-
Benkowsky, J.; Bühring, B.; Georgy, U.; Linde, F.: Information pricing : the development of a product- and pricing concept for the research centre of the Public Library Cologne (2005)
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- Abstract
- The project Information Pricing was carried out during the summer semester 2004 by four students and two lecturers. Aim of the project was to develop a new product- and pricing concept for the research centre of the Public Library Cologne. The intention was to increase its competitiveness, especially in the business customer segment. The initiating factor for the project was the significant decrease in requests from 1997 to 2001. This paper describes the development of different attributes of information, analysing various pricing concepts of private and public information providers as well as the development of a pricing concept which is aligned to the requirements and performance of the research centre. The final result was an improved pricing system for an enhanced range of products. The first step was getting more familiar with the characteristics of information and the methods that can be used to measure the value of information. One of the key issues to consider is the value of information for a customer and the question how this value can be charged. In order to be capable of evaluating all issues of information pricing and to develop a solid pricing system, it was essential to analyse and assess pricing modules based on their intension of use. For example, the differentiation of the pricing concept with regard to certain user segments like business or private users as well as members and non-members. Another option is to define prices dependant on the requested response times for research tasks and thereby reflect the urgency of those tasks directly in the pricing concept. Furthermore, the qualitative and quantitative differentiation of information has to be taken into account. All described approaches - and also combinations of these - should be considered when developing a new pricing system. It is also important to recognize the special role of the research centre as a part of the public library. Libraries fulfil a public contract for their users. In this case it has to be ensured that people of all social backgrounds have the chance to gain access to all kind of information. While presenting results to the Public library Cologne some problems arose, mainly the gap between theoretical and practical feasibility. The final result was a practical pricing system, which is easy to implement for the research centre and which is described in the paper.
- Date
- 22. 7.2009 9:24:59
- Source
- Librarianship in the information age: Proceedings of the 13th BOBCATSSS Symposium, 31 January - 2 February 2005 in Budapest, Hungary. Eds.: Marte Langeland u.a
- Theme
- Information
- Type
- a
-
Bredemeier, W.: Was ist die deutsche Informationspolitik wert? : BMBF-Positionspapier - Studie von Arthur D. Little (2002)
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- Abstract
- Wohin entwickelt sich die Informationsgesellschaft? Das hängt unter anderem von der Existenz und Richtigkeit der Informationspolitik ab. Soweit es in Deutschland eine Informationspolitik und dazugehörige Konzepte gegeben hat, waren dies die Fachinformationsprogramme des BMFT, später BMBF. Dieses verfügte gegenüber den anderen Bunderessorts auch über eine federführende Kompetenz. In Nachfolge der diversen Fachinformationsprogramme der Bundesregierung hat das Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) unter dem Titel 'Information vernetzen - Wissen aktivieren" ein "strategisches Positionspapier... zur Zukunft der wissenschaftlichen Information in Deutschland" verfasst (Password 10+ 11/2002). Als Basis dazu sollte ein Arthur D. Little-Gutachten zur 'Zukunft der wissenschaftlichen und technischen Information in Deutschland" dienen. Die mögliche Bedeutung des BMBFPositionspapiers ist nicht zu unterschätzen und geht auch angesichts des Fehlen weiterer konzeptioneller Papiere politischer Handlungsträger im Bereich der Informationspolitik weit über den Bereich der unmittelbar behandelten wissenschaftlichtechnischen Information hinaus. Nachdem sich bislang, soweit bekannt, keine beurteilende Stimme in der Öffentlichkeit erhob und angesprochene mögliche Autoren abwinkten oder nicht geantwortet haben, muss PASSWORD wohl wieder an die Front. Der erste Versuch einer Bewertung des Positionspapiers ist stark kriterienabhängig und fällt nach dem Anlegen von fünf Maßstäben insgesamt ambivalent aus. Auf die Arthur D. Little-Studie (ADL), die allerdings weitgehend skeptisch zu sehen ist, wird im folgenden eher nebenbei eingegangen. Diese ist im Vergleich zur Beurteilung des Positionspapiers von minderer Bedeutung, da sich das Positionspapier nicht zwingend aus dem ADL-Papier ergibt und nicht das "Vorprodukt" (A DL), sondern das "Endprodukt" (Positionspapier) für die Umsetzung des beabsichtigten Förderprogramms entscheidend sein dürfte.
- Date
- 22. 2.2003 12:30:50
- Theme
- Information
- Type
- a
-
Atran, S.; Medin, D.L.; Ross, N.: Evolution and devolution of knowledge : a tale of two biologies (2004)
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- Date
- 23. 1.2022 10:22:18
- Theme
- Information
- Type
- a
-
San Segundo, R.: ¬A new conception of representation of knowledge (2004)
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- Abstract
- The new term Representation of knowledge, applied to the framework of electronic segments of information, with comprehension of new material support for information, and a review and total conceptualisation of the terminology which is being applied, entails a review of all traditional documentary practices. Therefore, a definition of the concept of Representation of knowledge is indispensable. The term representation has been used in westere cultural and intellectual tradition to refer to the diverse ways that a subject comprehends an object. Representation is a process which requires the structure of natural language and human memory whereby it is interwoven in a subject and in conscience. However, at the present time, the term Representation of knowledge is applied to the processing of electronic information, combined with the aim of emulating the human mind in such a way that one has endeavoured to transfer, with great difficulty, the complex structurality of the conceptual representation of human knowledge to new digital information technologies. Thus, nowadays, representation of knowledge has taken an diverse meanings and it has focussed, for the moment, an certain structures and conceptual hierarchies which carry and transfer information, and has initially been based an the current representation of knowledge using artificial intelligence. The traditional languages of documentation, also referred to as languages of representation, offer a structured representation of conceptual fields, symbols and terms of natural and notational language, and they are the pillars for the necessary correspondence between the object or text and its representation. These correspondences, connections and symbolisations will be established within the electronic framework by means of different models and of the "goal" domain, which will give rise to organisations, structures, maps, networks and levels, as new electronic documents are not compact units but segments of information. Thus, the new representation of knowledge refers to data, images, figures and symbolised, treated, processed and structured ideas which replace or refer to documents within the framework of technical processing and the recuperation of electronic information.
- Date
- 2. 1.2005 18:22:25
- Theme
- Information
- Type
- a
-
Hjoerland, B.: ¬The controversy over the concept of information : a rejoinder to Professor Bates (2009)
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- Content
- "This letter considers some main arguments in Professor Bates' article (2008), which is part of our former debate (Bates, 2005,2006; Hjoerland, 2007). Bates (2008) does not write much to restate or enlarge on her theoretical position but is mostly arguing about what she claims Hjorland (2007) ignored or misinterpreted in her two articles. Bates (2008, p. 842) wrote that my arguments did not reflect "a standard of coherence, consistency, and logic that is expected of an argument presented in a scientific journal." My argumentation below will refute this statement. This controversy is whether information should be understood as a subjective phenomenon (alone), as an objective phenomenon (alone), or as a combined objective and a subjective phenomenon ("having it both ways"). Bates (2006) defined "information" (sometimes, e.g., termed "information 1," p. 1042) as an objective phenomenon and "information 2" as a subjective phenomenon. However, sometimes the term "information" is also used as a synonym for "information 2," e.g., "the term information is understood to refer to one or both senses" (p. 1042). Thus, Professor Bates is not consistent in using the terminology that she herself introduces, and confusion in this controversy may be caused by Professor Bates' ambiguity in her use of the term "information." Bates (2006, p. 1033) defined information as an objective phenomenon by joining a definition by Edwin Parker: "Information is the pattern of organization of matter and energy." The argument in Hjoerland (2007) is, by contrast, that information should be understood as a subjective phenomenon all the way down: That neither the objective definition of information nor "having it both ways" is fruitful. This is expressed, for example, by joining Karpatschof's (2000) definition of information as a physical signal relative to a certain release mechanism, which implies that information is not something objective that can be understood independently of an observer or independently of other kinds of mechanism that are programmed to be sensitive to specific attributes of a signal: There are many differences in the world, and each of them is potentially informative in given situations. Regarding Parker's definition, "patterns of organization of matter and energy" are no more than that until they inform somebody about something. When they inform somebody about something, they may be considered information. The following quote is part of the argumentation in Bates (2008): "He contrasts my definition of information as 'observer-independent' with his position that information is 'situational' and adds a list of respected names on the situational side (Hjoerland, 2007, p. 1448). What this sentence, and much of the remainder of his argument, ignores is the fact that my approach accounts for both an observer-independent and a contextual, situational sense of information." Yes, it is correct that I mostly concentrated on refuting Bates' objective definition of information. It is as if Bates expects an overall appraisal of her work rather than providing a specific analysis of the points on which there are disagreements. I see Bates' "having it both ways": a symptom of inconsistence in argumentation.
Bates (2008, p. 843) further writes about her definition of information: "This is the objectivist foundation, the rock bottom minimum of the meaning of information; it informs both articles throughout." This is exactly the focus of my disagreement. If we take a word in a language, it is understood as both being a "pattern of organization of matter and energy" (e.g., a sound) and carrying meaning. But the relation between the physical sign and its meaning is considered an arbitrary relation in linguistics. Any physical material has the potential of carrying any meaning and to inform somebody. The physical stuff in itself is not information until it is used as a sign. An important issue in this debate is whether Bates' examples demonstrate the usefulness of her own position as opposed to mine. Her example about information seeking concerning navigation and how "the very layout of the ship and the design of the bridge promoted the smooth flow of information from the exterior of the ship to the crew and among the crewmembers" (Bates, 2006, pp. 1042-1043) does not justify Bates' definition of information as an objective phenomenon. The design is made for a purpose, and this purpose determines how information should be defined in this context. Bates' view on "curatorial sciences" (2006, p. 1043) is close to Hjorland's suggestions (2000) about "memory institutions," which is based on the subjective understanding of information. However, she does not relate to this proposal, and she does not argue how the objective understanding of information is related to this example. I therefore conclude that Bates' practical examples do not support her objective definition of information, nor do they support her "having it both ways." Finally, I exemplify the consequences of my understanding of information by showing how an archaeologist and a geologist might represent the same stone differently in information systems. Bates (2008, p. 843) writes about this example: "This position is completely consistent with mine." However, this "consistency" was not recognized by Bates until I published my objections and, therefore, this is an indication that my criticism was needed. I certainly share Professor Bates (2008) advice to read her original articles: They contain much important stuff. I just recommend that the reader ignore the parts that argue about information being an objective phenomenon."
References Bates, M.J. (2005). Information and knowledge: An evolutionary framework for information science. Information Research, 10(4), paper 239. Available at http://InformationR.net/ir/10-4/paper239.html. Bates, M.J. (2006). Fundamental forms of information. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 57(8), 1033-1045. Bates, M.J. (2008). Hjorland's critique of Bates' work on defining information. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 59(5), 842-844. Hjoerland, B. (2000). Documents, memory institutions, and information science. Journal of Documentation, 56, 27-41. Hjoerland, B. (2007). Information: Objective or subjective-situational? Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 58(10), 1448-1456. Karpatschof, B. (2000). Human activity. Contributions to the anthropological sciences from a perspective of activity theory. Copenhagen: Dansk Psykologisk Forlag. Retrieved May 14, 2007, from http://informationr.net/ir/ 12-3/Karpatschof/Karp00.html.
- Date
- 22. 3.2009 18:13:27
- Source
- Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 60(2009) no.3, S.643
- Theme
- Information
- Type
- a
-
Klatt, R.: Zur Notwendigkeit der Förderung von Informationskompetenz im Studium : Kernbefunde der "SteFI-Studie" und Maßnahmenvorschläge (2003)
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- Abstract
- Elektronische Medien haben die Sammlung, Archivierung und Bereitstellung von Information radikal verändert. Die Wissensorganisation des Einzelnen wird mehr und mehr von der Externalisierung von Gedächtnisleistungen geprägt. Der Erwerb von Information und Wissen wird häufig in digitaler Form über die Datenbanken und Netzwerke des Internets organisiert, die als Ressource und als Kommunikationsmedium für die Lösung von Wissensproblemen erheblich an Bedeutung gewinnen. Durch die Nutzung elektronischer Medien für den Informations- und Wissenserwerb und die Wissensbewahrung müssen sich auch die Inhalte und Methoden der universitären Ausbildung verändern. Die Fähigkeit zur Aneignung von Wissen und die Fähigkeit zur eigenständigen Organisation von (individuellen und organisatorischen) Wissensbeständen durch die Nutzung elektronischer Wissensspeicher werden zu einer Schlüsselqualifikation. Informationskompetenz und individuelles Wissensmanagement, also die Fähigkeit zur Organisation der eigenen Wissensbestände und zur Lösung von neu auftauchenden Wissensproblemen, die nicht mehr durch Rückgriff auf eigene Erfahrung gelöst werden können, durch die Nutzung digitaler Daten in elektronischen Netzen werden zunehmend zu Erfordernissen moderner Wissensarbeit.
- Date
- 2.11.2003 10:20:22
- Theme
- Information
- Type
- a
-
Stoyan, H.: Information in der Informatik (2004)
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- Abstract
- 1957 hat Karl Steinbuch mit seinem Mitarbeiter Helmut Gröttrup den Begriff "Informatik" erfunden. Er gebrauchte diesen Begriff nicht zur Bezeichnung eines wissenschaftlichen Fachgebiets, sondern eher für seine Abteilung bei der Firma SEL in Stuttgart. Zu dieser Zeit standen sich in diesem Feld drei Parteien gegenüber: Die Mathematiker, die mit Rechenanlagen elektronisch rechneten, die Elektrotechniker, die Nachrichtenverarbeitung trieben und die Wirtschaftler und Lochkartenleute, die mit mechanisch-elektronischen Geräten zählten, buchten und aufsummierten. Während sich in den USA und England die Mathematiker mit dem Namen für das Gerät "Computer" durchsetzten und die Wissenschaft pragmatisch "Computer Science" genannt wurde, war in Deutschland die Diskussion bis in die 60er Jahre unentschieden: Die Abkürzung EDV hält sich noch immer gegenüber "Rechner" und "Computer"; Steinbuch selbst nannte 1962 sein Taschenbuch nicht "Taschenbuch der Informatik" sondern "Taschenbuch der Nachrichtenverarbeitung". 1955 wurde eine Informatik-Tagung in Darmstadt noch "Elektronische Rechenanlagen und Informationsverarbeitung" genannt. Die Internationale Gesellschaft hieß "International Federation for Information Processing". 1957 aber definierte Steinbuch "Informatik" als "Automatische Informationsverarbeitung" und war auf diese Art den Mathematikern entgegengegangen. Als Firmenbezeichnung schien der Begriff geschützt zu sein. Noch 1967 wurde der Fachbeirat der Bundesregierung "für Datenverarbeitung" genannt. Erst als die Franzosen die Bezeichnung "Informatique" verwendeten, war der Weg frei für die Übernahme. So wurde der Ausschuss des Fachbeirats zur Etablierung des Hochschulstudiums bereits der "Einführung von Informatik-Studiengängen" gewidmet. Man überzeugte den damaligen Forschungsminister Stoltenberg und dieser machte in einer Rede den Begriff "Informatik" publik. Ende der 60er Jahre übernahmen F. L. Bauer und andere den Begriff, nannten 1969 die Berufsgenossenschaft "Gesellschaft für Informatik" und sorgten für die entsprechende Benennung des wissenschaftlichen Fachgebiets. Die strittigen Grundbegriffe dieses Prozesses: Information/Informationen, Nachrichten und Daten scheinen heute nur Nuancen zu trennen. Damals ging es natürlich auch um Politik, um Forschungsrichtungen, um den Geist der Wissenschaft, um die Ausrichtung. Mehr Mathematik, mehr Ingenieurwissenschaft oder mehr Betriebswirtschaft, so könnte man die Grundströmungen vereinfachen. Mit der Ausrichtung der Informatik nicht versöhnte Elektrotechniker nannten sich Informationstechniker, die Datenverarbeiter sammelten sich im Lager der Wirtschaftsinformatiker. Mit den Grundbegriffen der Informatik, Nachricht, Information, Datum, hat es seitdem umfangreiche Auseinandersetzungen gegeben. Lehrbücher mussten geschrieben werden, Lexika und Nachschlagewerke wurden verfasst, Arbeitsgruppen tagten. Die Arbeiten C. Shannons zur Kommunikation, mit denen eine statistische Informationstheorie eingeführt worden war, spielten dabei nur eine geringe Rolle.
- Date
- 5. 4.2013 10:22:48
- Source
- Grundlagen der praktischen Information und Dokumentation. 5., völlig neu gefaßte Ausgabe. 2 Bde. Hrsg. von R. Kuhlen, Th. Seeger u. D. Strauch. Begründet von Klaus Laisiepen, Ernst Lutterbeck, Karl-Heinrich Meyer-Uhlenried. Bd.1: Handbuch zur Einführung in die Informationswissenschaft und -praxis
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- Information
- Type
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Diefenbach, P.: Gut gefiltert (2001)
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- Date
- 3. 5.1997 8:44:22
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Franken, G.: Weglassen öffnet den Weg zur Welt : BuchMalerei und Wortarchitektur von Elisabeth Jansen in Küchenhof-Remise (2004)
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- Date
- 3. 5.1997 8:44:22
- Theme
- Information
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Black, A.: ¬The history of information (2006)
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- Source
- Annual review of information science and technology. 40(2006), S.xxx-xxx
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- Information
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Weizenbaum, J.: Wir gegen die Gier (2008)
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- Content
- Als Beispiel der Anwendung von Metaphern in den Naturwissenschaften fällt mir dieses ein: Ein schwarzes Loch ist ein Stern, dessen Anziehungskraft so stark ist, dass keine Information entfliehen kann. Aber buchstäblich ist so ein Stern nicht "schwarz", noch ist er ein "Loch". Und Information, also elektromagnetische Teilchen, "entfliehen" den ordinären Sternen nicht. Mein Kollege Norbert Wiener schrieb einmal: "Information ist Information, nicht Materie oder Energie." Sie ist immer eine private Leistung, nämlich die der Interpretation, deren Ergebnis Wissen ist. Information hat, wie, zum Beispiel die Aufführung eines Tanzes, keine Permanenz; sie ist eben weder Materie noch Energie. Das Maß der Wahrheit des produzierten Wissens hängt von der Qualität der angewandten Interpretation ab. Wissen überlebt, nämlich indem es den denkenden Menschen buchstäblich informiert, also den Zustand seines Gehirns ändert. Claude Shannons Informationstheorie lehrt uns, dass die Bedeutung einer Nachricht von der Erwartung des Empfängers abhängt. Sie ist nicht messbar, denn Nachrichten sind pure Signale, die keine inhärente Bedeutung bergen. Enthält das New Yorker Telefonbuch Information? Nein! Es besteht aus Daten, nämlich aus Texten, die, um zu Information und Wissen zu werden, interpretiert werden müssen. Der Leser erwartet, dass gewisse Inhalte Namen, Adressen und Telefonnummern repräsentieren. Enthält dieses Telefonbuch die Information, dass viele Armenier nahe beieinander wohnen?
Befragen Sie die Daten! Nein. Aber jemand, der weiß, dass die Namen vieler Armenier, zum Beispiel Hagopian, auf "ian" enden, und der die Texte des Telefonbuchs im Licht dieser Hypothese interpretiert, kann sicherlich mit Hilfe eines Computerprogramms die entsprechenden Daten isolieren und anschließend sortieren. Die höchste Priorität der Schule ist es, den Schülern ihre eigene Sprache beizubringen, sodass sie sich klar und deutlich artikulieren können: in ihrer stillen Gedankenwelt ebenso wie mündlich und schriftlich. Wenn sie das können, dann können sie auch kritisch denken und die Signale, mit denen sie ihre Welt überflutet, kritisch interpretieren. Wenn sie das nicht können, dann werden sie ihr ganzes Leben lang Opfer der Klischees und Schablonen sein, die die Massenmedien ausschütten. Der Philosoph Gregory Bateson kam zu dem Schluss, Information sei eine Differenz, die eine Differenz verursache. Datenmengen könnten ohne relevantes Organisationsprinzip oder geeignete Hypothese nicht zu Wissen gemacht werden. Solche isolierten Datenmengen können also keine Differenz verursachen. Die Fähigkeit, eine gute Frage zu formulieren, entspricht in diesem Sinn dem Entwickeln eines Experiments in der Physik. Leider habe ich den Dichter Ionescu nie kennengelernt. Von ihm stammt die Aussage: "Alles ist sagbar in Worten, nur nicht die lebende Wahrheit." Ich würde zu Ionescu sagen: Sehr vieles ist darstellbar durch die Naturwissenschaften, aber nicht die lebende Wahrheit."
- Date
- 16. 3.2008 12:22:08
- Theme
- Information
- Type
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Abbott, R.: Subjectivity as a concern for information science : a Popperian perspective (2005)
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- Source
- Journal of information science. 30(2005) no.2, S.95-
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Michel, S.: ¬Der Erfolg der Entfesselungskünstler : Gelungene Kooperation: "Vom Boten zum Bit" im Museum für Kommunikation (2003)
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- Date
- 12. 2.1996 22:34:46
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Kranich, N.; Schement, J.: Information commons (2008)
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- Source
- Annual review of information science and technology. 42(2008), S.xxx-xxx
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- Information
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Day, R.E.: Poststructuralism and information studies (2004)
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- Source
- Annual review of information science and technology. 39(2005), S.347-394
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Simonitsch, P.: Kontrolle ist besser - aber für wen? : In Genf wurde der Weltinformationsgipfel eröffnet - China gibt Widerstand gegen Pressefreiheit auf (2003)
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- Content
- ""Wir dürfen nicht passiv zuschauen, sondern müssen unser Schicksal selbst in die Hand nehmen", erklärte UN-Generalsekretär Kofi Annan am Mittwoch bei der Eröffnung des "Weltgipfels über die Informationsgesellschaft". Annan sieht einen "historischen Wandel in der Art zu leben, zu lernen, zu arbeiten, zu kommunizieren und Geschäfte abzuwickeln". Delegierte von 175 Staaten, darunter mehr als 60 Staats- oder Regierungschefs, sind zu dieser ersten Weltkonferenz über Information und Kommunikation nach Genf gekommen. Einschließlich der Bosse von Medienkonzernen und der Vertreter von Nicht-Regierungs-Organisationen nehmen rund 15 000 Personen an der Großveranstaltung teil, deren Vorbereitung fünf Jahre in Anspruch nahm. Kofi Annan bemängelte die Schwachstellen beim Aufbau einer weltumspannenden Informationsgesellschaft, die nicht nur mit der technologischen Kluft zwischen dem Norden und dem Süden zu erklären seien. Auch die Inhalte der Leistungen klafften aus-' einander. Ein großer Teil der Webseiten im Internet hätten keinerlei Bezug zu den wirklichen Bedürfnissen der Menschen. Fast 70 Prozent dieser Webseiten seien in englischer Sprache abgefasst. Damit würden lokale Stimmen und Ansichten verdrängt. - Frauen im Nachteil - Außerdem bestehe in der Informationsgesellschaft ein großer Unterschied zwischen den Geschlechtern, sagte Annan, weil Frauen und Mädchen weniger Zugang zu den modernen Technologien hätten als Männer und Jungen. Dies gelte sowohl für die Industriestaaten wie für die Entwicklungsländer. Am Eröffnungstag ergriffen neben anderen politischen Führern der ägyptische Präsident Hosni Mubarak und dessen iranischer Amtskollege Mohammad Khatami das Wort. Die beiden trafen sich anschließend zu vertraulichen Gesprächen über den Nahostkonflikt. Für Robert Mugabe, den' Präsidenten von Simbabwe, musste die Schweiz eine Sonder-Einreiserlaubnis erteilen, weil der Diktator in den meisten europäischen Ländern Aufenthaltsverbot hat. Bei der Fahrt Mugabes von seinem Hotel ins Konferenzzentrum gab es ein Handgemenge zwischen seinen Leibwächtern und Fotografen. Bundeskanzler Gerhard Schröder und Wirtschaftsminister Wolfgang Clement mussten ihre Reise nach Genf wegen der innenpolitischen Debatte in Berlin absagen. Im Namen Deutschlands will am Donnerstag Rezzo Schlauch, Parlamentarischer Staatssekretär im Wirtschaftsministerium, eine Rede halten. Unter den prominenten Politikern beim Weltgipfel sind der französische Ministerpräsident Jean-Pierre Raffarin, der nigerianische Präsident Olusegun Obasanjo und der "Maximo Lider" Kubas, Fidel Castro. Insgesamt sind die westlichen Industriestaaten auf niedrigerer Ebene vertreten als die Entwicklungsländer. Der für Öffentlichkeitsarbeit zuständige stellvertretende UN-Generalsekretär Shashi Tharoor meinte dazu: "Denen, die nicht kamen, kann ich nur sagen, dass sie eine Gelegenheit verpasst haben." Die meisten stritti- gen Fragen waren allerdings vor Eröffnung der Konferenz bereinigt oder an 'Arbeitsgruppen weitergeschoben worden. So wurde gegen den anfänglichen Widerstand Chinas die Meinungs- und Pressefreiheit bestätigt. Die chinesischen Behörden wachen genau darüber, welche Webseiten im Internet die gewöhnlichen Bürger anklicken dürfen. Verhandlungsteilnehmer erwarten nun, dass Peking seine einschränkenden Praktiken in Einklang mit der Erklärung von Genf (unser Bild zeigt die Installation "Hello World" im Genfer See) bringt. Auf die zweite Runde des Informationsgipfels im Jahr 2005 in Tunis vertagt wurde die Frage, wer das Internet "verwalten" soll. Derzeit registriert die mit einer Lizenz der US-Regierung ausgestattete kalifornische Firma "Interne Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers" (Icann) die Anmeldungen von so genannten "Domaines": Vor allem Brasilien, China, Indien und Südafrika wollen diese Kontrolle den USA entreißen und eine Agentur der Vereinten Nationen mit dem Internet-Management betrauen. Die vorgelegten Pläne sind aber derzeit noch recht vage."
- Source
- Frankfurter Rundschau. Nr.289 vom 11.12.2003, S.22
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- Information
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Spink, A.; Cole, C.: ¬A human information behavior approach to a philosophy of information (2004)
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- Abstract
- This paper outlines the relation between philosophy of information (PI) and human information behavior (HIB). In this paper, we first briefly outline the basic constructs and approaches of PI and HIB. We argue that a strong relation exists between PI and HIB, as both are exploring the concept of information and premise information as a fundamental concept basic to human existence. We then exemplify that a heuristic approach to PI integrates the HIB view of information as a cognitive human-initiated process by presenting a specific cognitive architecture for information initiation based on modular notion from HIB/evolutionary psychology and the vacuum mechanism from PI.
- Footnote
- Artikel in einem Themenheft: The philosophy of information
- Theme
- Information
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- a
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Currás, E.: Informationism and neural information assimilation (2006)
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- Abstract
- An epistemology, based in the information that rules our lives, is stated - Informationism - Information, or perhaps the message, reaches the brain as tiny impulses - quanta or useful information -, hitting and activating the neurones; as a consequence becoming quanta of useful information. The physical, psychic and pragmatic, etc. connotations of information are studied, including its energetic aspect; within a Cosmo vision. Among other matters, human neural evolution due to information is studied. Other neural information theories are also studied. Some definitions of information are quoted, as well as its connotations and peculiarities.
- Source
- Information - Wissenschaft und Praxis. 57(2006) H.4, S.203-210
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- Information
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- a
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Hjoerland, B.: Information: objective or subjective/situational? (2007)
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- Abstract
- This article contrasts Bates' understanding of information as an observer-independent phenomenon with an understanding of information as situational, put forward by, among others, Bateson, Yovits, Spang-Hanssen, Brier, Buckland, Goguen, and Hjorland. The conflict between objective and subjective ways of understanding information corresponds to the conflict between an understanding of information as a thing or a substance versus an understanding of it as a sign. It is a fundamental distinction that involves a whole theory of knowledge, and it has roots back to different metaphors applied in Shannon's information theory. It is argued that a subject-dependent/ situation specific understanding of information is best suited to fulfill the needs in information science and that it is urgent for us to base Information Science (IS; or Library and Information Science, LIS) on this alternative theoretical frame.
- Content
- Bezugnahme auf: Bates, M.J.: Fundamental forms of information. In: Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 57(2006), no.8, S.1033-1045 und Bates, M.J.: Information and knowledge: an evolutionary framework for information science. In: Information research, 10(2005) no.4.
- Source
- Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 58(2007) no.10, S.1448-1456
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- Information
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Ostermann, D.: US-Terrorfahnder verheddern sich im Daten-Dickicht (2004)
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- Date
- 5. 1.1997 9:39:22
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- Information
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