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  1. Rubin, V.L.: Disinformation and misinformation triangle (2019) 0.04 
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    Abstract
    Purpose The purpose of this paper is to treat disinformation and misinformation (intentionally deceptive and unintentionally inaccurate misleading information, respectively) as a socio-cultural technology-enabled epidemic in digital news, propagated via social media. Design/methodology/approach The proposed disinformation and misinformation triangle is a conceptual model that identifies the three minimal causal factors occurring simultaneously to facilitate the spread of the epidemic at the societal level. Findings Following the epidemiological disease triangle model, the three interacting causal factors are translated into the digital news context: the virulent pathogens are falsifications, clickbait, satirical "fakes" and other deceptive or misleading news content; the susceptible hosts are information-overloaded, time-pressed news readers lacking media literacy skills; and the conducive environments are polluted poorly regulated social media platforms that propagate and encourage the spread of various "fakes." Originality/value The three types of interventions - automation, education and regulation - are proposed as a set of holistic measures to reveal, and potentially control, predict and prevent further proliferation of the epidemic. Partial automated solutions with natural language processing, machine learning and various automated detection techniques are currently available, as exemplified here briefly. Automated solutions assist (but not replace) human judgments about whether news is truthful and credible. Information literacy efforts require further in-depth understanding of the phenomenon and interdisciplinary collaboration outside of the traditional library and information science, incorporating media studies, journalism, interpersonal psychology and communication perspectives.
  2. Haggar, E.: Fighting fake news : exploring George Orwell's relationship to information literacy (2020) 0.04 
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    Abstract
    The purpose of this paper is to analyse George Orwell's diaries through an information literacy lens. Orwell is well known for his dedication to freedom of speech and objective truth, and his novel Nineteen Eighty-Four is often used as a lens through which to view the fake news phenomenon. This paper will examine Orwell's diaries in relation to UNESCO's Five Laws of Media and Information Literacy to examine how information literacy concepts can be traced in historical documents. Design/methodology/approach This paper will use a content analysis method to explore Orwell's relationship to information literacy. Two of Orwell's political diaries from the period 1940-42 were coded for key themes related to the ways in which Orwell discusses and evaluates information and news. These themes were then compared to UNESCO Five Laws of Media and Information Literacy. Textual analysis software NVivo 12 was used to perform keyword searches and word frequency queries in the digitised diaries. Findings The findings show that while Orwell's diaries and the Five Laws did not share terminology, they did share ideas on bias and access to information. They also extend the history of information literacy research and practice by illustrating how concerns about the need to evaluate information sources are represented within historical literature. Originality/value This paper combines historical research with textual analysis to bring a unique historical perspective to information literacy, demonstrating that "fake news" is not a recent phenomenon, and that the tools to fight it may also lie in historical research.
  3. Malsburg, C. von der: ¬The correlation theory of brain function (1981) 0.03 
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    Source
    http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F1380%2F1%2FvdM_correlation.pdf&usg=AOvVaw0g7DvZbQPb2U7dYb49b9v_
  4. Bauwens, M.: Knowledge transfer in cyberspace : a model for future business practices (1996) 0.03 
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    Source
    FID news bulletin. 46(1996) nos.1/2, S.46-54
  5. Fallis, D.: Social epistemology and information science (2006) 0.03 
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    Date
    13. 7.2008 19:22:28
  6. Repo, A.J.: ¬The dual approach to the value of information : an appraisal of use and exchange values (1989) 0.02 
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    Source
    Information processing and management. 22(1986) no.5, S.373-383
  7. Houston, R.D.; Harmon, E.G.: Re-envisioning the information concept : systematic definitions (2002) 0.02 
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    Date
    22. 2.2007 18:56:23
    22. 2.2007 19:22:13
  8. Gleick, J.: ¬The information : a history, a theory, a flood (2011) 0.02 
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    Content
    Drums that talk -- Persistence of the word -- Two wordbooks -- To throw the powers of thought into wheel-work -- A nervous system for the Earth -- New wires, new logic -- Information theory -- The informational turn -- Entropy and its demons -- Life's own code -- Into the meme pool -- The sense of randomness -- Information is physical -- After the flood -- New news every day.
  9. O'Connor, C.; Weatherall, J.O.: ¬The misinformation age : how false ideas spread (2019) 0.02 
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    Abstract
    The social dynamics of alternative facts: why what you believe depends on who you know. Why should we care about having true beliefs? And why do demonstrably false beliefs persist and spread despite bad, even fatal, consequences for the people who hold them? Philosophers of science Cailin OConnor and James Weatherall argue that social factors, rather than individual psychology, are whats essential to understanding the spread and persistence of false beliefs. It might seem that theres an obvious reason that true beliefs matter: false beliefs will hurt you. But if thats right, then why is it (apparently) irrelevant to many people whether they believe true things or not? The Misinformation Age, written for a political era riven by fake news, alternative facts, and disputes over the validity of everything from climate change to the size of inauguration crowds, shows convincingly that what you believe depends on who you know. If social forces explain the persistence of false belief, we must understand how those forces work in order to fight misinformation effectively.
  10. Robertson, G.: What is information? (1996) 0.02 
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    Source
    Managing information. 3(1996) no.6, S.22-23
  11. Martin, W.J.: ¬The information society (1995) 0.02 
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    Date
    15. 7.2002 14:22:55
  12. Davenport, E.; Cronin, B.: Knowledge management : Semantic drift or conceptual shift? (2000) 0.02 
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    Date
    31. 7.2001 20:22:57
  13. Fugmann, R.: What is information? : an information veteran looks back (2022) 0.02 
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    Date
    18. 8.2022 19:22:57
  14. Bates, M.J.: Fundamental forms of information (2006) 0.02 
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    Date
    22. 3.2009 18:15:22
  15. Smith, L.C.: "Wholly new forms of encyclopedias" : electronic knowledge in the form of hypertext (1989) 0.01 
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    Date
    7. 1.1996 22:47:52
  16. Information literacy : a position paper on information problem solving; American Association of School Librarians Position Statement (1995) 0.01 
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    Date
    11. 4.1996 14:22:40
  17. Infield, N.: Capitalising on knowledge : if knowledge is power, why don't librarians rule the world? (1997) 0.01 
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    Source
    Information world review. 1997, no.130, S.22
  18. Cawkell, T.: ¬The information age : for better or for worse (1998) 0.01 
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    Date
    3. 1.1999 14:40:22
  19. Oxbrow, N.: Information literacy : the final key to an information society (1998) 0.01 
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    Date
    22. 5.1999 19:55:13
  20. Swigon, M.: Information limits : definition, typology and types (2011) 0.01 
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    Date
    12. 7.2011 18:22:52

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