_text_:23 in 5553) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.017148608 = score(doc=5553,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.07217676 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02013827 = queryNorm
            0.23759183 = fieldWeight in 5553, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=5553)
        0.009420394 = weight(_text_:der in 5553) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.009420394 = score(doc=5553,freq=4.0), product of:
            0.044984195 = queryWeight, product of:
              2.2337668 = idf(docFreq=12875, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02013827 = queryNorm
            0.20941564 = fieldWeight in 5553, product of:
              2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                4.0 = termFreq=4.0
              2.2337668 = idf(docFreq=12875, maxDocs=44218)
              0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=5553)
      0.25 = coord(5/20)
    
    Source
    Sprachtechnologie für eine dynamische Wirtschaft im Medienzeitalter - Language technologies for dynamic business in the age of the media - L'ingénierie linguistique au service de la dynamisation économique à l'ère du multimédia: Tagungsakten der XXVI. Jahrestagung der Internationalen Vereinigung Sprache und Wirtschaft e.V., 23.-25.11.2000, Fachhochschule Köln. Hrsg.: K.-D. Schmitz
  3. Hull, D.; Ait-Mokhtar, S.; Chuat, M.; Eisele, A.; Gaussier, E.; Grefenstette, G.; Isabelle, P.; Samulesson, C.; Segand, F.: Language technologies and patent search and classification (2001) 0.02
    0.015433748 = product of:
      0.102891654 = sum of:
        0.034297217 = weight(_text_:23 in 6318) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.034297217 = score(doc=6318,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.07217676 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02013827 = queryNorm
            0.47518367 = fieldWeight in 6318, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=6318)
        0.034297217 = weight(_text_:23 in 6318) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.034297217 = score(doc=6318,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.07217676 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02013827 = queryNorm
            0.47518367 = fieldWeight in 6318, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=6318)
        0.034297217 = weight(_text_:23 in 6318) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.034297217 = score(doc=6318,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.07217676 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02013827 = queryNorm
            0.47518367 = fieldWeight in 6318, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=6318)
      0.15 = coord(3/20)
    
    Source
    World patent information. 23(2001), S.265-268
  4. Godby, C.J.: ¬Two Techniques for the Identification of Phrases in Full Text (2001) 0.02
    0.015433748 = product of:
      0.102891654 = sum of:
        0.034297217 = weight(_text_:23 in 1000) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.034297217 = score(doc=1000,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.07217676 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02013827 = queryNorm
            0.47518367 = fieldWeight in 1000, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=1000)
        0.034297217 = weight(_text_:23 in 1000) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.034297217 = score(doc=1000,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.07217676 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02013827 = queryNorm
            0.47518367 = fieldWeight in 1000, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=1000)
        0.034297217 = weight(_text_:23 in 1000) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.034297217 = score(doc=1000,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.07217676 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02013827 = queryNorm
            0.47518367 = fieldWeight in 1000, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=1000)
      0.15 = coord(3/20)
    
    Date
    11. 2.1997 20:11:23
  5. Godby, C.J.; Reighart, R.R.: ¬The WordSmith Toolkit (2001) 0.02
    0.015433748 = product of:
      0.102891654 = sum of:
        0.034297217 = weight(_text_:23 in 1055) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.034297217 = score(doc=1055,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.07217676 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02013827 = queryNorm
            0.47518367 = fieldWeight in 1055, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=1055)
        0.034297217 = weight(_text_:23 in 1055) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.034297217 = score(doc=1055,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.07217676 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02013827 = queryNorm
            0.47518367 = fieldWeight in 1055, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=1055)
        0.034297217 = weight(_text_:23 in 1055) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.034297217 = score(doc=1055,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.07217676 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02013827 = queryNorm
            0.47518367 = fieldWeight in 1055, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=1055)
      0.15 = coord(3/20)
    
    Date
    11. 2.1997 20:11:23
  6. Normore, L.F.: Using Visualization to Understand Phrase Structure (2001) 0.02
    0.015433748 = product of:
      0.102891654 = sum of:
        0.034297217 = weight(_text_:23 in 1060) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.034297217 = score(doc=1060,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.07217676 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02013827 = queryNorm
            0.47518367 = fieldWeight in 1060, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=1060)
        0.034297217 = weight(_text_:23 in 1060) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.034297217 = score(doc=1060,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.07217676 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02013827 = queryNorm
            0.47518367 = fieldWeight in 1060, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=1060)
        0.034297217 = weight(_text_:23 in 1060) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.034297217 = score(doc=1060,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.07217676 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02013827 = queryNorm
            0.47518367 = fieldWeight in 1060, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=1060)
      0.15 = coord(3/20)
    
    Date
    11. 2.1997 20:11:23
  7. Godby, C.J.; Reighart, R.R.: ¬The WordSmith Indexing System (2001) 0.02
    0.015433748 = product of:
      0.102891654 = sum of:
        0.034297217 = weight(_text_:23 in 1063) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.034297217 = score(doc=1063,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.07217676 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02013827 = queryNorm
            0.47518367 = fieldWeight in 1063, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=1063)
        0.034297217 = weight(_text_:23 in 1063) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.034297217 = score(doc=1063,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.07217676 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02013827 = queryNorm
            0.47518367 = fieldWeight in 1063, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=1063)
        0.034297217 = weight(_text_:23 in 1063) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.034297217 = score(doc=1063,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.07217676 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02013827 = queryNorm
            0.47518367 = fieldWeight in 1063, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=1063)
      0.15 = coord(3/20)
    
    Date
    11. 2.1997 20:11:23
  8. Boleda, G.; Evert, S.: Multiword expressions : a pain in the neck of lexical semantics (2009) 0.01
    0.014390774 = product of:
      0.09593849 = sum of:
        0.071702205 = weight(_text_:methoden in 4888) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.071702205 = score(doc=4888,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.10436003 = queryWeight, product of:
              5.1821747 = idf(docFreq=674, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02013827 = queryNorm
            0.6870658 = fieldWeight in 4888, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              5.1821747 = idf(docFreq=674, maxDocs=44218)
              0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=4888)
        0.013322448 = weight(_text_:der in 4888) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.013322448 = score(doc=4888,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.044984195 = queryWeight, product of:
              2.2337668 = idf(docFreq=12875, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02013827 = queryNorm
            0.29615843 = fieldWeight in 4888, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              2.2337668 = idf(docFreq=12875, maxDocs=44218)
              0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=4888)
        0.01091383 = product of:
          0.03274149 = sum of:
            0.03274149 = weight(_text_:22 in 4888) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
              0.03274149 = score(doc=4888,freq=2.0), product of:
                0.07052079 = queryWeight, product of:
                  3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
                  0.02013827 = queryNorm
                0.46428138 = fieldWeight in 4888, product of:
                  1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                    2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                  3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
                  0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=4888)
          0.33333334 = coord(1/3)
      0.15 = coord(3/20)
    
    Abstract
    Mit einem Überblick über: Probleme, Methoden, Stand der Forschung u. Literatur.
    Date
    1. 3.2013 14:56:22
  9. Wright, S.E.: Leveraging terminology resources across application boundaries : accessing resources in future integrated environments (2000) 0.01
    0.014046682 = product of:
      0.05618673 = sum of:
        0.014290508 = weight(_text_:23 in 5528) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.014290508 = score(doc=5528,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.07217676 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02013827 = queryNorm
            0.1979932 = fieldWeight in 5528, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=5528)
        0.014290508 = weight(_text_:23 in 5528) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.014290508 = score(doc=5528,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.07217676 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02013827 = queryNorm
            0.1979932 = fieldWeight in 5528, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=5528)
        0.005464879 = weight(_text_:und in 5528) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.005464879 = score(doc=5528,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.044633795 = queryWeight, product of:
              2.216367 = idf(docFreq=13101, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02013827 = queryNorm
            0.12243814 = fieldWeight in 5528, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              2.216367 = idf(docFreq=13101, maxDocs=44218)
              0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=5528)
        0.014290508 = weight(_text_:23 in 5528) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.014290508 = score(doc=5528,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.07217676 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02013827 = queryNorm
            0.1979932 = fieldWeight in 5528, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=5528)
        0.007850328 = weight(_text_:der in 5528) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.007850328 = score(doc=5528,freq=4.0), product of:
            0.044984195 = queryWeight, product of:
              2.2337668 = idf(docFreq=12875, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02013827 = queryNorm
            0.17451303 = fieldWeight in 5528, product of:
              2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                4.0 = termFreq=4.0
              2.2337668 = idf(docFreq=12875, maxDocs=44218)
              0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=5528)
      0.25 = coord(5/20)
    
    Source
    Sprachtechnologie für eine dynamische Wirtschaft im Medienzeitalter - Language technologies for dynamic business in the age of the media - L'ingénierie linguistique au service de la dynamisation économique à l'ère du multimédia: Tagungsakten der XXVI. Jahrestagung der Internationalen Vereinigung Sprache und Wirtschaft e.V., 23.-25.11.2000, Fachhochschule Köln. Hrsg.: K.-D. Schmitz
  10. Working with conceptual structures : contributions to ICCS 2000. 8th International Conference on Conceptual Structures: Logical, Linguistic, and Computational Issues. Darmstadt, August 14-18, 2000 (2000) 0.01
    0.011176803 = product of:
      0.055884015 = sum of:
        0.017332766 = weight(_text_:software in 5089) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.017332766 = score(doc=5089,freq=4.0), product of:
            0.07989157 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.9671519 = idf(docFreq=2274, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02013827 = queryNorm
            0.21695362 = fieldWeight in 5089, product of:
              2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                4.0 = termFreq=4.0
              3.9671519 = idf(docFreq=2274, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02734375 = fieldNorm(doc=5089)
        0.017332766 = weight(_text_:software in 5089) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.017332766 = score(doc=5089,freq=4.0), product of:
            0.07989157 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.9671519 = idf(docFreq=2274, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02013827 = queryNorm
            0.21695362 = fieldWeight in 5089, product of:
              2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                4.0 = termFreq=4.0
              3.9671519 = idf(docFreq=2274, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02734375 = fieldNorm(doc=5089)
        0.0038857143 = weight(_text_:der in 5089) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.0038857143 = score(doc=5089,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.044984195 = queryWeight, product of:
              2.2337668 = idf(docFreq=12875, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02013827 = queryNorm
            0.08637954 = fieldWeight in 5089, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              2.2337668 = idf(docFreq=12875, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02734375 = fieldNorm(doc=5089)
        0.017332766 = weight(_text_:software in 5089) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.017332766 = score(doc=5089,freq=4.0), product of:
            0.07989157 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.9671519 = idf(docFreq=2274, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02013827 = queryNorm
            0.21695362 = fieldWeight in 5089, product of:
              2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                4.0 = termFreq=4.0
              3.9671519 = idf(docFreq=2274, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02734375 = fieldNorm(doc=5089)
      0.2 = coord(4/20)
    
    Content
    Concepts & Language: Knowledge organization by procedures of natural language processing. A case study using the method GABEK (J. Zelger, J. Gadner) - Computer aided narrative analysis using conceptual graphs (H. Schärfe, P. 0hrstrom) - Pragmatic representation of argumentative text: a challenge for the conceptual graph approach (H. Irandoust, B. Moulin) - Conceptual graphs as a knowledge representation core in a complex language learning environment (G. Angelova, A. Nenkova, S. Boycheva, T. Nikolov) - Conceptual Modeling and Ontologies: Relationships and actions in conceptual categories (Ch. Landauer, K.L. Bellman) - Concept approximations for formal concept analysis (J. Saquer, J.S. Deogun) - Faceted information representation (U. Priß) - Simple concept graphs with universal quantifiers (J. Tappe) - A framework for comparing methods for using or reusing multiple ontologies in an application (J. van ZyI, D. Corbett) - Designing task/method knowledge-based systems with conceptual graphs (M. Leclère, F.Trichet, Ch. Choquet) - A logical ontology (J. Farkas, J. Sarbo) - Algorithms and Tools: Fast concept analysis (Ch. Lindig) - A framework for conceptual graph unification (D. Corbett) - Visual CP representation of knowledge (H.D. Pfeiffer, R.T. Hartley) - Maximal isojoin for representing software textual specifications and detecting semantic anomalies (Th. Charnois) - Troika: using grids, lattices and graphs in knowledge acquisition (H.S. Delugach, B.E. Lampkin) - Open world theorem prover for conceptual graphs (J.E. Heaton, P. Kocura) - NetCare: a practical conceptual graphs software tool (S. Polovina, D. Strang) - CGWorld - a web based workbench for conceptual graphs management and applications (P. Dobrev, K. Toutanova) - Position papers: The edition project: Peirce's existential graphs (R. Mülller) - Mining association rules using formal concept analysis (N. Pasquier) - Contextual logic summary (R Wille) - Information channels and conceptual scaling (K.E. Wolff) - Spatial concepts - a rule exploration (S. Rudolph) - The TEXT-TO-ONTO learning environment (A. Mädche, St. Staab) - Controlling the semantics of metadata on audio-visual documents using ontologies (Th. Dechilly, B. Bachimont) - Building the ontological foundations of a terminology from natural language to conceptual graphs with Ribosome, a knowledge extraction system (Ch. Jacquelinet, A. Burgun) - CharGer: some lessons learned and new directions (H.S. Delugach) - Knowledge management using conceptual graphs (W.K. Pun)
    Series
    Berichte aus der Informatik
  11. Toutanova, K.; Klein, D.; Manning, C.D.; Singer, Y.: Feature-rich Part-of-Speech Tagging with a cyclic dependency network (2003) 0.01
    0.011030504 = product of:
      0.07353669 = sum of:
        0.02451223 = weight(_text_:software in 1059) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.02451223 = score(doc=1059,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.07989157 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.9671519 = idf(docFreq=2274, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02013827 = queryNorm
            0.30681872 = fieldWeight in 1059, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.9671519 = idf(docFreq=2274, maxDocs=44218)
              0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1059)
        0.02451223 = weight(_text_:software in 1059) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.02451223 = score(doc=1059,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.07989157 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.9671519 = idf(docFreq=2274, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02013827 = queryNorm
            0.30681872 = fieldWeight in 1059, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.9671519 = idf(docFreq=2274, maxDocs=44218)
              0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1059)
        0.02451223 = weight(_text_:software in 1059) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.02451223 = score(doc=1059,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.07989157 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.9671519 = idf(docFreq=2274, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02013827 = queryNorm
            0.30681872 = fieldWeight in 1059, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.9671519 = idf(docFreq=2274, maxDocs=44218)
              0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1059)
      0.15 = coord(3/20)
    
    Content
    Vgl.: http://nlp.stanford.edu/software/tagger.shtml.
  12. Toutanova, K.; Manning, C.D.: Enriching the knowledge sources used in a maximum entropy Part-of-Speech Tagger (2000) 0.01
    0.011030504 = product of:
      0.07353669 = sum of:
        0.02451223 = weight(_text_:software in 1060) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.02451223 = score(doc=1060,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.07989157 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.9671519 = idf(docFreq=2274, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02013827 = queryNorm
            0.30681872 = fieldWeight in 1060, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.9671519 = idf(docFreq=2274, maxDocs=44218)
              0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1060)
        0.02451223 = weight(_text_:software in 1060) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.02451223 = score(doc=1060,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.07989157 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.9671519 = idf(docFreq=2274, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02013827 = queryNorm
            0.30681872 = fieldWeight in 1060, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.9671519 = idf(docFreq=2274, maxDocs=44218)
              0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1060)
        0.02451223 = weight(_text_:software in 1060) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.02451223 = score(doc=1060,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.07989157 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.9671519 = idf(docFreq=2274, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02013827 = queryNorm
            0.30681872 = fieldWeight in 1060, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.9671519 = idf(docFreq=2274, maxDocs=44218)
              0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1060)
      0.15 = coord(3/20)
    
    Content
    Vgl.: http://nlp.stanford.edu/software/tagger.shtml.
  13. Abdelali, A.: Localization in modern standard Arabic (2004) 0.01
    0.007716874 = product of:
      0.051445827 = sum of:
        0.017148608 = weight(_text_:23 in 2066) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.017148608 = score(doc=2066,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.07217676 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02013827 = queryNorm
            0.23759183 = fieldWeight in 2066, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=2066)
        0.017148608 = weight(_text_:23 in 2066) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.017148608 = score(doc=2066,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.07217676 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02013827 = queryNorm
            0.23759183 = fieldWeight in 2066, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=2066)
        0.017148608 = weight(_text_:23 in 2066) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.017148608 = score(doc=2066,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.07217676 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02013827 = queryNorm
            0.23759183 = fieldWeight in 2066, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=2066)
      0.15 = coord(3/20)
    
    Source
    Journal of the American Society for Information Science and technology. 55(2004) no.1, S.23-28
  14. Kreymer, O.: ¬An evaluation of help mechanisms in natural language information retrieval systems (2002) 0.01
    0.007716874 = product of:
      0.051445827 = sum of:
        0.017148608 = weight(_text_:23 in 2557) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.017148608 = score(doc=2557,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.07217676 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02013827 = queryNorm
            0.23759183 = fieldWeight in 2557, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=2557)
        0.017148608 = weight(_text_:23 in 2557) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.017148608 = score(doc=2557,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.07217676 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02013827 = queryNorm
            0.23759183 = fieldWeight in 2557, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=2557)
        0.017148608 = weight(_text_:23 in 2557) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.017148608 = score(doc=2557,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.07217676 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02013827 = queryNorm
            0.23759183 = fieldWeight in 2557, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=2557)
      0.15 = coord(3/20)
    
    Date
    30.12.2008 18:23:47
  15. Fautsch, C.; Savoy, J.: Algorithmic stemmers or morphological analysis? : an evaluation (2009) 0.01
    0.007716874 = product of:
      0.051445827 = sum of:
        0.017148608 = weight(_text_:23 in 2950) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.017148608 = score(doc=2950,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.07217676 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02013827 = queryNorm
            0.23759183 = fieldWeight in 2950, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=2950)
        0.017148608 = weight(_text_:23 in 2950) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.017148608 = score(doc=2950,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.07217676 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02013827 = queryNorm
            0.23759183 = fieldWeight in 2950, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=2950)
        0.017148608 = weight(_text_:23 in 2950) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.017148608 = score(doc=2950,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.07217676 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02013827 = queryNorm
            0.23759183 = fieldWeight in 2950, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=2950)
      0.15 = coord(3/20)
    
    Date
    19. 7.2009 16:23:44
  16. Airio, E.; Kettunen, K.: Does dictionary based bilingual retrieval work in a non-normalized index? (2009) 0.01
    0.007716874 = product of:
      0.051445827 = sum of:
        0.017148608 = weight(_text_:23 in 4224) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.017148608 = score(doc=4224,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.07217676 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02013827 = queryNorm
            0.23759183 = fieldWeight in 4224, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=4224)
        0.017148608 = weight(_text_:23 in 4224) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.017148608 = score(doc=4224,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.07217676 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02013827 = queryNorm
            0.23759183 = fieldWeight in 4224, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=4224)
        0.017148608 = weight(_text_:23 in 4224) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.017148608 = score(doc=4224,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.07217676 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02013827 = queryNorm
            0.23759183 = fieldWeight in 4224, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=4224)
      0.15 = coord(3/20)
    
    Date
    23. 1.2011 14:37:00
  17. Pirkola, A.; Hedlund, T.; Keskustalo, H.; Järvelin, K.: Dictionary-based cross-language information retrieval : problems, methods, and research findings (2001) 0.01
    0.0070481906 = product of:
      0.14096381 = sum of:
        0.14096381 = weight(_text_:230 in 3908) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.14096381 = score(doc=3908,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.13547163 = queryWeight, product of:
              6.727074 = idf(docFreq=143, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02013827 = queryNorm
            1.0405412 = fieldWeight in 3908, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              6.727074 = idf(docFreq=143, maxDocs=44218)
              0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=3908)
      0.05 = coord(1/20)
    
    Source
    Information retrieval. 4(2001), S.209-230
  18. Yang, C.C.; Luk, J.: Automatic generation of English/Chinese thesaurus based on a parallel corpus in laws (2003) 0.01
    0.0066386536 = product of:
      0.033193268 = sum of:
        0.010003355 = weight(_text_:23 in 1616) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.010003355 = score(doc=1616,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.07217676 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02013827 = queryNorm
            0.13859524 = fieldWeight in 1616, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02734375 = fieldNorm(doc=1616)
        0.010003355 = weight(_text_:23 in 1616) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.010003355 = score(doc=1616,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.07217676 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02013827 = queryNorm
            0.13859524 = fieldWeight in 1616, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02734375 = fieldNorm(doc=1616)
        0.010003355 = weight(_text_:23 in 1616) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.010003355 = score(doc=1616,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.07217676 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02013827 = queryNorm
            0.13859524 = fieldWeight in 1616, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02734375 = fieldNorm(doc=1616)
        0.0031832005 = product of:
          0.009549601 = sum of:
            0.009549601 = weight(_text_:22 in 1616) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
              0.009549601 = score(doc=1616,freq=2.0), product of:
                0.07052079 = queryWeight, product of:
                  3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
                  0.02013827 = queryNorm
                0.1354154 = fieldWeight in 1616, product of:
                  1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                    2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                  3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
                  0.02734375 = fieldNorm(doc=1616)
          0.33333334 = coord(1/3)
      0.2 = coord(4/20)
    
    Abstract
    The information available in languages other than English in the World Wide Web is increasing significantly. According to a report from Computer Economics in 1999, 54% of Internet users are English speakers ("English Will Dominate Web for Only Three More Years," Computer Economics, July 9, 1999, http://www.computereconomics. com/new4/pr/pr990610.html). However, it is predicted that there will be only 60% increase in Internet users among English speakers verses a 150% growth among nonEnglish speakers for the next five years. By 2005, 57% of Internet users will be non-English speakers. A report by CNN.com in 2000 showed that the number of Internet users in China had been increased from 8.9 million to 16.9 million from January to June in 2000 ("Report: China Internet users double to 17 million," CNN.com, July, 2000, http://cnn.org/2000/TECH/computing/07/27/ china.internet.reut/index.html). According to Nielsen/ NetRatings, there was a dramatic leap from 22.5 millions to 56.6 millions Internet users from 2001 to 2002. China had become the second largest global at-home Internet population in 2002 (US's Internet population was 166 millions) (Robyn Greenspan, "China Pulls Ahead of Japan," Internet.com, April 22, 2002, http://cyberatias.internet.com/big-picture/geographics/article/0,,5911_1013841,00. html). All of the evidences reveal the importance of crosslingual research to satisfy the needs in the near future. Digital library research has been focusing in structural and semantic interoperability in the past. Searching and retrieving objects across variations in protocols, formats and disciplines are widely explored (Schatz, B., & Chen, H. (1999). Digital libraries: technological advances and social impacts. IEEE Computer, Special Issue an Digital Libraries, February, 32(2), 45-50.; Chen, H., Yen, J., & Yang, C.C. (1999). International activities: development of Asian digital libraries. IEEE Computer, Special Issue an Digital Libraries, 32(2), 48-49.). However, research in crossing language boundaries, especially across European languages and Oriental languages, is still in the initial stage. In this proposal, we put our focus an cross-lingual semantic interoperability by developing automatic generation of a cross-lingual thesaurus based an English/Chinese parallel corpus. When the searchers encounter retrieval problems, Professional librarians usually consult the thesaurus to identify other relevant vocabularies. In the problem of searching across language boundaries, a cross-lingual thesaurus, which is generated by co-occurrence analysis and Hopfield network, can be used to generate additional semantically relevant terms that cannot be obtained from dictionary. In particular, the automatically generated cross-lingual thesaurus is able to capture the unknown words that do not exist in a dictionary, such as names of persons, organizations, and events. Due to Hong Kong's unique history background, both English and Chinese are used as official languages in all legal documents. Therefore, English/Chinese cross-lingual information retrieval is critical for applications in courts and the government. In this paper, we develop an automatic thesaurus by the Hopfield network based an a parallel corpus collected from the Web site of the Department of Justice of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) Government. Experiments are conducted to measure the precision and recall of the automatic generated English/Chinese thesaurus. The result Shows that such thesaurus is a promising tool to retrieve relevant terms, especially in the language that is not the same as the input term. The direct translation of the input term can also be retrieved in most of the cases.
    Date
    18. 5.2003 9:23:55
  19. Li, Q.; Chen, Y.P.; Myaeng, S.-H.; Jin, Y.; Kang, B.-Y.: Concept unification of terms in different languages via web mining for Information Retrieval (2009) 0.01
    0.006430729 = product of:
      0.042871524 = sum of:
        0.014290508 = weight(_text_:23 in 4215) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.014290508 = score(doc=4215,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.07217676 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02013827 = queryNorm
            0.1979932 = fieldWeight in 4215, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=4215)
        0.014290508 = weight(_text_:23 in 4215) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.014290508 = score(doc=4215,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.07217676 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02013827 = queryNorm
            0.1979932 = fieldWeight in 4215, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=4215)
        0.014290508 = weight(_text_:23 in 4215) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.014290508 = score(doc=4215,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.07217676 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02013827 = queryNorm
            0.1979932 = fieldWeight in 4215, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=4215)
      0.15 = coord(3/20)
    
    Date
    23. 1.2011 13:55:27
  20. Humphrey, S.M.; Rogers, W.J.; Kilicoglu, H.; Demner-Fushman, D.; Rindflesch, T.C.: Word sense disambiguation by selecting the best semantic type based on journal descriptor indexing : preliminary experiment (2006) 0.01
    0.005144583 = product of:
      0.03429722 = sum of:
        0.0114324065 = weight(_text_:23 in 4912) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.0114324065 = score(doc=4912,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.07217676 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02013827 = queryNorm
            0.15839456 = fieldWeight in 4912, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.03125 = fieldNorm(doc=4912)
        0.0114324065 = weight(_text_:23 in 4912) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.0114324065 = score(doc=4912,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.07217676 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02013827 = queryNorm
            0.15839456 = fieldWeight in 4912, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.03125 = fieldNorm(doc=4912)
        0.0114324065 = weight(_text_:23 in 4912) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.0114324065 = score(doc=4912,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.07217676 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02013827 = queryNorm
            0.15839456 = fieldWeight in 4912, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5840597 = idf(docFreq=3336, maxDocs=44218)
              0.03125 = fieldNorm(doc=4912)
      0.15 = coord(3/20)
    
    Abstract
    An experiment was performed at the National Library of Medicine® (NLM®) in word sense disambiguation (WSD) using the Journal Descriptor Indexing (JDI) methodology. The motivation is the need to solve the ambiguity problem confronting NLM's MetaMap system, which maps free text to terms corresponding to concepts in NLM's Unified Medical Language System® (UMLS®) Metathesaurus®. If the text maps to more than one Metathesaurus concept at the same high confidence score, MetaMap has no way of knowing which concept is the correct mapping. We describe the JDI methodology, which is ultimately based an statistical associations between words in a training set of MEDLINE® citations and a small set of journal descriptors (assigned by humans to journals per se) assumed to be inherited by the citations. JDI is the basis for selecting the best meaning that is correlated to UMLS semantic types (STs) assigned to ambiguous concepts in the Metathesaurus. For example, the ambiguity transport has two meanings: "Biological Transport" assigned the ST Cell Function and "Patient transport" assigned the ST Health Care Activity. A JDI-based methodology can analyze text containing transport and determine which ST receives a higher score for that text, which then returns the associated meaning, presumed to apply to the ambiguity itself. We then present an experiment in which a baseline disambiguation method was compared to four versions of JDI in disambiguating 45 ambiguous strings from NLM's WSD Test Collection. Overall average precision for the highest-scoring JDI version was 0.7873 compared to 0.2492 for the baseline method, and average precision for individual ambiguities was greater than 0.90 for 23 of them (51%), greater than 0.85 for 24 (53%), and greater than 0.65 for 35 (79%). On the basis of these results, we hope to improve performance of JDI and test its use in applications.

Languages

Types

  • a 51
  • m 9
  • s 5
  • el 2
  • More… Less…