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  1. Kleineberg, M.: Context analysis and context indexing : formal pragmatics in knowledge organization (2014) 0.42 
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    Source
    http://www.google.de/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=5&ved=0CDQQFjAE&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdigbib.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de%2Fvolltexte%2Fdocuments%2F3131107&ei=HzFWVYvGMsiNsgGTyoFI&usg=AFQjCNE2FHUeR9oQTQlNC4TPedv4Mo3DaQ&sig2=Rlzpr7a3BLZZkqZCXXN_IA&bvm=bv.93564037,d.bGg&cad=rja
  2. Li, L.; Shang, Y.; Zhang, W.: Improvement of HITS-based algorithms on Web documents 0.35 
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    Content
    Vgl.: http%3A%2F%2Fdelab.csd.auth.gr%2F~dimitris%2Fcourses%2Fir_spring06%2Fpage_rank_computing%2Fp527-li.pdf. Vgl. auch: http://www2002.org/CDROM/refereed/643/.
  3. Popper, K.R.: Three worlds : the Tanner lecture on human values. Deliverd at the University of Michigan, April 7, 1978 (1978) 0.34 
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    Source
    https%3A%2F%2Ftannerlectures.utah.edu%2F_documents%2Fa-to-z%2Fp%2Fpopper80.pdf&usg=AOvVaw3f4QRTEH-OEBmoYr2J_c7H
  4. Mas, S.; Marleau, Y.: Proposition of a faceted classification model to support corporate information organization and digital records management (2009) 0.32 
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    Date
    29. 8.2009 21:15:48
    Footnote
    Vgl.: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore/login.jsp?reload=true&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fiel5%2F4755313%2F4755314%2F04755480.pdf%3Farnumber%3D4755480&authDecision=-203.
  5. Hotho, A.; Bloehdorn, S.: Data Mining 2004 : Text classification by boosting weak learners based on terms and concepts (2004) 0.32 
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    Content
    Vgl.: http://www.google.de/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CEAQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fdownload%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.91.4940%26rep%3Drep1%26type%3Dpdf&ei=dOXrUMeIDYHDtQahsIGACg&usg=AFQjCNHFWVh6gNPvnOrOS9R3rkrXCNVD-A&sig2=5I2F5evRfMnsttSgFF9g7Q&bvm=bv.1357316858,d.Yms.
    Date
    8. 1.2013 10:22:32
  6. Vetere, G.; Lenzerini, M.: Models for semantic interoperability in service-oriented architectures (2005) 0.30 
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    Vgl.: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5386707&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fxpls%2Fabs_all.jsp%3Farnumber%3D5386707.
  7. Zeng, Q.; Yu, M.; Yu, W.; Xiong, J.; Shi, Y.; Jiang, M.: Faceted hierarchy : a new graph type to organize scientific concepts and a construction method (2019) 0.25 
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    Vgl.: https%3A%2F%2Faclanthology.org%2FD19-5317.pdf&usg=AOvVaw0ZZFyq5wWTtNTvNkrvjlGA.
  8. Noever, D.; Ciolino, M.: ¬The Turing deception (2022) 0.25 
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    Source
    https%3A%2F%2Farxiv.org%2Fabs%2F2212.06721&usg=AOvVaw3i_9pZm9y_dQWoHi6uv0EN
  9. Huo, W.: Automatic multi-word term extraction and its application to Web-page summarization (2012) 0.24 
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    Content
    A Thesis presented to The University of Guelph In partial fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Computer Science. Vgl. Unter: http://www.inf.ufrgs.br%2F~ceramisch%2Fdownload_files%2Fpublications%2F2009%2Fp01.pdf.
    Date
    10. 1.2013 19:22:47
  10. Xiong, C.: Knowledge based text representations for information retrieval (2016) 0.23 
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    Content
    Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Language and Information Technologies. Vgl.: https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.cmu.edu%2F~cx%2Fpapers%2Fknowledge_based_text_representation.pdf&usg=AOvVaw0SaTSvhWLTh__Uz_HtOtl3.
  11. Malsburg, C. von der: ¬The correlation theory of brain function (1981) 0.23 
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    Abstract
    A summary of brain theory is given so far as it is contained within the framework of Localization Theory. Difficulties of this "conventional theory" are traced back to a specific deficiency: there is no way to express relations between active cells (as for instance their representing parts of the same object). A new theory is proposed to cure this deficiency. It introduces a new kind of dynamical control, termed synaptic modulation, according to which synapses switch between a conducting and a non- conducting state. The dynamics of this variable is controlled on a fast time scale by correlations in the temporal fine structure of cellular signals. Furthermore, conventional synaptic plasticity is replaced by a refined version. Synaptic modulation and plasticity form the basis for short-term and long-term memory, respectively. Signal correlations, shaped by the variable network, express structure and relationships within objects. In particular, the figure-ground problem may be solved in this way. Synaptic modulation introduces exibility into cerebral networks which is necessary to solve the invariance problem. Since momentarily useless connections are deactivated, interference between di erent memory traces can be reduced, and memory capacity increased, in comparison with conventional associative memory
    Source
    http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F1380%2F1%2FvdM_correlation.pdf&usg=AOvVaw0g7DvZbQPb2U7dYb49b9v_
  12. Farazi, M.: Faceted lightweight ontologies : a formalization and some experiments (2010) 0.21 
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    Content
    PhD Dissertation at International Doctorate School in Information and Communication Technology. Vgl.: https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F150083013.pdf&usg=AOvVaw2n-qisNagpyT0lli_6QbAQ.
  13. Stojanovic, N.: Ontology-based Information Retrieval : methods and tools for cooperative query answering (2005) 0.18 
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    Abstract
    By the explosion of possibilities for a ubiquitous content production, the information overload problem reaches the level of complexity which cannot be managed by traditional modelling approaches anymore. Due to their pure syntactical nature traditional information retrieval approaches did not succeed in treating content itself (i.e. its meaning, and not its representation). This leads to a very low usefulness of the results of a retrieval process for a user's task at hand. In the last ten years ontologies have been emerged from an interesting conceptualisation paradigm to a very promising (semantic) modelling technology, especially in the context of the Semantic Web. From the information retrieval point of view, ontologies enable a machine-understandable form of content description, such that the retrieval process can be driven by the meaning of the content. However, the very ambiguous nature of the retrieval process in which a user, due to the unfamiliarity with the underlying repository and/or query syntax, just approximates his information need in a query, implies a necessity to include the user in the retrieval process more actively in order to close the gap between the meaning of the content and the meaning of a user's query (i.e. his information need). This thesis lays foundation for such an ontology-based interactive retrieval process, in which the retrieval system interacts with a user in order to conceptually interpret the meaning of his query, whereas the underlying domain ontology drives the conceptualisation process. In that way the retrieval process evolves from a query evaluation process into a highly interactive cooperation between a user and the retrieval system, in which the system tries to anticipate the user's information need and to deliver the relevant content proactively. Moreover, the notion of content relevance for a user's query evolves from a content dependent artefact to the multidimensional context-dependent structure, strongly influenced by the user's preferences. This cooperation process is realized as the so-called Librarian Agent Query Refinement Process. In order to clarify the impact of an ontology on the retrieval process (regarding its complexity and quality), a set of methods and tools for different levels of content and query formalisation is developed, ranging from pure ontology-based inferencing to keyword-based querying in which semantics automatically emerges from the results. Our evaluation studies have shown that the possibilities to conceptualize a user's information need in the right manner and to interpret the retrieval results accordingly are key issues for realizing much more meaningful information retrieval systems.
    Content
    Vgl.: http%3A%2F%2Fdigbib.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de%2Fvolltexte%2Fdocuments%2F1627&ei=tAtYUYrBNoHKtQb3l4GYBw&usg=AFQjCNHeaxKkKU3-u54LWxMNYGXaaDLCGw&sig2=8WykXWQoDKjDSdGtAakH2Q&bvm=bv.44442042,d.Yms.
  14. Hofstadter, D.R.: I am a strange loop (2007) 0.04 
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    Footnote
    Rez. in Spektrum der Wissenschaft 2007, H.9, S.93-94 (M.Gardner): "Unser Gehirn enthält einige hundert Mil-liarden Neuronen mit zehntausendmal so vielen Verbindungen zwischen ihnen. Durch welch unglaubliche Zauberei wird dieses Gewirr von Fäden seiner selbst bewusst, fähig, Liebe und Hass zu empfinden, Romane und Sinfonien zu schreiben, Lust und Schmerz zu fühlen und sich aus freiem Willen für Gut oder Böse zu entscheiden? Der australische Philosoph David Chalmers hat die Erklärung des Bewusstseins »das schwere Problem» genannt. Das leichte Problem ist, Unbewusstes wie Atmen, Verdauen, Gehen, Wahrnehmen und tausend andere Dinge zu verstehen. An dem schweren beißen sich Philosophen, Psychologen und Neurowissenschaftler zurzeit bevorzugt die Zähne aus und produzieren tausende Bücher. Ein aktuelles stammt von Douglas R. Hofstadter, Professor für Kognitionswissenschaft an der Universität von Indiana in Bloomington, der vor allem durch sein preisgekröntes Buch »Gödel, Escher, Bach» bekannt geworden ist. Sein neues Werk, so genial und provokant wie seine Vorgänger, ist eine bunte Mischung aus Spekulationen und Geschichten aus seinem Leben. Ein ganzes Kapitel ist einer persönlichen Tragödie gewidmet, die Hofstadter bis heute zu verarbeiten versucht: Im Dezember 1993 starb seine Frau Carol im Alter von 42 Jahren plötzlich an einem Hirntumor. In der Vorstellung von einem Leben nach dem Tod kann er keinen Trost finden; so bleibt ihm nur die Gewissheit, dass Carol in den Erinnerungen derer, die sie kannten und liebten, weiterleben wird - zumindest für eine gewisse Zeit.
    Die Murmel liefert das Hauptthema des Buchs. Die Seele, das Ich, ist eine Illusion. Es ist eine »seltsame Schleife« (a strange loop), die ihrerseits von einer Unzahl von Schleifen auf einem niedrigeren Niveau erzeugt wird. So kommt es, dass der Klumpen Materie innerhalb unseres Schädels nicht nur sich selbst beobachtet, sondern sich dessen auch bewusst ist. Seltsame, genauer: selbstbezügliche Schleifen faszinieren Hofstadter seit jeher. Er sieht sie überall. Sie sind das Herzstück von Gödels berühmtem Unbeweisbarkeitssatz. Sie lauern in den »Principia Mathematica« von Russell und Whitehead, stets bereit, die Fundamente der Mathematik zu untergraben. Ihre kürzeste Form sind logische Paradoxa wie »Dieser Satz ist falsch« oder die Karte, auf deren einer Seite steht »Der Satz auf der Rückseite ist wahr« und auf der anderen »Der Satz auf der Rückseite ist falsch«. In Kapitel 21 führt er ein verstörendes Gedankenexperiment ein, das auch Thema zahlreicher Sciencefiction-Geschichten ist: Ein Mann wird, wie in »Raumschiff Enterprise«, auf einen fremden Planeten und zurück gebeamt, indem eine Maschine ihn Molekül für Molekül abscannt und die Information an den Zielort übermittelt, wo sie zur Herstellung einer exakten Kopie dieses Menschen dient. Wenn dabei das Original zerstört wird, entsteht kein philosophisches Problem. Wenn es aber erhalten bleibt - oder mit derselben Information zwei Kopien hergestellt werden -, entsteht ein Paar identischer Zwillinge mit identischen Erinnerungen. Ist der so gebeamte Mensch derselbe wie das Original oder ein anderer?
    Gewisse Themen können Hofstadters Zorn erregen, zum Beispiel die Diskussion über das so genannte inverted spectrum paradox. Wie kann ich sicher sein, dass ein anderer Mensch das, was ich als Rot erlebe, genauso erlebt wie ich und nicht etwa eine Empfindung hat, die ich als Blau bezeichnen würde? Oder das Konzept vom Zombie, einem Wesen, das sich in jeder Hinsicht so verhält wie ein gewöhnlicher Mensch, dem aber alle menschlichen Gefühle fehlen. Oder Bewusstsein und freier Wille. Hofstadter hält beides für Illusionen, für Trugbilder gleich der Murmel im Briefumschlagstapel, allerdings für unvermeidbare, machtvolle Trugbilder. Wir erleben, dass ein Ich in unserem Schädel steckt, aber das ist nur eine Illusion, die von Millionen kleiner Schleifen erzeugt wird, »einem Schwarm bunter Schmetterlinge in einem Obstgarten«. An dieser Stelle ist Hofstadter anderer Meinung als sein Freund, der Philosoph Daniel C. Dennett (mit dem zusammen er das Buch »The Mind's I«, deutsch »Einsicht ins lch«, herausgegeben hat). Aber wie Den-nett, der einem seiner Werke den dreisten Titel »Consciousness Explained« gab, glaubt er, er habe das Bewusstsein erklärt. Das stimmt leider nicht. Beide haben das Bewusstsein nur beschrieben. Einen Regenbogen zu beschreiben ist einfach, ihn zu erklären ist nicht so einfach. Bewusstsein zu beschreiben ist einfach, aber das Wunder zu erklären, durch das ein Haufen Moleküle es hervorbringt, ist nicht so einfach. Ich will meine Karten auf den Tisch legen. Ich gehöre zu der kleinen Gruppe der »Mysterianer«, zu denen auch die Philosophen John R. Searle (der Schurke in Hofstadters Buch), Thomas Nagel, Colin McGinn und Jerry Fodor sowie der Linguist Noam Chomsky, der Mathematiker Roger Penrose und einige andere zählen. Wir sind der Überzeugung, dass kein heute lebender Philosoph oder Naturwissenschaftler auch nur die nebelhafteste Ahnung davon hat, wie Bewusstsein und sein unzertrennlicher Begleiter, der freie Wille, aus einem materiellen Gehirn entstehen (was sie zweifellos tun). Wir sind überzeugt, dass kein Computer, wie wir ihn heute kennen - das heißt, der aus Schaltern und Verbindungsdrähten gebaut ist -, je ein Bewusstsein dessen erlangen wird, was er tut. Das stärkste Schachprogramm wird nicht wissen, dass es Schach spielt, ebenso wenig wie eine Waschmaschine weiß, dass sie Wäsche wäscht.
    Einige wenige Mysterianer glauben, dass die Wissenschaft eines glorreichen Tages das Rätsel des Bewusstseins lüften wird. Penrose zum Beispiel ist davon überzeugt, dass das Mysterium einem tieferen Verständnis der Quantenmechanik weichen wird. Ich selbst gehöre zu einer radikaleren Fraktion. Wir halten es für den Gipfel der Selbstüberschätzung zu glauben, unser Gehirn sei der unübertreffliche Gipfel der Denkfähigkeit. Mit Sicherheit gibt es Wahrheiten, die unsere intellektuellen Fähigkeiten ebenso weit übersteigen wie unsere Weisheiten die intellektuellen Fähigkeiten einer Kuh. Warum hat das Universum eine mathematische Struktur? Warum gibt es sich, wie Stephen Hawking es ausdrückte, überhaupt die Mühe, zu existieren? Warum gibt es etwas und nicht nichts? Wie bringen die Schmetterlinge in unserem Hirn die seltsamen Schleifen des Bewusstseins zu Stande? Vielleicht kennen höherentwickelte Lebensformen in der Andromeda-Galaxie die Antworten. Ich kenne sie sicher nicht. Hofstadter und Dennett kennen sie nicht. Und Sie, verehrter Leser, auch nicht.
  15. Memmel, T.: User interface specification for interactive software systems : process-, method- and tool-support for interdisciplinary and collaborative requirements modelling and prototyping-driven user interface specification (2009) 0.03 
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    Date
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    RSWK
    Mensch-Maschine-Kommunikation / Benutzeroberfläche / Benutzermodell / Benutzerfreundlichkeit / Spezifikationstechnik / Prototyping
    Subject
    Mensch-Maschine-Kommunikation / Benutzeroberfläche / Benutzermodell / Benutzerfreundlichkeit / Spezifikationstechnik / Prototyping
  16. Chalmers, D.J.: ¬The conscious mind : in search of a fundamental theory (1996) 0.03 
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    Geist / Bewusstsein / Leib-Seele-Problem
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    Geist / Bewusstsein / Leib-Seele-Problem
  17. McCorduck, P.: Machines who think : a personal inquiry into the history and prospects of artificial intelligence (2004) 0.03 
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    Date
    5. 7.2018 19:00:29
    Footnote
    Die Neuauflage hat McCorduck mit einem Nachwort versehen. Auf diesen 100 Seiten durcheilt sie das fehlende Vierteljahrhundert: Die »Eiszeit« in den 1980ern, als sich niemand mehr von denkenden Maschinen zu reden traute - zu grandios waren selbst »einfache« Projekte, wie die maschinelle Übersetzung, mitsamt den investierten Forschungsmillionen den Bach hinuntergegangen. KI galt als Hort der Hybris und der haltlosen Versprechungen, die Idee, ein künstliches Gehirn zu erstellen, als absurd. Die Forschungsförderung, auch des Militärs, versiegte. Danach kam wieder Leben in die Eiswüste: »Deep Blue« schlug den Schachmeister Garri Kasparow; das künstliche Denken war plötzlich wieder salonfähig. Und auch die Ängste waren wieder da: Bill Joy, Erster Wissenschaftler des Betriebssysteme-Bauers Sun Microsystems, belebte passgenau vor der Jahrtausendwende auch deutsche Feuilletons, indem er vor einer Machtübernahme durch die Maschinen warnte. All das gibt einen guten Überblick. Die Inspiration der Erstauflage hat das Nachwort aber nicht: McCorduck reiht Ereignisse aneinander, spürt jedoch den tiefer liegenden Strömungen wenig nach. Überhaupt wirkt es verlegerisch ungeschickt, die letzten 25 Jahre als Appendix an das große Werk zu fügen. Denn in diesen Jahren hat eine Zäsur stattgefunden: Das »heroische« Zeitalter der KI - wie McCorduck es charakterisiert - ist in den meisten Labors längst abgeblasen worden. Heute spricht kaum noch jemand davon, eine intelligente Maschine schaffen zu wollen; selbst das Wort »Intelligenz« meidet man eher, um weder falsche Hoffnungen noch unnötige Ängste zu schüren. Bis auf wenige Ausnahmen wie den Roboterbauer Hans Moravec, der vollintegrierte und gesellschaftsfähige Kunstmenschen unverdrossen für das Jahr 2050 prophezeit, ist die KI pragmatisch geworden. Sie hat sich, wie McCorduck durchaus bemerkt, in viele Teildisziplinen aufgespalten und konzentriert sich aufs Machbare: Der Fußballroboter soll den Ball treffen, der Kanalkrabbler das Leck im Rohr finden, der Suchalgorithmus das richtige Ergebnis liefern, die Wissensbasis funktionieren. »Heroische« Großprojekte werden da eher mit schiefem Grinsen angesehen, wie die Wissensbasis »CyC« des Stanford-Professors Douglas Lenat, in der das gesamte Alltagswissen eines Menschen in Form von Regeln wie »Schneeweiß« und »Zahnarzt gelegentlich Schmerzen« codiert werden soll, um einer Maschine dadurch menschenähnliches Wissen einzuhauchen. Pamela McCorduck aber referiert über diese seit 1994 andauernde Hamsterarbeit stoisch ohne einen Anflug von Kritik. Auch die Hinwendung zum Körper schwingt bei ihr implizit mit, wenn sie die neuen Roboter bespricht, wird aber nicht als der Trend, der er ist, gewürdigt: Embodied AI, »verkörperte KI«, ermöglicht durch die boomende Sensortechnik, lagert viele Funktionen der zentralen Steuerung in die Peripherie aus, lässt also, anthropomorph gesprochen, den Körper zu Wort kommen und entlastet den Kopf. Ein schönes Pferd, auf das McCorduck hätte aufspringen können: Schließlich ist es genau ihr Metier, den Computer nicht bloß als Werkzeug, sondern als Erkenntnisobjekt zu nutzen, wie der Mensch sich selbst sieht - denn auch in die Philosophie haben ja Diskussionen zur Körperlichkeit Einzug gefunden. Weil sich so vieles geändert hat, wäre es vielleicht klug gewesen, ein neues Buch zu schreiben, statt einfach die neuen Entwicklungen an die alten anzuhängen. Und es ist wirklich schade, dass die Autorin, wie sie im Vorwort schreibt, nicht die Zeit fand, über die Grenzen der USA hinauszugehen. Auch in Lund, Darmstadt und Tokio werden interessante Dinge gebaut. Jedenfalls ist es inzwischen klar: »Machines who think« - dieser Satz ist an den Schläfen so grau wie viele der Pioniere der KI aus dem vergangenen heroischen Zeitalter. Heute ergänzt man den Ausspruch mit einem »nun ja, irgendwie - kind of«, zieht den Laborkittel an und schraubt weiter. Das Zeitalter der großen Versprechungen ist vorbei. Und das ist gut so."
  18. Tononi, G.: Phi : a voyage from the brain to the soul (2012) 0.03 
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    Bewusstsein / Gehirn / Physiologie / Leib-Seele-Problem
  19. Copeland, B.J.: Turing: pioneer of the information age (2012) 0.03 
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    Turing-Maschine / Enigma/ Chiffriermaschine / Kryptoanalyse
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  20. Bradshaw, J.M.: Software agents (1997) 0.03 
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    Agent <Informatik> / Mensch-Maschine-Kommunikation

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