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Schantz, R.: Sinnliche versus begriffliche Repräsentation (1998)
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- Abstract
- Eine überzeugende Verteidigung der Repräsentationstheorie des Geistes erfordert eine prinzipielle Unterscheidung zwischen zwei Arten von Repräsentationen: zwischen sinnlichen und begrifflichen Repräsentationen. Zunächst werde ich mich mit Auffassungen befassen, die sich einer klaren Trennung zwischen sinnlichen und kognitiven Prozessen widersetzen. Im Zentrum der Debatte stehen die von David Armstrong, George Pitcher und Daniel Dennett vertretenen Glaubenstheorien der sinnlichen Erfahrung. Diese Autoren versuchen, die Erfahrung auf ein epistemisches Begriffsrepertoire zurückzuführen, indem sie sie mit dem Erwerb von Meinungen, Neigungen zu Meinungen, unterdrückten Neigungen zu Meinungen oder unbewußten Meinungen über die Dinge identifizieren. Ich zeige, daß epistemische Analysen der Erfahrung zum Scheitern verurteilt sind, weil Meinungen, Urteile oder Gedanken für die Erfahrung nicht wesentlich sind. Erfahrungen rufen zwar im allgemeinen Meinungen hervor, aber sie sind nicht auf Meinungen zurückführbar. Obwohl wir gewöhnlich eine Reihe von Meinungen über die Gegenstände, die wir wahrnehmen, erwerben, so ist doch die Wahrnehmung in ihrem grundlegenden Sinn von solchen Meinungen logisch unabhängig. Nach der Kritik an den Glaubenstheorien der sinnlichen Erfahrung arbeite ich den wesentlichen Unterschied zwischen der sinnlichen Wahrnehmung und Erfahrung einerseits und Überzeugungen, Urteilen und Gedanken andererseits, kurzum zwischen sinnlichen und begrifflichen Repräsentationen, heraus. Der Unterschied zwischen einer sinnlichen und einer begrifflichen Repräsentation kann durch den Unterschied zwischen einem Bild von einem Sachverhalt und einer Aussage über diesen Sachverhalt illustriert werden. Schließlich lege ich dar, daß und wie man den bildhaften, piktorialen Charakter von sinnlichen Repräsentationen ernst nehmen kann, ohne sich dadurch zu der mysteriösen Annahme verleiten zu lassen, daß die Erfahrung Bilder im Geiste oder im Kopf beinhaltet.
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Gödert, W.: Begriffstheorie : Basis einer Theorie von Dokumentationssprachen - Basis zur Erklärung kognitiver Informationsverarbeitung (1996)
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- Source
- Ethik und Sozialwissenschaften. 7(1996) H.1, S.25-28
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Klein, W.: Organisation des Wissens durch Sprache : Konsequenzen für die maschinelle Sprachanalyse (1977)
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- Abstract
- Das Wissen, das sich die Menschen zu einer bestimmten Zeit erworben haben glauben, wird weiterhin mit Hilfe der natürlichen Sprache festgehalten ("kodifiziert") und weitervermittelt. Zu diesem in natürlich-sprachlichen Äußerungen kodifizierten Wissen hat man jedoch mit einem Computer kaum direkten Zugang. Zwar bemüht man sich seit vielen Jahren mit zum Teil erheblichem Aufwand um beispielsweise automatische Informationserschließung, maschinelle Sprachübersetzung und Mensch-Maschine-Dialoge in natürlicher Sprache, aber die Ergebnisse sind bescheiden. Verantwortlich für den in diesen Bereichen vergleichsweise geringen Erfolg sind verschiedene Eigenschaften der natürlichen Sprachen, die - im Gegensatz zu formalen Sprachen (wie Programmiersprachen, gängige logische Sprachen) - die maschinelle Informationserschließung erschweren
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Hjoerland, B.: Concept theory (2009)
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- Abstract
- Concept theory is an extremely broad, interdisciplinary and complex field of research related to many deep fields with very long historical traditions without much consensus. However, information science and knowledge organization cannot avoid relating to theories of concepts. Knowledge organizing systems (e.g., classification systems, thesauri, and ontologies) should be understood as systems basically organizing concepts and their semantic relations. The same is the case with information retrieval systems. Different theories of concepts have different implications for how to construe, evaluate, and use such systems. Based on a post-Kuhnian view of paradigms, this article put forward arguments that the best understanding and classification of theories of concepts is to view and classify them in accordance with epistemological theories (empiricism, rationalism, historicism, and pragmatism). It is also argued that the historicist and pragmatist understandings of concepts are the most fruitful views and that this understanding may be part of a broader paradigm shift that is also beginning to take place in information science. The importance of historicist and pragmatic theories of concepts for information science is outlined.
- Footnote
- Vgl.: Szostak, R.: Comment on Hjørland's concept theory in: Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 61(2010) no.5, S. 1076-1077 und die Erwiderung darauf von B. Hjoerland (S.1078-1080)
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- Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 60(2009) no.8, S.1519-1536
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Thellefsen, M.M.; Thellefsen, T.; Sørensen, B.: Information as signs : a semiotic analysis of the information concept, determining its ontological and epistemological foundations (2018)
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- Abstract
- The purpose of this paper is to formulate an analytical framework for the information concept based on the semiotic theory. Design/methodology/approach The paper is motivated by the apparent controversy that still surrounds the information concept. Information, being a key concept within LIS, suffers from being anchored in various incompatible theories. The paper suggests that information is signs, and it demonstrates how the concept of information can be understood within C.S. Peirce's phenomenologically rooted semiotic. Hence, from there, certain ontological conditions as well epistemological consequences of the information concept can be deduced. Findings The paper argues that an understanding of information, as either objective or subjective/discursive, leads to either objective reductionism and signal processing, that fails to explain how information becomes meaningful at all, or conversely, information is understood only relative to subjective/discursive intentions, agendas, etc. To overcome the limitations of defining information as either objective or subjective/discursive, a semiotic analysis shows that information understood as signs is consistently sensitive to both objective and subjective/discursive features of information. It is consequently argued that information as concept should be defined in relation to ontological conditions having certain epistemological consequences. Originality/value The paper presents an analytical framework, derived from semiotics, that adds to the developments of the philosophical dimensions of information within LIS.
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Bonnevie, E.: Dretske's semantic information theory and meta-theories in library and information science (2001)
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- Abstract
- This article presents the semantic information theory, formulated by the philosopher Fred I. Dretske, as a contribution to the discussion of metatheories and their practical implications in the field of library and information science. Dretske's theory is described in Knowledge and the flow of information. It is founded on mathematical communication theory but developed and elaborated into a cognitive, functionalistic theory, is individually oriented, and deals with the content of information. The topics are: the information process from perception to cognition, and how concept formation takes place in terms of digitisation. Other important issues are the concepts of information and knowledge, truth and meaning. Semantic information theory can be used as a frame of reference in order to explain, clarify and refute concepts currently used in library and information science, and as the basis for critical reviews of elements of the cognitive viewpoint in IR, primarily the notion of "potential information". The main contribution of the theory lies in a clarification of concepts, but there are still problems regarding the practical applications. More research is needed to combine philosophical discussions with the practice of information and library science.
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Atran, S.: Basic conceptual domains (1989)
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Szostak, R.: Complex concepts into basic concepts (2011)
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- Abstract
- Interdisciplinary communication, and thus the rate of progress in scholarly understanding, would be greatly enhanced if scholars had access to a universal classification of documents or ideas not grounded in particular disciplines or cultures. Such a classification is feasible if complex concepts can be understood as some combination of more basic concepts. There appear to be five main types of concept theory in the philosophical literature. Each provides some support for the idea of breaking complex into basic concepts that can be understood across disciplines or cultures, but each has detractors. None of these criticisms represents a substantive obstacle to breaking complex concepts into basic concepts within information science. Can we take the subject entries in existing universal but discipline-based classifications, and break these into a set of more basic concepts that can be applied across disciplinary classes? The author performs this sort of analysis for Dewey classes 300 to 339.9. This analysis will serve to identify the sort of 'basic concepts' that would lie at the heart of a truly universal classification. There are two key types of basic concept: the things we study (individuals, rocks, trees), and the relationships among these (talking, moving, paying).
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- Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 62(2011) no.11, S.2247-2265
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