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Abstract

The rapid growth of the numbers of images and their users as a result of the reduction in cost and increase in efficiency of the creation, storage, manipulation, and transmission of images poses challenges to those who organize and provide access to images. One of these challenges is similarity matching, a key component of current content-based image retrieval systems. Similarity matching often is implemented through similarity measures based on geometric models of similarity whose metric axioms are not satisfied by human similarity judgment data. This study is significant in that it is among the first known to test Tversky's contrast model, which equates the degree of similarity of two stimuli to a linear combination of their common and distinctive features, in the context of image representation and retrieval. Data were collected from 150 participants who performed an image description and a similarity judgment task. Structural equation modeling, correlation, and regression analyses confirmed the relationships between perceived features and similarity of objects hypothesized by Tversky. The results hold implications for future research that will attempt to further test the contrast model and assist designers of image organization and retrieval systems by pointing toward alternative document representations and similarity measures that more closely match human similarity judgments.

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Abstract

This paper reports on a research project that compared two different approaches for the indexing of ordinary images representing common objects: traditional indexing with controlled vocabulary and free indexing with uncontrolled vocabulary. We also compared image retrieval within two contexts: a monolingual context where the language of the query is the same as the indexing language and, secondly, a multilingual context where the language of the query is different from the indexing language. As a means of comparison in evaluating the performance of each indexing form, a simulation of the retrieval process involving 30 images was performed with 60 participants. A questionnaire was also submitted to participants in order to gather information with regard to the retrieval process and performance. The results of the retrieval simulation confirm that the retrieval is more effective and more satisfactory for the searcher when the images are indexed with the approach combining the controlled and uncontrolled vocabularies. The results also indicate that the indexing approach with controlled vocabulary is more efficient (queries needed to retrieve an image) than the uncontrolled vocabulary indexing approach. However, no significant differences in terms of temporal efficiency (time required to retrieve an image) was observed. Finally, the comparison of the two linguistic contexts reveal that the retrieval is more effective and more efficient (queries needed to retrieve an image) in the monolingual context rather than the multilingual context. Furthermore, image searchers are more satisfied when the retrieval is done in a monolingual context rather than a multilingual context.

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Source

Knowledge organization for a global learning society: Proceedings of the 9th International ISKO Conference, 4-7 July 2006, Vienna, Austria. Hrsg.: G. Budin, C. Swertz u. K. Mitgutsch

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Abstract

Probleme für den Schutz der Persönlichkeitsrechte wirft das Projekt einer schwedischen Firma auf, die eine Internet-Suchmaschine mit Gesichtserkennung entwickelt. Die Technik der Firma Polar Rose scannt öffentlich verfügbare Fotos ein, sortiert sie nach rund 90 verschiedenen Merkmalen und erstellt so eine Datenbank. Die Suchmaschine soll in der Lage sein, ein beliebiges Foto mit diesen Daten abzugleichen, die Identität der gezeigten Person zu ermitteln und eine Liste mit Web-Seiten zu liefern, auf denen diese Person zu sehen ist. Bei Tests. mit 10 000 Fotos habe es in 95 Prozent der Fälle eine zuverlässige Erkennung gegeben, sagt der Vorstandschef von Polar Rose, Nikolaj Nyholm. Allerdings schränkt er ein, dass die Genauigkeit mit wachsender Datenbasis vermutlich geringer wird, weil bei Millionen und vielleicht Milliarden von Personenfotos die Wahrscheinlichkeit zunimmt, dass sich zwei oder mehr Personen sehr ähnlich sehen. Deshalb sollen die Nutzer des geplanten Internet-Dienstes selbst Informationen beisteuern, etwa die Namen von abgebildeten Personen. Polar Rose verfolgt das Konzept, die zahllosen Fotos, die sich etwa bei Flickr oder Myspace finden, besser durchsuchbar zu machen, als bei der herkömmlichen Bildersuche. Auch Personen, die nur im Hintergrund eines Fotos zu sehen sind, sollen auf diese Weise erfasst werden. Was aber ist, wenn Arbeitgeber, Polizei oder misstrauische Partner auf diese Weise die Anwesenheit einer Person an einem bestimmten Ort aufdecken, die eigentlich vertraulich bleiben sollte? "Ich glaube nicht, dass wir da schon alle Antworten haben", räumt Nyholm ein. Der Leiter der Organisation Privacy International, Simon Davies, sieht sich durch Techniken wie die von Polar Rose in seiner Einschätzung bestätigt, dass es Grenzen für die Internet-Suche geben müsse. Andernfalls werde die Suche im Internet in Dimensionen vorstoßen, "die unendlich mächtiger sind, als wir es uns jemals vorstellen konnten". Davies fordert eine Debatte über eine Begrenzung der Internet-Suche und über ein Mitspracherecht von einzelnen Personen bei der Nutzung ihrer Daten. Die Verfügbarkeit von Fotos im Internet sei kein Freibrief für massenhafte Aufbereitung in Datenbanken.

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Date

6. 1.2011 11:22:12