Search (5207 results, page 3 of 261)

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Abstract

'Mental leap' is the cognitive act involved in proposing or understanding an analogy

COMPASS

Mental processes

Subject

Mental processes

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Source

Computational linguistics. 22(1996) no.2, S.167-216

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Abstract

In 1938 the Catalog Section of the American Library Association (ALA) mailed a questionnaire to approximately 1600 librarians, asking their opinions concerning various problems in cataloging and classification. Many changes have occurred since then, but there are problems cited in 1938 that are still with us in one form or another. The items listed in the questionnaire are discussed, and conclusions drawn as to their pertinence for today.

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Abstract

Philosophers have long debated the mind-body problem whether to attribute such mental features as consciousness to mind or to body. Meanwhile, neuroscientists search for empirical answers, seeking neural correlates for consciousness, self, and free will. In this book, Georg Northoff does not propose new solutions to the mind-body problem; instead, he questions the problem itself, arguing that it is an empirically, ontologically, and conceptually implausible way to address the existence and reality of mental features. We are better off, he contends, by addressing consciousness and other mental features in terms of the relationship between world and brain; philosophers should consider the world-brain problem rather than the mind-body problem. This calls for a Copernican shift in vantage point from within the mind or brain to beyond the brain in our consideration of mental features. Northoff, a neuroscientist, psychiatrist, and philosopher, explains that empirical evidence suggests that the brain's spontaneous activity and its spatiotemporal structure are central to aligning and integrating the brain within the world. This spatiotemporal structure allows the brain to extend beyond itself into body and world, creating the world-brain relation? that is central to mental features. Northoff makes his argument in empirical, ontological, and epistemic-methodological terms. He discusses current models of the brain and applies these models to recent data on neuronal features underlying consciousness and proposes the world-brain relation as the ontological predisposition for consciousness.

Date

31.10.2019 17:33:29

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Abstract

This article describes the design and development of an expert adviser to catalogue published conference proceedings. The Conference Proceeding Adviser System (CoPAS) was designed to educate novice cataloguers in creating bibliographic records for published conference proceedings as well as to improve conventional instruction in the cataloguing of conference proceedings. The development tool was Asymetrix ToolBook !!. The knowledge base of the expert system was in the domain of cataloguing published conference proceedings and consists of public and private knowledge. Public/published knowledge are the relevant AACR2R rules that wer, identified based an the nine types of published conference proceedings. Private knowledge or heuristics was elicited from three human expert cataloguers through a multiple-observation approach. The elicited personal knowledge was then modelled into a mental map of their thought processes an how to provide a bibliographic description for published conference proceedings. Based an the mental mapping of the experts, the expert adviser system was designed and developed.

Date

4. 9.2002 9:29:37

Source

Cataloging and classification quarterly. 29(2000) no.3, S.63-80

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Abstract

To effectively manage a crisis, most decisions made by governments, organizations, communities, and individuals are based on "shared situational awareness" (SSA) derived from multiple information sources. Developing SSA depends on the alignment of mental models, which "represent our shared version of truth and reality on which we can act." Social media has facilitated public sensemaking during a crisis; however, it has also encouraged mental model dissonance, resulting in the digital destruction of mental models and undermining adequate SSA. The study is concerned with the challenges of creating SSA during the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia. This paper documents a netnography of Australian public health agencies' Facebook communication, exploring the initial impact of COVID-19 on SSA creation. Chaos theory is used as a theoretical lens to examine information perception, meaning, and assumptions relating to SSA from pre to post-pandemic periods. Our study highlights how the initial COVID-19 "butterfly effect" swamped the public health communication channel, leaving little space for other important health issues. This research contributes to information systems, information science, and communications by illustrating how the emergence of a crisis impacts social media communication, the creation of SSA, and what this means for social media adoption for crisis communication purposes.

Date

22. 9.2023 16:02:26

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Abstract

Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the experiential nature of knowledge creating interaction and to introduce a framework to explore it theoretically coherently with hermeneutic phenomenology and Hans-Georg Gadamer's concept of play. Design/methodology/approach This paper presents a literature-based conceptual analysis of the concept of play: Gadamerian conception is related with the descriptions of knowledge creating interaction in the research of Knowledge Management and with the uses of the concept of play in the field of Library and Information Science (LIS). Theoretical analysis is applied in this study to structure the argumentation. Findings This study illustrates how the preconceptions of experiences and different modes of being in interaction are implicitly present in the research of knowledge creation (KC) in the descriptions of interaction and human factors enhancing KC. A framework for examining KC in organizational circumstances is developed based on the hermeneutic phenomenology and Gadamer's concept of play, which provide a basis for understanding KC as being together in interaction. Research limitations/implications This theoretical study develops a framework for examining the process of KC also empirically. In this study the examination of hermeneutic phenomenology is limited to the conceptions of play, authenticity and everydayness; phenomenology offers means for further explication of human being and experience. Originality/value This study provides a new view on KC based on hermeneutic phenomenology and play, and contributes to the examination of interactive knowledge processes in the field of LIS.

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Abstract

Hypermedia systems are powerful tools for information storage and consultation. Little research effort has been directed towards making the presentation and navigation of hypermedia system more knowledge-based. This results in hypermedia systems which are difficult to use, since the gap which exists between the reader's mental model and the system's internal model of the subject information domain is to wode. Building such a knowledge-based or 3rd order hypermedia system requires the design of a conceptual architecture for hypermedia systems and the definition of an underlying data model which will allow for the explicit representation and manipulation of the semantics of the information. Formulates an approach towards such architecture, the Model - Map - View - Praxis architecture. This architecture introduces 2 concepts: nodes and links is represented and manipulated explicitly. Introduces a browsing mechanism, link navigation through message passing, which allows a hypermedia system to actively change the presentation look and traversal feel of its information contents

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Abstract

Currently, there is a growing interest for using diagrams such as Argumentation Maps to represent arguments in various domains. In this paper we show how various structures can be used to describe the argumentative process as a mental path across an abstract space in which domain-specific topics are used as conceptual landmarks, and to re-construct the discursive goals structure that underlies the text content. Our approach for modeling the argumentative process comprises several components: the Thematic Map, the Goal Structure, the Text and the Conceptual Map, the Evaluation Map and the Discursive Goals Structure. Because of their strong argurnentative framework, we chose movie reviews to illustrate our approach. Finally, we challenge interested CG researchers to find adequate CG structures to represent and manipulate the models that support our analysis of argumentative discourse

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Abstract

Ontology, in its philosophical meaning, is the discipline investigating the structure of reality. Its findings can be relevant to knowledge organization, and models of knowledge can, in turn, offer relevant ontological suggestions. Several philosophers in time have pointed out that reality is structured into a series of integrative levels, like the physical, the biological, the mental, and the cultural, and that each level plays as a base for the emergence of more complex levels. More detailed theories of levels have been developed by Nicolai Hartmann and James K. Feibleman, and these have been considered as a source for structuring principles in bibliographic classification by both the Classification Research Group (CRG) and Ingetraut Dahlberg. CRG's analysis of levels and of their possible application to a new general classification scheme based an phenomena instead of disciplines, as it was formulated by Derek Austin in 1969, is examined in detail. Both benefits and open problems in applying integrative levels to bibliographic classification are pointed out.

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Abstract

This article discusses the development of descriptive cataloging in Germany and the evolution of cataloging principles. The Instruktionen für die alphabetischen Kataloge der preußischen Bibliotheken (Instructions for the Alphabetic Catalogs of the Prussian Libraries, known as the Prussian Instructions, or PI, for short) were published in 1899. The so-called Berliner Anweisungen ("Berlin Instructions," Instructions for the Alphabetic Catalog in Public Libraries) appeared in 1938. Discussion for reform of cataloging rules began in the 1950s and received impetus from the International Conference on Cataloging Principles in Paris in 1961 and from the International Meeting of Cataloging Experts in Copenhagen in 1969. Preliminary drafts of the new Regeln für die alphabetische Katalogisierung, RAK (Rules for Descriptive Cataloging) were issued between 1969 and 1976; the complete edition of the RAK was published in the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) in 1976 and in a slightly different version in 1977 for the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany). A version for academic libraries appeared in 1983, followed by a version for public libraries in 1986. Between 1987 and 1997, supplementary rules for special categories of materials were published.

Date

29. 7.2006 19:47:05

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Abstract

The political economy of communication focuses critically on what structural issues in mass media - ownership, labour practices, professional ethics, and so on - mean for products of those mass media and thus for society more generally. In the case of new media, recent political economic studies have looked at the technical infrastructure of the Internet and also at Internet usage. However, political economic studies of internet content are only beginning. Recent studies on the phenomenology of the Web, that is, the way the Web is experienced from an individual user's perspective, highlight the centrality of the search engine to most users' experiences of the Web, particularly when they venture beyond familiar Web sites. Search engines are therefore an obvi ous place to begin the analysis of Web content. An important assumption of this chapter is that internet search engines are media businesses and that the tools developed in media studies can be profitably brought to bear on them. This focus on search engine as industry comes from the critical tradition of the political economy of communications in rejecting the notion that the market alone should be the arbiter of the structure of the media industry, as might be appropriate for other types of products.

Date

13. 5.2007 10:29:29

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Abstract

"Implicit knowledge" and "tacit knowledge" in Knowledge Management (KM) are important, often synonymous, terms. In KM they often refer to private or personal knowledge that needs to be made public. The original reference of "tacit knowledge" is to the work of the late scientist and philosopher, Michael Polanyi (Polanyi, 1969), but there is substantial evidence that the KM discourse has poorly understood Polanyi's term. Two theoretical problems in Knowledge Management's notion of "implicit knowledge," which undermine empirical work in this area, are examined. The first problem involves understanding the term "knowledge" according to a folk-psychology of mental representation to model expression. The second is epistemological and social: understanding Polanyi's term, tacit knowing as a psychological concept instead of as an epistemological problem, in general, and one of social epistemology and of the epistemology of the sciences, in particular. Further, exploring Polanyi's notion of tacit knowing in more detail yields important insights into the role of knowledge in science, including empirical work in information science. This article has two parts: first, there is a discussion of the folk-psychology model of representation and the need to replace this with a more expressionist model. In the second part, Polanyi's concept of tacit knowledge in relation to the role of analogical thought in expertise is examined. The works of philosophers, particularly Harre and Wittgenstein, are brought to bear an these problems. Conceptual methods play several roles in information science that cannot satisfactorily be performed empirically at all or alone. Among these roles, such methods may examine historical issues, they may critically engage foundational assumptions, and they may deploy new concepts. In this article the last two roles are examined.

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Abstract

The increasing spread of Internet technology has highlighted the need for a better understanding of the fundamental issues concerning human users in a virtual space. Despite the great degree of navigational freedom, however, not all hypermedia users have the capability to locate information or assimilate internal knowledge. Research findings suggest that this type of problem could be solved if users were able to hold a cognitive overview of the hypermedia structure. How a learner can acquire the correct structural knowledge of online information has become an important factor in learning performance in a hypermedia environment. Variables that might influence learners' abilities in structuring a cognitive overview, such as users' cognitive styles and the different ways of representing information, should be carefully taken into account. The results of this study show that the interactions between information representation approaches and learners' cognitive styles have significant effects on learners' performance in terms of structural knowledge and feelings of disorientation. Learners' performance could decline if a representational approach that contradicts their cognitive style is used. Finally, the results of the present study may apply only when the learner's knowledge level is in the introductory stage. It is not clear how and what type of cognitive styles, as well as information representation approaches, will affect the performance of advanced and expert learners.

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Abstract

A new document representation model is presented in this paper. This model is based on the idea of representing a document by two or more pictures of the document taken from different perspectives. It is shown that by applying the stereo representation model, enhanced textual retrieval performance is achieved because the new model improves the capability of capturing individual features of the document. Experiments have been conducted on two standard corpora, TIME and ADI, using the standard term vector method and the latent semantic indexing (LSI) method based upon both the stereo representation model and the traditional representation model. Statistical t-tests on the experimental results have convincingly illustrated that these methods achieve significant improvements in retrieval performances with the stereo representation model over those with the traditional representation model.

Date

22. 7.2006 17:33:43

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Source

Encyclopedia of library and information science. Vol.66, [=Suppl.29]

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Abstract

E. Wyndham Hulme (1859-1954) proposed the concept of literary warrant as the basis of book classification and the definition of subject classes, wherein classes and names of classes would be derived from existing literature rather than a preconceived philosophical order of sciences, the predominant and favored type of classification system in Hulme's day. The methods of establishing classes by literary warrant are described and its relationship to what Hulme called "statistical bibliography" is explored.

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Abstract

Reports on a study which examined the relationship between the end user's mental model of a bibliographic retrieval system and search outcome. Interviews were conducted to determine level of complete, good, incomplete and poor mental models. Subjects conducted a predetermined set of searches using a bibliographic retrieval system. A record of each search was kept and used to examine search outcome. Results supported the hypothesis that there is a relationship between the completeness of the end user's mental model and both error behaviour and total number of successful searches

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