Search (463 results, page 23 of 24)

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Editor

Davies, J. u.a.

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Footnote

Rez. in: IWP 60(2009) H.4, S.245 (J. Fassbender): "Heather Heddens Buch über Website-Indexing gehört zur Indexing Specialties-Serie, die vom Information Today-Verlag in Zusammenarbeit mit der American Society of Indexers herausgegeben wird. Der Bereich Website-Indexing befasst sich mit der Index-Erstellung und -Pflege für Websites und Intranets - ähnlich zu Registern für Printpublikationen. Ein Website-Index hat oft die Bezeichnung Site Index oder A-Z Index und sollte zudem nicht mit Site Maps verwechselt werden. Das Buch füllt gerade auch hierzulande eine Riesenlücke aus: Nach Einschätzung des Deutschen Netzwerks der Indexer (DNI) ist das Wissensdefizit über Website-Indexing in der deutschen Web- und IT-Szene enorm. Die Autorin beginnt in diesem Sinne auch gleich mit zwei Kernaussagen des Buches: 1. Website-Indexing sei deshalb in der Web-Szene nicht so verbreitet, weil die Kenntnisse der Methoden zur Index-Erstellung fehlen und/oder die nötigen Tools unbekannt sind. 2. Ein guter Index stelle für viele Sites die effektivste Suchmethode dar - trotz der Konkurrenz zu Navigationsmenüs und Sucheingabe. Verdeutlicht werden sodann die Unterschiede zu Print-Registern, der bedeutendste betrifft die Locators (Fundstellen), die in der Regel keine Seitenangaben, sondern Links sind.

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Editor

Kelly, M. u. J. Bielby

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Footnote

Rez. in: JASIST 55(2004) no.2, S.180-181 (J. Walker): "My initial reaction to this book was that it would be a useful tool for researchers and students outside of the Computer science community who would like a primer of some of the many specialized research areas of artificial intelligence (AI). The book authors note that over the last couple of decades the AI community has seen significant growth and suffers from a great deal of fragmentation. Someone trying to survey some of the most important research literature from the community would find it difficult to navigate the enormous amount of materials, joumal articles, conference papers, and technical reports. There is a genuine need for a book such as this one that attempts to connect the numerous research pieces into a coherent reference source for students and researchers. The papers contained within the text were selected from the International Joint Conference an AI 2001 (IJCAI-2001). The preface warns that it is not an attempt to create a comprehensive book an the numerous areas of research in AI or subfields, but instead is a reference source for individuals interested in the current state of some research areas within AI in the new millennium. Chapter 1 of the book surveys major robot mapping algorithms; it opens with a brilliant historical overview of robot mapping and a discussion of the most significant problems that exist in the field with a focus an indoor navigation. The major approaches surveyed Kalman filter and an alternative to the Kalman, the expectation maximization. Sebastian Thrun examines how all modern approaches to robotic mapping are probabilistic in nature. In addition, the chapter concludes with a very insightful discussion into what research issues still exist in the robotic mapping community, specifically in the area of indoor navigation. The second chapter contains very interesting research an developing digital characters based an the lessons learned from dog behavior. The chapter begins similar to chapter one in that the reasoning and history of such research is presented in an insightful and concise manner. Bruce M. Blumberg takes his readers an a tour of why developing digital characters in this manner is important by showing how they benefit from the modeling of dog training patterns, and transparently demonstrates how these behaviors are emulated.
In the third chapter, the authors present a preliminary statistical system for identifying the semantic roles of elements contained within a sentence such as the topic or individual(s) speaking. The historical context necessary for a reader to gain a true understanding of why the work is needed and what already exists is adequate, but lacking in many areas. For example, the authors examine the tension that exists between statistical systems and logie-based systems in natural language understanding in a trivial manner. A high expectation is placed an the reader to have a strong knowledge of these two areas of natural language understanding in AI research. In the fourth chapter, Derek Lang and Maria Fox examine the debate that has occurred within the AI community regarding automatically extracting domain-specific constraints for planning. The authors discuss two major planning approaches-knowledgespare and knowledge-rieh. They introduce their own approach, which reuses common features from many planning problems with specialized problem-solvers, a process of recognizing common patterns of behavior using automated technologies. The authors construct a clear and coherent picture of the field of planning within AI as well as demonstrate a clear need for their research. Also throughout the chapter there are numerous examples that provide readers with a clearer understanding of planning research. The major weakness of this chapter is the lack of discussion about the researchers' earlier version of their planning system STAN (Static Analysis Planner). They make reference to previous papers that discuss them, but little to no direct discussion. As a result, the reader is left wondering how the researchers arrived at the current version, STAN5. In Chapter 5, David J. Feet et al. look at visual motion analysis focusing an occlusion boundaries, by applying probabilistic techniques like Bayesian inference and particle filtering. The work is most applicable in the area of robotic vision. The authors do an outstanding job of developing a smooth narrative flow while simplifying complex models for visual motion analysis. This would be a good chapter for a graduate student who is looking for a research topic in Al. In the sixth chapter, Frank Wolter and Michael Zaharyaschev deal with reasoning about time and spare, which is a very difficult area of AI research. These two issues have been examined as separate entities in the past. The authors attempt to explore the two entities as one unit using different methods to generate qualitative spatiotemporal calculi and by using previous data from the area of modal logie. The research is presented in such a way that a reader with an inadequate AI concept knowledge will be quickly lost in the miasma of the research.

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Footnote

Rez. in: JASIST 58(2007) no.7, S.1066-1067 (X. Zhu u. J. Liao): "The user, without whom any product or service would be nothing, plays a very important role during the whole life cycle of products or services. The user's involvement should be from the very beginning, not just after products or services are ready to work. According to ISO 9241-11: 1998, Part 11, Usability refers to "the extent to which a product can be used by specified users to achieve specified goals with effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction in a specified context of user." As an academic topic of human-computer interaction, Web usability has been studied widely for a long time. This classroom-oriented book, bridging academia and the educational community, talks about Web usability in a student-friendly fashion. It outlines not only the methodology of user-centered Web site design but also details the methods to implement at every stage of the methodology. That is, the book presents the user-centered Web-design approach from both macrocosm and microcosm points of view, which makes it both recapitulative and practical. The most important key word in Web Usability is "user-centered," which means Web developers should not substitute their own personal preferences for the users' needs. The book classifies Web sites into five types: E-commerce, informational, entertainment, community, and intranet. Since the methods used during Web development differ somewhat depending on the type of Web site, it is necessary to have a classification in advance. With Figure 1.3 on p. 17, the book explains the whole user-centered Webdevelopment life cycle (called "methodology" in this book review), which provides a clear path for Web development that is easy to understand, remember, and perform. Since all the following chapters are based on the methodology, a clear presentation of it is paramount. The table on p. 93 summarizes concisely all types of methods for requirements gathering and their advantages and disadvantages. According to this table, appropriate methods can be easily chosen for different Web site development projects. As the author remarked, "requirements gathering is central to the concept of user-centered design," (p. 98) and "one of the hallmarks of user-centered design is usability testing" (p. 205). Stage 2 (collect user requirements) and Stage 5 (perform usability testing) of the user-centered Web-development life cycle are the two stages with the most user involvement: however, this does not mean that all other stages are user unrelated. For example, in Stage 4 (create and modify physical design), frame is not suggested to be used just because most users are unfamiliar with the concept of frame (p. 201). Note that frequently there are several rounds of usability testing to be performed in the four case studies, and some of them are performed before the physical-design stage or even the conceptual-design stage, which embodies the idea of an iterative design process.

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Footnote

Rez. in: The New York Review of Books, 10.01.2013 ( J. Searle): "The problem of consciousness remains with us. What exactly is it and why is it still with us? The single most important question is: How exactly do neurobiological processes in the brain cause human and animal consciousness? Related problems are: How exactly is consciousness realized in the brain? That is, where is it and how does it exist in the brain? Also, how does it function causally in our behavior? To answer these questions we have to ask: What is it? Without attempting an elaborate definition, we can say the central feature of consciousness is that for any conscious state there is something that it feels like to be in that state, some qualitative character to the state. For example, the qualitative character of drinking beer is different from that of listening to music or thinking about your income tax. This qualitative character is subjective in that it only exists as experienced by a human or animal subject. It has a subjective or first-person existence (or "ontology"), unlike mountains, molecules, and tectonic plates that have an objective or third-person existence. Furthermore, qualitative subjectivity always comes to us as part of a unified conscious field. At any moment you do not just experience the sound of the music and the taste of the beer, but you have both as part of a single, unified conscious field, a subjective awareness of the total conscious experience. So the feature we are trying to explain is qualitative, unified subjectivity.
Erwiderung von C. Koch u. G. Tononi in: The New York Review of Books, 07.03.2013 [https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2013/03/07/can-photodiode-be-conscious/?pagination=false&printpage=true] mit einer weiteren Erwiderung von J. Searle.

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Footnote

Rez. in: JASIST 55(2004) no.1, S.89-90. (J. Warner): "This book is a review of the work of logicians, particularly mathematical logicians, who developed concepts crucial to modern computers. Leibniz, Boole, Frege, Cantor, Hilbert, Gödel, and Turing are covered, with some attention to their personal biographies. The prose style is lucid, with clear and potentially widely intelligible exposition of technical issues. The author, Martin Davis, has had a long and distinguished career, occupying a crucial locus between mathematical logic and engineering design and construction and accepting a responsibility to make the theory of computability accessible to non-technical readers. The clarity of presentation and themes developed are continuous with his previous publications, without repetition. The broad relevante of the work to information science is through the gestalt of the computer. More specifically relevant issues lie in the connections between mathematical and ordinary discourse concerns and in the intersection between logic and engineering. The idea of the computer as a universal machine, developed in mathematical logic in the 1930s and obscured in ordinary discourse by an emphasis an the stored-program concept as the revolutionary element, is discussed (pp. xi and 186). From the perspective of economics, the context of conceptualization (mathematical logic) is different from that of invention (wartime cryptography). Innovation and diffusion have brought the computer into further arenas: as Time (1999) noted: "every one who taps at a keyboard, opening a spreadsheet or a word-processing program, is working an an incarnation of a Turing machine" (p.192). The formal logic of the context of conceptualization may not be applicable to human and ordinary language concerns of the context of diffusion and more could have been made of this contrast. The received position, noted by Davis, has been that conceptualization and invention of the computer occurred largely separately, in mathematical logic and engineering. The position was questioned by Minsky, as long ago as 1967: "While it is often said that the 1936 paper [by Turingl did not really muck affect the practical development of the computer, 1 could not agree to this in advance of a careful study of the intellectual history of the matter." (Minsky, 1967, p. 104). Davis refers to the emerging evidente, whose release had been complicated and delayed by security considerations, indicating greater personal continuity and interaction, specifically between Turing and von Neumann, than had previously been allowed for (p. 192). A deeper cultural conflict between engineering and logic could also be detected, between a concern with robustness and developing and preserving robustness by incremental innovation and an interest in radical reconceptualization (curiously, Wittgenstein, who produced a robust account of formal logic, had trained as an engineer and designed a house). The image of the machine and its relation to mathematical reasoning is also considered and Poincare quoted: We might imagine a machine where we should put in axioms at one end and take out theorems at the other, like that legendary machine in Chicago where pigs go in alive and come out transformed into hams and sausages. It is no more necessary for the mathematician than it is for these machines to know what he is doing. (p.93) A stronger distinction between the process and product of mathematical reasoning, analogous to the distinction between the context of discovery and of justification in the philosophy of science and consistent with the Marxist view of the congealing of human labor in the product, might have reduced the need to identify the human process of mathematical reasoning with its mechanical analogue. A more radical move would to acknowledge both mathematics and technology as human constructions.

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Editor

Secker, J., D. Boden u. G. Price

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Footnote

Rez. in: JASIST 56(2005) no.8, S.889-890 (J. Warner): "This work is a collection of papers, reflective and theoretical, rather than primarily empirical, from scholars in information systems and economies, with discursive rather than formal modes of argument and presentation. The discipline of information systems (IS) is understood to have developed as codified knowledge about appropriate procedures for the development of customized information and communication technology (ICT) applications. The editors recognize that, with the displacement of customized applications by purchased packages, IS lost its main utility as a prescription for professional practice in the 1990s. The need for the scholarly community to establish its continuing value and to survive might be orte motivation for the increasing resort to theory. A difference in perspective between IS and economies is acknowledged: economiet take an outside-in approach to the results of innovation while IS focuses an the process of innovation. Recognition does not extend to synthesis, and a dynamic by which the process of Innovation both generates and is compelled by the resulting sociotechnical environment is not isolated. The literature of information science is not cited-other writers have noted the analogies between the subjects and disjunctions between the disciplines of IS and information science (Ellis, Allen, & Wilson, 1999)-but interdisciplinary dialogue is advocated. For information science readers, the interest of the work lies in the analogies between topics treated and the emerging theoretical reflection an them. Theory seems to have emerged primarily as a response to empirical difficulties, particularly contradictions between expectations and reality, and can reproduce the divides which motivated it. Empirical generalizations are not distinguished from the motivating forces which created the phenomena covered by those generalizations. For instance, the social constructivist perspective which argues that impact of technology is a matter of interpretation by human actors according to their social conditions, and which acknowledges the interpretive flexibility of a technology in use, is introduced, but technology is not fully recognized as a radical human construction, "organs of the human brain, created by the human hand" (Marx, 1973, p. 706; Warner, 2004), and the notion of impact is retained. The productivity paradox, understood as the weak correlation between investment in ICT and commercial success, forms a recurrent concern. A simple response might that the commercial value of a technology lies in the way it is used. More sophisticatedly the paradox could be regarded as an artifact of the apparent rigor and closeness, particularly temporal closeness, of studies and could be reinterpreted as a productivity effect, corresponding to a transition cost. The conclusion does not recall the distinction between invention, innovation, and diffusion, promised in the preface, and invention tends to be treated as if it were exogenous. The most interesting insights emerge from accounts of cited papers, particularly Ciborra's view of technology as being assimilated to the social by the device of hospitality and Orlikowski's reflections an technology.

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Content

Enthält die Beiträge: CRIS-Cross: Research Information Systems at a Crossroads (Eric H. Zimmerman) Current Research Information as Part of Digital Libraries and the Heterogeneity Problem: Integrated searches in the context of databases with different content analyses (Jürgen Krause) CERIF: Past, Present and Future: An Overview (Anne Asserson, Keith G Jeffery, Andrei Lopatenko) Treatment of Semantic fleterogeneity using Meta-Data Extraction and Query Translation (Robert Strötgen) Proposals for a new flexible and extensible XML-model for exchange of research information (Jens Vindvad, Erlend Oeverby), Information Retrieval of Research Information in a Distributed Heterogeneous Environment (Andrei Lopatenko, Anne Asserson, Keith G Jeffery) Effectiveness of tagging laboratory data using Dublin Core in an electronic scientific notebook (Laura M. Bartolo, Cathy S. Lowe, Austin C Melton, Monica Strah, Louis Feng, Christopher J. Woolverton) Comparative Study of Metadata for Scientific Information: The place of CERIF in CRISs and Scientific Repositories (Keith G Jeffery, Andrei Lopatenko, Anne Asserson) Metasearch engine for Austrian research information (Marek Andricik) SEAL - a SEmantic portAL with content management functionality (Steffen Staab, Rudi Studer, York Sure, Raphael Volz) Discovery of patterns of scientific and technological development and knowledge transfer (Anthony FJ van Raan, Ed C. M. Noyons)

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Content

INFORMATION MINING / AUTOMATIC INDEXING Flávio Codeço Coelho, Renato Rocha Souza, Daniel Magalhães Chada and Pablo de Camargo Cerdeira. Information Mining and Visualization of Data from the Brazilian Supreme Court (STF): A Case Study - Carlos Alberto Correa and Nair Yumiko Kobashi. Automatic Indexing and Information Visualization: A Study Based on Paraconsistent Logics - Nalini A. Raja. Digitized Contents and Index Pages as Alternative Subject Access Fields USERS AND CONTEXT Carol L. Tilley and Kathryn A. La Barre. What if they build it and no one comes? Balancing Full-Text Access and User Tasks - Sholeh Arastoopoor and Rahmatollah Fattahi. Users. perception of Aboutness and Ofness in Images: An Approach to Subject Indexing Based on Ervin Panofsky's Theory and Users' View - Melodie J. Fox. Communities of Practice, Gender and Social Tagging - Radia Bernaoui and Mohmed Hassoun. User Expectations and Reality and Delineation of Agricultural Information Systems in the Maghreb ABSTRACTS OF POSTERS

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Date

22. 9.1997 19:16:05

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Date

23. 3.2008 19:10:22

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Footnote

Rez. in: JASIST 55(2004) no.2, S.181-182 (J. Scholl): "The book is based an a doctoral thesis titled "Global opportunity and national political economy: The development of internet ventures in Germany," which was supervised by Razeen Sally and accepted at the International Relations Department of the London School of Economics & Political Science, UK, in 2002. Its primary audience, although it is certainly of interest to policy makers, trade press journalists, and industry practitioners, is the academic community, and, in particular, (international) policy, business, business history, information technology, and information science scholars. The book's self-stated purpose is to explain "why Europe, despite initiating a tremendous amount of change ... failed to produce independent internet ventures of note" (p. 1) in contrast to the United States, where Internet start-ups such as Amazon.com, eBay, E*trade, and Yahoo managed to survive the notorious dot.com shakeout of 200I-2002. A few pages down, the objective is restated as "to explore the hypothesis of a global opportunity for technology innovation delivered via the internet and to explain Europe's entrepreneurial response" (p. 4). As a proxy case for Europe, the study provides a broad account of the changing legal and socioeconomic setting during the phase of early Internet adoption and development in Germany throughout the 1990s. The author highlights and details various facets of the entrepreneurial opportunity and compares the German case in some detail to corresponding developments in Sweden. Waesche concludes that starting an Internet business in Germany during that particular period of time was a "wrong country, wrong time" (p. I86) proposition.

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Footnote

Rez. in: JASIST 56(2005) no.13, S.1463-1464 (J. Kalbach): "Many books on information and information systems quickly become outdated due to the rapid pace at which technology changes. Musings an the "future" can feel dated already by the time of publication. Understanding Information Systems avoids this pitfall by remaining agnostic to "any specific application, time, or technology" (p. xv). There are no mentions of database capacity, bandwidth issues, or Google. Instead, the author uses a mathematical perspective-relying an numbers, equations, and quantitative logic-to explain information systems at their most abstract, fundamental level. There are 16 chapters in this book, conveniently mirroring the typical number of weeks in a university semester. Each chapter is relatively short and self-contained, accessible directly or out-of-context. However, the book progresses in a very logical manner and has an overall cumulative flow to it. Each chapter also concludes with a series of about a dozen exercises and problems. This is particularly useful for classroom settings. The first four chapters form a basis for understanding information, its organization, and its retrieval. In "Describing Information," there is a particularly good discussion of various definitions of "information." For readers without prior exposure to the slipperiness of such definitions, this presentation is certainly provocative and eye opening. The bulk of chapter two, "Representing Information," focuses an an explanation of binary representation, contrasting it to decimal and hexadecimal systems. It soon becomms clear that there is no single, "natural" representation system, and each system has advantages and disadvantages. Throughout the book, the author highlights alternative ways of thinking and approaching problems.

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Content

Enthält die Beiträge: Zumer, M.: Dedication [to Zlata Dimec]; P. Le Boeuf: FRBR: Hype or Cure-All? Introduction; O.M.A. Madison: The origins of the IFLA study an functional requirements for bibliographic records; G.E. Patton: Extending FRBR to authorities; T. Delsey: Modeling subject access: extending the FRBR and FRANAR conceptual models; S. Gradmann: rdfs:frbr - Towards an implementation model for library catalogs using semantic web technology; G. Johsson: Cataloguing of hand press materials and the concept of expression in FRBR; K. Kilner: The AustLit Gateway and scholarly bibliography: a specialist implementation of the FRBR; P. Le Boeuf: Musical works in the FRBR model or "Quasi la Stessa Cosa": variations an a theme by Umberto Eco; K. Albertsen, C. van Nuys: Paradigma: FRBR and digital documents; D. Miller, P Le Boeuf: "Such stuff as dreams are made on": How does FRBR fit performing arts?; Y. Nicolas: Folklore requirements for bibliographic records: oral traditions and FRBR; B.B. Tillett: FRBR and cataloging for the future; Z. Dimec, M. Zumer, G.J.A. Riesthuis: Slovenian cataloguing practice and Functional Requirements for Bibliography Records: a comparative analysis; M. Zumer: Implementation of FRBR: European research initiative; T.B. Hicley, E.T. O'Neill: FRBRizing OCLC's WorldCat; R. Sturman: Implementing the FRBR conceptual approach in the ISIS software environment: IFPA (ISIS FRBR prototype application); J. Radebaugh, C. Keith: FRBR display tool; D.R. Miller: XOBIS - an experimental schema for unifying bibliographic and authority records

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