Search (68 results, page 2 of 4)

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Abstract

Strategies for knowledge utilization in the health and social service fields have many conceptual linkages with the field of information science. Knowledge utilization involves interventiona aimed at increasing the use of knowledge to solve human problems. A review of definitions of various subfields included under this term is followed by a discussion of the historical evolution of knowledge utilization concepts and practices. Basic principles and strategies are presented, along with key issues confronting the field for the 1990s. Areas of current and future interaction with information science also are discussed

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Abstract

The value of information can be studied from 4 perspectives: the economic perspective; the organizational and resource management perspective; the costing, pricing and evaluation of information services; and the social value of information. Constructs a pragmatic framework for information value assessment consisting of 4 levels to determine information value in specific contexts, namely identification of the specific situation, specific determinants of the situation, techniques that can be applied to measure value, and the action that needs to be taken as well as the evaluation of the success of the process

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Abstract

Presents a comparison of the benefits and limits of 2 different approaches to users of information systems: the cognitivst point of view which tries to perfect man-machine interfaces by using the 'user model' concept; and the marketing point of view, basically entrepreneurial and commercial. Suggests that research should go beyond the mere structure of information retrieval systems and focus on the analysis of the social and professional practices in which information retrieval tasks are embedded

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Abstract

Godert notes that, having survived a period where we were drowning in information, we seem to be in a period where we are happily surfing the Internet. This communication considers the social implications of this change in fundamental metaphors about our relationship to information. It is first proposed that, though a paradigm shift has not occured, the significance of the change should not be minimized. The similarities and differences between surfing and drowning are then considered. Questions suggested by these similarities and differences are offered for consideration

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Abstract

The inferential communication model, which implies that the meaning of a document is inferred in the context of the user's situation to result in different meanings for users in different situations, is used to study an inferential science document representation method. Several topical components and non topical components of the science document were found as the inferred meanings of the document. These show the science document aspects which are used for relevance judgements. Science documents need to be represented in terms of these aspects for effective system's, intermediary's, and user's judgements of the meaning and the relevance of the document

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Abstract

A discourse analysis of the cognitive viewpoint in library and information science (LIS) identifies seven discursive strategies which constitute information as a commodity, and persons as surveyable information consumers, within market economy conditions. These strategies are (a) universality of theory, (b) referentiality and reification of 'images', (c) internationalization of representation, (d) insistence upon knowledge, (e) constitution of the information scientists as an expert in image negotiation, (f) radical individualism and erasure of the social dimension of theory, and (g) instrumental reasons, rules by efficiency, standardization, predictibility,a nd determination of effects. The discourse is guided troughout by a yearning for natural-scientific theory. The effect of the cognitiv viewpoint's discoursive strategy is to anable knowledge acquisition of information processes only when users' and generators 'images' are constituted as objectively given natural scientif entites, and to disable knowledge of the same processes when considered as products of social practices. By its constitution of users as free creators of images, of the information scientist as an expert in image interpretation and delivery, and of databases as repositories of unmediated models of the world, the cognitive viewpoint performs ideological labour for modern capitalist image markets

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Abstract

Historicial studies using computers and social science research methodologies share many interests, techniques, methods and approaches with modern information science. The major difference is a focus on retrospective rather than contemporary research topics and attendant differences in methods resulting from the nature of historical sources and the impact of time on interpretation. Whereas historical informatics evolved as a focus on computer science and history from quantification research, this field is still growing and absorbing in an interdisciplinary manner material, methods and approaches from other fields in accord with the syncretic nature of history. This enlarged arena may be called Historical Information Science, which is exemplified by the recent conferences and activities of the International Association of History and Computing

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Abstract

Presents a critical review of the sense making theory of Brenda Dervin, an important contribution to the theory building in information studies. Special attention is given to the use of the sense making theory in empirical research. Claims that the difficulties faced in data collection and analysis when applying sense making as a methodology are dur to the fact that the conceptual apparatus developed by Dervin has not yet been sufficiently elaborated. Dervin, along with many other theorizers of information seeking and use, is also criticized for ignoring the social nature and context of knowledge and thought. The construction of meaning, and thinking in general, it not only a subjective process but it also involves socially shared representations and ideas

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Abstract

Library and information science (LIS) is a discipline based on communication. Research questions in LIS include those focusing on the retrieval use of information, information services, and information technology. Moreover, the questions asked and the thought relevant to the study of information are communicated formally within the profession primarily through the literature. This sensitivity to communication suggests that discourse analysis has the advantage of being able to address questions regarding both spoken and written communications and so can be applied to matters of articulations of purpose in the field. 2 key elements of language form the heart of discourse analysis: form and function. Applications of discourse analysis to information include investigations of the social, political, and technical uses of the word information as they have implications for theory and practice

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Abstract

Describes and compares 5 approaches to understanding the concept of the information society and identifies significant themes and controversies in the information science literature. The major topics discussed include: the concept of the information society (continuitiy or discontinuity); assumptions on the nature of information (information as a commodity or a public good); the role and social impact of information technology (optimistic, pessimistic or pluralistic view); and the provision and distribution of government information and services (tension between public and private sectors). Analyses how these underlying belief structures have influenced government information policies in the USA and how they might influence future policy making

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Abstract

Throughout history, science has been considered as the engine of modernity, signalling the supremacy of rational thought. The post-modern world, in contrast, is characterised by globalisation engendered by the development of communication technology. In this context, information is a social product and information science has broken from the traditional model of science, abandoning its initial attempt to establish laws and focusing instead on users. This has resulted in interdisciplinary links with related fields such as psychology, communications theory etc. In Brazil development is unequal, with some regions at a post-modern stage and other still feudal or pre-modern. The role of information here is to level these disparities and create a more just society

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Abstract

Reproduces the opening session of the Madrid Conference on 'Foundations of Information Science' organized by the university Carlos III of Madrid and the University of Saragossa, in July 94. This conference was an attempt to rescue information as a central scientific tool and put it into a new context so as to serve as a basis for a fundamental disciplinary development. The novelty of the conference was that, instead of attempting a precise 'atomic' definition, information was understood as related to a widespread network of processes potentially involving the integration of subatomic molecular, cellular, computational, human and social occurences, demanding both a unifying and a multiperspective approach

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Abstract

It is discussed what is underlying the assumption of modality-specific processing systems and representations. Starting from the information processing approach relevant aspects of mental representations and their physiological realizations are discussed. Then 3 different forms of modality-specific systems are distinguished: as stimulus specific processing, as specific informational formats, and as modular part systems. Parallel to that 3 kinds of analogue systems are differentiated: as holding an analogue-relation, as having a specific informational format and as a set of specific processing constraints. These different aspects of the assumption of modality-specific systems are demonstrated in the example of visual and spatial information processing. It is concluded that postulating information-specific systems is not a superfluous assumption, but it is necessary, and even more likely it is inevitable consequence of an optimization of stimulus processing

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Abstract

It can be observed that the essential function of information in nature is to control and thereby operate the organisation of life. Such organisation is recursively defined so that it refers to the operations of life at every scale, microscopic organisms, vital organs, animals, social groups of animals including commercial firms, interdependent species, and the entire biosphere. It follows that the natural structure and behaviour of sets and symbols used to represent information are characterised by the interplay of recursively defined order and intrinsic disorder aring from physical uncertainty in the behaviour of very small objects in the control mechanisms of life. Recognition and acceptance of such features of the nature of information offers useful guidance to information systems designers in their selection of strategic objectives, e.g. to reduce the hazards of program development by minimising the gross multiplicity of details that must be correct for a program to operate as intended

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Abstract

The contemporary user centred research paradigm in the study of information needs, seeking, and use is critically evaluated with regard to its ideological presuppositions. Discussed Carol C. Kuhlthau's theory of information seeking as an example of a research approach that seems to ignore its ideological nature. In Kuhlthau's theory, the actor is discursively constituted according to subject-object dualisms prevailing in modernity's conception of human identity. This conception draws sharp distinctions between the categories of mind-body and individual-society and has been heavily criticized. Claims that the discourse used by Kuhlthau is closely connected to the interests of the library professionals trying to improve their social status in contemporary Western society. Considers some ways to overcome the methodological individualism characterizing contemporary user centred research

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Abstract

Contemporary studies of information and documentation focus on 3 dimensions: the theoretical, i.e. the sciences of interpretation of text; the practical, i.e. the impact of new technology on systems of inscription; and the political, i.e. the consequent proceses of social identification and cultural autonomy. Documentation languages provide rules for transforming items of information into documentation products, and the process of information analysis fixes meaning by applying such rules in the context of collective experience. Information transfer and communication thus depends on a communicational contract setting out the parameters for negotiating meaning. This requires the information analyst and other professionals to discuss the rules of the information game openly with external participants, as the necessary condition for a democratic and equitable science of information

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Abstract

Der Sozialphilosoph Hermann Lübbe ist überzeugt davon, daß die Massenmedien nicht 'vermassend', sondern vielmehr 'pluralistisch' wirken. - Bericht zu den 22. Frankfurter Römerberggesprächen zum Thema: Kommt eine neue Kultur? Auf der Suche nach Wirklichkeit im Medienzeitalter

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Date

22. 7.2000 19:23:03

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Abstract

Presents evidence to suggest that the online world needs the bibliographic skills of librarians but that the term bibliographic control is likely to be associated specifically with libraries and liable to misinterpretation. Suggests that it may be time to start talking about information organization which may be described as having the following 4 aspects: making new information bearing entities known; acquiring such entities at certain points of accumulation; providing name, title and subject access to the entities; and providing for the physical location of copies. Urges librarians rapidly to adapt their skills to this increasing need for information organization