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Abstract

Martin Schrettinger (1772-1851) gehört neben Christian Molbech und Friedrich Adolf Ebert zu den bedeutendsten Theoretikern der Bibliothekswissenschaft Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts. Als Praktiker war der ehemalige Benediktinermönch lebenslang im Bibliotheksdienst tätig, unter anderem an der Königlichen Hofbibliothek in München, wo er sich durch die Anlage eines handschriftlich verfassten Realkatalogs verdient gemacht hat. In seinen theoretischen Arbeiten erläuterte Schrettinger eingehend die in der Bibliothekspraxis gemachten Erfahrungen, bietet Begriffsdefinitionen an und setzte sich für die Etablierung des Bibliothekarberufs und der dafür notwendigen Wissenschaftstheorie ein. Er prägte als erster den Begriff "Bibliothekswissenschaft". Martin Schrettinger veröffentlichte ab 1808 die vier Hefte "Versuch eines vollständigen Lehrbuches der Bibliothek Wissenschaft" und wurde damit zum Pionier einer Wissenschaft, die zur damaligen Zeit noch gar nicht anerkannt war. Das theoretische Schaffen des Bibliothekars aus München gipfelte in seinem "Handbuch der Bibliothek-Wissenschaft, besonders zum Gebrauche der Nicht-Bibliothekare; welche ihre Privat-Büchersammlung selbst einrichten wollen" (erstmalig veröffentlicht 1834 in der Beck'schen Universitäts-Buchhandlung zu Wien), in welchem er seine Lehren in konzentrierter und lebendiger Form darlegte. Das interessante und lesenswerte Lehrbuch ist heute nur noch in sehr wenigen und schützenswerten Exemplaren zu finden. Es sollte aber für eine breite Öffentlichkeit von Bibliothekaren, Wissenschaftlern, Studenten und anderen bibliothekshistorisch Interessierten wieder erhältlich sein. Dieses Ziel verfolgen Studenten der Bibliotheksund Informationswissenschaft der HTWK Leipzig. Auf der Grundlage des in der Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig vorhandenen und selten gut erhaltenen Exemplars wird ein originalgetreuer Nachdruck erstellt und durch ein Nachwort zu Leben und Werk Martin Schrettingers sowie durch eine ausgewählte Bibliographie ergänzt.

Field

Bibliothekswesen

Footnote

Rez. in: ZfBB 51(2004) H.5/6, S.359-360 (V. Henze): "Martin Schrettinger? - Bei Absolventen der Bibliotheksschulen und -wissenschaften mag dieser Name eine vage Erinnerung auslösen, ihn schon einmal als einen der Begründer der modernen Bibliothekswissenschaft in Deutschland gehört zu haben. Tatsächlich hat Schrettinger im Jahre 18o8 als erster den Begriff »Bibliothek-Wissenschaft« geprägt. Doch mit der Nennung dieses Stichworts wird es üblicherweise auch schon sein Bewenden gehabt und wird Schrettinger das Los mit anderen Begründern fachlicher Disziplinen geteilt haben: genannt und gerühmt, aber kaum jemals gelesen worden zu sein. Dass dies nun künftig anders werden könnte, ist der Weidmannschen Verlagsbuchhandlung in Hildesheim zu verdanken, die einen vorzüglich ausgestatteten, mit einem ausführlichen Nachwort sowie einer Bibliografie versehenen faksimilierten Nachdruck von Martin Schrettingers Hauptwerk verlegt hat, dem im Jahr 1834 erstmals erschienenen »Handbuch der Bibliothek-Wissenschaft, besonders zum Gebrauche der Nicht-Bibliothekare, welche ihre Privat=Büchersammlungen selbst einrichten wollen«. Dass wir es dabei nicht nur mit einem aus historischen Gründen lobenswerten, sondern vor allem auch lohnenswerten Unterfangen zu tun haben, wird schnell deutlich:Wer den schmalen, insgesamt nicht einmal 200 Druckseiten umfassenden Band in der Erwartung, vielleicht auch ein wenig in der Hoffnung aufschlägt, einen amüsierten Blick in das historische Kuriositätenkabinett werfen zu können, wird schnell eines Besseren belehrt. Der 1772 in Neumarkt in der Oberpfalz geborene und 1851 in München gestorbene Bibliothekar der Königlichen Hof- und Staatsbibliothek München schreibt nicht nur in einer prägnanten, sondern auch 170 Jahre nach Erscheinen seines Werkes äußerst lesbaren Diktion, die manchem zeitgenössischen Fachtext zu wünschen wäre. Sein Handbuch ist als Arbeitsgrundlage für die Praxis gedacht, die alle Fragen bibliothekarischen Arbeitens abdecken soll-bis hin zu der Frage, an welcher Stelle des Buches die Signaturetiketten aufzubringen sind. Ohne Umschweife kommt Schrettingerjeweils auf den Punkt und formuliert bereits auf der zweiten Seite seines Buches als obersten Grundsatz der Bibliotheks-Wissenschaft: »Da nun jedes literarische Bedürfniß in einer Bibliothek nur allein durch Herbeischaffung der dahin einschlägigen Bücher befriedigt werden kann, so erscheint der Zweck jeder Bibliothek-Einrichtung als möglichst schnelles Auffinden der Bücher, und dieser Zweck muß notwendig als oberster Grundsatz der Bibliothek-Wissenschaft aufgestellt werden.«
Es kann nicht schaden, sich von Zeit zu Zeit eine solche Formulierung in dieser Deutlichkeit ins Gedächtnis zu rufen, insbesondere als sie bereits vor 170 Jahren niedergeschrieben wurde und schon damals von Schrettinger keinesfalls bloß als hehrerAnspruch gemeintwar.Schrettingerwusste,wovon er sprach. Nach der Auflassung von 150 bayerischen Klosterbibliotheken und der Übernahme der 100.000 Bände umfassenden Mannheimer Hofbibliothek platzte die Münchner Hofbibliothek aus allen Nähten; an eine sinnvolle Ordnung war nicht zu denken, worunter damals üblicherweise eine systematische Aufstellung verstanden wurde. Gegen sie wendet sich daher Schrettinger mit Entschiedenheit, und hier gewinnt sein Werk seine zukunftsweisende, auch heute noch unveränderte Gültigkeit: »Die so beliebte systematische Ordnung, welche man hier vermissen wird, ist ein eben so unzureichendes,ja ganz zweckwidriges, als äußerst mühesames Mittel zur Erreichung des hier vorgesteckten Zweckes, welcher durch ganz ungezwungene Spezialkataloge über die besondern wissenschaftlichen Clas-sen, und durch einen allgemeinen alphabetischen Realkatalog vollkommen und mit weit lichterer Mühe erreicht werden kann ... [Ein Aufstellungsplan] mag aber beschaffen seyn, wie er wolle, so wird sich doch jedes Mal bei der Ausführung desselben sehr bald zeigen, daß keine der irgend einem bibliothekarischen Zwecke entsprechenden Ordnungen durch die Aufstellung der Bücher in ihrer zweckmäßigen Vollkommenheit ausführbar sey.« Schrettinger setzte dagegen auf eine Aufstellung der Bücher nach einzelnen, von der Größe der Bibliothek und ihren Anforderungen zu bestimmenden Fächern, in denen die Bücher alphabetisch aufgestellt werden sollten, unterschieden einzig nach den drei Größen Folio, Ouart und Oktav. Erschließung und Ermittlung der Bücher sollte ausschließlich über Kataloge gewährleistet werden, wobei Schrettinger einen alphabetischen Gesamtkatalog, wissenschaftliche Spezialkataloge einzelner wissenschaftlicher Disziplinen und den von ihm »Realkatalog« genannten Schlagwortkatalog unterschied, um alle möglichen und denkbaren Suchinteressen abzudecken. »Rückweise« (Verweisungsformen) sollten zusätzliche Sucheinstiege schaffen und damit Recherchen weiter erleichtern. Für alle drei Katalogtypen entwarf Schrettinger konkrete Katalogisierungsregeln. Schrettingers ganze Leidenschaft gehörte dabei dem Realkatalog: Mit dem Aufbau des Realkataloges für die Münchner Hof- und Staatsbibliothek war er noch nach seinem Eintritt in den Ruhestand bis zu seinem Tode beschäftigt, ohne ihn fertig stellen zu können. Doch er hatte in seinem Handbuch ja bereits geschrieben: »Der einzige Umstand, welcher einen längern Zeitraum für die Ausarbeitung erfordert, ist der, daß an diesem nie mehr als ein Individuum zu gleicher Zeit arbeiten kann, ... [...] Nichts würde das Misslingen des ganzen Unternehmens sicherer und schneller herbeiführen, als Inconsequenz im Verfahren. Diese wäre aber unvermeidlich, wenn mehr als Ein Individuum zu gleicher Zeit Hand ans Werk legen wollte, mithin das >quot capita, tot sententiae< in Anwendung käme.«
Schrettinger beschreibt hier das bis zum heutigen Tag im Kern nicht befriedigend geklärte grundsätzliche Problem einer einheitlich gehandhabten intellektuellen sachlichen Erschließung von Literatur. Es ist dabei nicht so, dass Schrettinger sich andererseits der Gefahr dieses ganz auf die Person des Bearbeiters zugeschnittenen Arbeitens nicht bewusst gewesen wäre, stellt er sich doch selbst die Frage: »Aber wie wird es dann um die Fortsetzung und Vollendung dieser weitaussehenden Arbeit stehen, wenn das einzige dazu verwendete Individuum altersschwach werden oder sterben sollte?« Im Falle von Schrettingers Realkatalog beschloss die Leitung der Münchner Hof- und Staatsbibliothek nach seinem Tod im Jahre 1851 das Vorhaben einzustellen und den Realkatalog nicht weiterzuführen. Der älteste Schlagwortkatalog der WeIt, durch den Schrettinger in »dritter Potencierung« am liebsten auch noch die unselbstständig erschienenen Aufsätze und Abhandlungen erschlossen hätte, blieb ein Torso, der allerdings noch heute für Recherchen nach Literatur des 16. bis 18. Jahrhunderts benutzt wird. Gerade an diesem Umstand lässt sich erkennen, wie zukunftsweisend Schrettingers Denken und Wirken war. Dies gilt im Übrigen auch für seine in seinem Handbuch geäußerten und womöglich bald schon wieder aktuellen Forderungen nach eigenen Bibliotheksbauten, festen finanziellen Etats sowie speziell ausgebildeten,fest angestellten Berufsbibliothekaren: »Ein wahrer Bibliothekar muß nämlich a) das ganze Reich der Wissenschaften und Künste mit gleicher Liebe umfassen; er darf also durchaus kein Fach vorzüglich begünstigen; b) seine ganze Geisteskraft und Zeit (mit Ausnahme der zur Erhaltung seiner Gesundheit nöthigen Erholungsstunden) mit völliger Verzichtleistung auf literarische Privat=Arbeiten, der Bearbeitung und Verwaltung der Bibliothek weihen.« Kann man es schöner formulieren?"

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Abstract

This article discusses the development of descriptive cataloging in Germany and the evolution of cataloging principles. The Instruktionen für die alphabetischen Kataloge der preußischen Bibliotheken (Instructions for the Alphabetic Catalogs of the Prussian Libraries, known as the Prussian Instructions, or PI, for short) were published in 1899. The so-called Berliner Anweisungen ("Berlin Instructions," Instructions for the Alphabetic Catalog in Public Libraries) appeared in 1938. Discussion for reform of cataloging rules began in the 1950s and received impetus from the International Conference on Cataloging Principles in Paris in 1961 and from the International Meeting of Cataloging Experts in Copenhagen in 1969. Preliminary drafts of the new Regeln für die alphabetische Katalogisierung, RAK (Rules for Descriptive Cataloging) were issued between 1969 and 1976; the complete edition of the RAK was published in the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) in 1976 and in a slightly different version in 1977 for the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany). A version for academic libraries appeared in 1983, followed by a version for public libraries in 1986. Between 1987 and 1997, supplementary rules for special categories of materials were published.

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Pages

S.3-22

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Source

Cataloging and classification quarterly. 35(2002) nos.1/2, S.3-22

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Abstract

This paper outlines the development of serials cataloguing in Germany, which started with entries usually in systematic catalogues. Cataloguing codes were developed first by individual major libraries; the establishment of a Prussian union catalogue called for generally recognized rules, but these focused mainly on sorting and filing. When, in the 1960s, the Prussian Instructions were given up in favor of RAK (Regeln für Alphabetische Katalogisierung), ISBD was adopted for the descriptive part. As to modern international cooperation, this paper explains that the main obstacles are not so much different cataloguing codes but the lack of consensus on the definition of a serial title. Recent revision efforts missed the opportunity of accepting an International Standard Serials Title.

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Content

Enthält die Beiträge: Blake, V.L.P.: Forging the Anglo-American Cataloging Alliance: descriptive cataloging, 1830-1908; M. Carpenter, M.: The original 73 rules of the British Museum: a preliminary analysis; De Rijk Spanhoff, E.: Principle issues: catalog paradigms, old and new; Mutula, S.M., Tsvakai, M.: Historical perspectives of cataloguing and classification; Barber, E.E., Tripaldi, N.M., Pisano, S.L.: Facts, approaches, and reflections an classification in the history of Argentine librarianship; MirandaArguedas, A.: Standardization of technical processes in Central American Libraries; Steinhagen, EN.: Historical perspective of a union catalog in Chile: authorities and periodicals; Liu, S.Q., Shen, Z.G.: The development of cataloging in China; Popst, H.: The development of descriptive cataloging in Germany; Croissant, C.R.: RAK or AACR2? : the current discussion in Germany an cataloging rules; Soltani, P.: Historical aspects of cataloging and classification in Iran; Takawashi, T.: Cataloging in Japan: relationship between Japanese and Western cataloging rules; Martinez-Arellano, F.F.: Cataloging and classification history in Mexico; Carter, R.C.: Three book collectors of imperial Spain; Lincoln, T.: Cultural reassertion of Alaska native languages and cultures: libraries' responses; Descriptive standards and the archival profession; Shuler, J.A.: Foundations of government information and bibliographic control in the United States: 1789-1900; Zhou, L.: Characteristics of material organization and classification in the Kinsey Institute Library; Goldberg, J.E.: Development of a universal law classification: a retrospective an Library of Congress Class K; Lubas, R.L.: The evolution of bibliographic control of maps; Guthrie II, L.S.: Monastic cataloging and classification and the beginnings of Class B at the Library of Congress; Bradley, C.J.: Classifying and cataloguing music in American Libraries: a historical overview; Haddad, P.: Cataloging and classification of Pacific and Asian language materials at the National Library of Australia; Russell, B.M.: Description and access in rare books cataloging: a historical survey; Waithe, M.E., Vintro, M.E.: Posthumously plagiarizing Oliva Sabuco: an appeal to cataloging librarians; Walravens, H.: Serials cataloguing in Germany: the historical development; Smiraglia, R.P.: The history of The Work in the modern catalog.

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Abstract

From a historical perspective, one could consider the modern library catalog to be that bibliographical apparatus that stretches at least from Thomas Hyde's catalog for the Bodleian Library at Oxford to the near present. Mai and other recent authors have suggested postmodern approaches to knowledge organization. In these, we realize that there is no single and unique order of knowledge or documents but rather there are many appropriate orders, all of them contextually dependent. Works (oeuvres, opera, Werke, etc.), as are musical works, literary works, works of art, etc., are and always have been key entities for information retrieval. Yet catalogs in the modern era were designed to inventory (first) and retrieve (second) specific documents. From Hyde's catalog for the Bodleian until the late twentieth century, developments are epistemologically pragmatic--reflected in the structure of catalog records, in the rules for main entry headings, and in the rules for filing in card catalogs. After 1980 developments become empirical-reflected in research conducted by Tillett, Yee, Smiraglia, Leazer, Carlyle, and Vellucci. The influence of empiricism on the pragmatic notion of "the work" has led to increased focus on the concept of the work. The challenge for the postmodern online catalog is to fully embrace the concept of "the work," finally to facilitate it as a prime objective for information retrieval.

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Abstract

From a historical perspective, one could consider the modern library catalog to be that bibliographical apparatus that stretches at least from Thomas Hyde's catalog for the Bodleian Library at Oxford to the near present. Mai and other recent authors have suggested postmodern approaches to knowledge organization. In these, we realize that there is no single and unique order of knowledge or documents but rather there are many appropriate orders, all of them contextually dependent. Works (oeuvres, opera, Werke, etc.), as are musical works, literary works, works of art, etc., are and always have been key entities for information retrieval. Yet catalogs in the modern era were designed to inventory (first) and retrieve (second) specific documents. From Hyde's catalog for the Bodleian until the late twentieth century, developments are epistemologically pragmatic--reflected in the structure of catalog records, in the rules for main entry headings, and in the rules for filing in card catalogs. After 1980 developments become empirical-reflected in research conducted by Tillett, Yee, Smiraglia, Leazer, Carlyle, and Vellucci. The influence of empiricism on the pragmatic notion of "the work" has led to increased focus on the concept of the work. The challenge for the postmodern online catalog is to fully embrace the concept of "the work," finally to facilitate it as a prime objective for information retrieval.

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Abstract

In 1943 the Japanese League of Young Librarians published Nippon Catalog Rules (NCR1942) based on ALA 1908, and adopted the author main-entry system for Japanese and Western materials. After World War II, the Japan Library Association (JLA) compiled and published NCR1952, based on ALA 1949 and LC 1949 but maintained the author main-entry system. The main-entry system was then replaced by an alternative heading method, which came to be known as the Description-Independent-System (DIS). NCR1965 adopted the main entry principle, which was based on the Paris Principles of 1961. NCR1977 was compiled and published by the JLA Cataloging Committee and based upon a "no-main-entry principle." Then in 1987, the Committee published the standard edition of the rules, which was completely compatible with the International Standard Bibliographic Description (ISBD). NCR1987R was published in 1994 and NCR1987R01 in 2001, which included revised "Chapter 9: Computer Files," devised according to ISBD(ER).

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Abstract

This paper outlines the development of serials cataloguing in Germany, which started with entries usually in systematic catalogues. Cataloguing codes were developed first by individual major libraries; the establishment of a Prussian union catalogue called for generally recognized rules, but these focused mainly on sorting and filing. When, in the 1960s, the Prussian Instructions were given up in favor of RAK (Regeln für Alphabetische Katalogisierung), ISBD was adopted for the descriptive part. As to modern international cooperation, this paper explains that the main obstacles are not so much different cataloguing codes but the lack of consensus on the definition of a serial title. Recent revision efforts missed the opportunity of accepting an International Standard Serials Title.

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Abstract

The catalog is the enduring means of access to information about the collection of a library. Without such information, use of a library would be limited to browsing the shelves in hopes of finding materials of interest. Hanson and Daily trace the development of catalogs from ancient times to the middle of the twentieth century. In parallel they also trace the history of cataloging rules and principles through the many codes of practice that have been developed over the years. The authors' speculation on what computerized catalogs might be like in the future, once developed, provides an interesting sidelight on the thinking of the era preceding the automation of catalogs.

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Abstract

Forty years ago the ICCP in Paris laid the foundations of international co-operation in descriptive cataloging without explicitly speaking of authority control. Some of the factors in the evolution of authority control are the development of catalogs (from card catalog to local automation, to today's OPAC on the Web) and services provided by libraries (from individual service to local users to system networks, to the World Wide Web), as well as international agreements on cataloging (from Paris Principles to the UBC programme, to the report on Mandatory data elements for internationally shared resource authority records). This evolution progressed from the principle of uniform heading to the definition of authority entries and records, and from the responsibility of national bibliographic agencies for the form of the names of their own authors to be shared internationally to the concept of authorized equivalent heading. Some issues of the present state are the persisting differences among national rules and the aim of respecting both local culture and language and international readability.

Footnote

Beitrag in einem Themenheft "Authority control: definition and international experience. Part I"

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Abstract

The well-known 91 rules of the 1841 British Museum catalog, adopted in July 1839, had an ancestor in a draft of 73 rules from March 1839, a document that might be called the original rules of Anthony Panizzi. The code, finally sanctioned by the British Museum Trustees, has some substantial differences from the original draft, differences that seem to foreshadow later discussion on cataloging rules. In this preliminary analysis, some of these differences are described. Additionally, the origin of the rules is discussed.

Content

Vgl. auch: Crestadoro, A.: The art of making catalogues of libraries: or, a method to obtain in a short time a most perfect, complete, and satisfactory printed catalog of the British Museum Library / by a reader therein [i.e. A. Crestadoro]. London: Published and sold by The Literary, Scientific & Artistic Reference Office 1856.

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Abstract

This report constitutes Phase I of a two-part study; a Phase II report will discuss subject cataloging. Phase I is concerned with the materials of a library as individual records (or documents) and as representations of certain works by certain authors--that is, with descriptive, or bibliographic, cataloging. Discussed in the report are (1) the history, role, function, and oblectives .of the author-and-title catalog; (2) problems and principles of descriptive catalogng, including the use and function of "main entry, the principle of authorship, and the process and problems of cataloging print and nonprint materials; (3) organization of the catalog; and (4) potentialities of automation. The considerations inherent in bibliographic cataloging, such as the distinction between the "book" and the "work," are said to be so elemental that they are essential not only to the effective control of library's materials but also to that of the information contained in the materials. Because of the special concern with information, the author includes a discussion of the "Bibliographic Dimensions of Information Control," 'prepared in collaboration with Robert M. Hayes, which also appears in "American Documentation," VOl.201 July 1969, p. 247-252.

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Abstract

An overview of the FRBR model, and how it can improve access to information through the helpful organization of metadata records. What is FRBR, and why is everyone talking about it? Is it really going to revolutionize cataloguing? And if so, what form will it take? This book is written for librarians, bibliographic systems designers, library and information science faculty and students, and anyone else who is interested in learning about the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) and how following the FRBR model can improve access to information through helpful organization of the metadata records that are surrogates for information resources. Serials, art, music, moving images, maps, and archival materials are just a few of the formats covered. Not for catalogers only!

Footnote

Resonanz: "Arlene Taylor and her compadres don't even try to teach you how to construct a hierarchical record. Instead, they direct their efforts toward showcasing what's possible when digital technology and traditional cataloging practice meet. This is the future of cataloging." - Library Media Connection "The emergence of this textbook is testimony to the breadth and depth of work done to date. It documents much of that work, and provides a good basic introduction to FRBR that is broadly understandable... The relational concepts within FRBR are complicated and can be challenging. This book does a good job of illuminating them in a straightforward manner. It also describes how the application of the FRBR concepts could improve our systems of bibliographic access in very specific ways... For those of us that really want or need to be able to predict the impact that FRBR will have on our work, this is an accessible explanation of the current state of the art. As such it is a real contribution to our understanding." - TechKNOW "Understanding FRBR... features chapters contributed by leading authorities in the cataloging field... It offers a basic introduction to FRBR, discussions about FRBR, FRAD (functional requirements for authority data), and RDA (resource description and access), and the issues involved in using FRBR in nontraditional library settings such as with cartographic materials and music. Both books are well illustrated and include numerous bibliographical resources.' [Reviewed in conjuntion with FRBR: A Guide for the Perplexed]." - Library Journal "Taylor and her contributors cover FRBR and introduce the reader to FRAD as well... All chapters conclude with current and useful references to further reading and more information." - Booklist "Understanding FRBR is clearly written, well illustrated (many of the concepts are clarified by very helpful diagrams), and well indexed; additionally, chapters feature extensive bibliographies, many of which provide URLs to the IFLA groups' documents. While it may seem that this book is of interest only to catalogers, the application of FRBR will change the structure of catalog and the systems used to store and display it; therefore, it is an important text for systems librarians, reference librarians, and anybody else interested in the future of the organization and display of bibliographic information." - College & Research Libraries "Understanding FRBR is a useful and timely book that brings together recent developments in FRBR and offers several assessments of it." - Technicalities "No cataloguer, bibliographic systems designer or library and information science lecturers and students should be without this book. It is a useful resource in acquiring an understanding of what FRBR is about and how it will change the way in which cataloguers will think about cataloguing in future." - The Electronic Library

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Content

Vgl. auch: Crestadoro, A.: The art of making catalogues of libraries: or, a method to obtain in a short time a most perfect, complete, and satisfactory printed catalog of the British Museum Library / by a reader therein [i.e. A. Crestadoro]. London: Published and sold by The Literary, Scientific & Artistic Reference Office 1856.

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Abstract

After more than forty-five years of cataloging experience with the Paris Principles and their impact on the international sharing of bibliographic data, the process of replacing them with a wider and deeper set of International Cataloguing Principles is nearing completion. This paper compares the scope, technological context, process of decision-making, conceptual framework, and amount of change involved in the adoption of the two different statements.

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Abstract

This article discusses the changes that are occurring in the world of cataloguing. It argues that these changes need to be coordinated. It also discusses the feature of current OPACs, FRBR, the Paris Principles and its proposed replacement (ICP), AACR2 and its proposed replacement (RDA), ISBD, and the relationships between and among these standards. It argues that the syntax of ISBD is an essential component of RDA and all future international and national cataloguing codes.