-
Raban, D.R.; Rafaeli, S.: ¬The effect of source nature and status on the subjective value of information (2006)
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- Abstract
- This is an empirical, experimental investigation of the value of information, as perceived through the willingness to purchase information (WTP) and the willingness to sell it (accept payment, WTA). We examined the effects of source nature: expertise versus content, and source status: copy versus exclusive original of information on the WTA-WTP ratio. In an animated computer simulation of a business game, players could maximize their profits by making choices regarding inventory and prices. Participants were offered the chance to bid for buying or selling information regarding the weather that may affect demand. We find, as hypothesized, that the subjective value of information does indeed follow the predictions of endowment effect theory. The ratio of willingness to accept to willingness to purchase (WTA-WTP) recorded for the 294 subjects resembles the ratio common for private goods, rather than the intuitively expected unity. The WTA-WTP ratios diverged from unity more often and in a more pronounced manner for information traded in the original form rather than as a copy of the original, although even for copies the WTA-WTP ratio is still double. The results yield a value of about three for the WTA-WTP ratio for original information whether the source is content or expertise. Copy information received a subjective value that was significantly different (lower) than original information. The implications for both online trading and online sharing of information are discussed.
- Date
- 22. 7.2006 15:09:35
- Type
- a
-
Bredemeier, W.: Was ist die deutsche Informationspolitik wert? : BMBF-Positionspapier - Studie von Arthur D. Little (2002)
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- Abstract
- Wohin entwickelt sich die Informationsgesellschaft? Das hängt unter anderem von der Existenz und Richtigkeit der Informationspolitik ab. Soweit es in Deutschland eine Informationspolitik und dazugehörige Konzepte gegeben hat, waren dies die Fachinformationsprogramme des BMFT, später BMBF. Dieses verfügte gegenüber den anderen Bunderessorts auch über eine federführende Kompetenz. In Nachfolge der diversen Fachinformationsprogramme der Bundesregierung hat das Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) unter dem Titel 'Information vernetzen - Wissen aktivieren" ein "strategisches Positionspapier... zur Zukunft der wissenschaftlichen Information in Deutschland" verfasst (Password 10+ 11/2002). Als Basis dazu sollte ein Arthur D. Little-Gutachten zur 'Zukunft der wissenschaftlichen und technischen Information in Deutschland" dienen. Die mögliche Bedeutung des BMBFPositionspapiers ist nicht zu unterschätzen und geht auch angesichts des Fehlen weiterer konzeptioneller Papiere politischer Handlungsträger im Bereich der Informationspolitik weit über den Bereich der unmittelbar behandelten wissenschaftlichtechnischen Information hinaus. Nachdem sich bislang, soweit bekannt, keine beurteilende Stimme in der Öffentlichkeit erhob und angesprochene mögliche Autoren abwinkten oder nicht geantwortet haben, muss PASSWORD wohl wieder an die Front. Der erste Versuch einer Bewertung des Positionspapiers ist stark kriterienabhängig und fällt nach dem Anlegen von fünf Maßstäben insgesamt ambivalent aus. Auf die Arthur D. Little-Studie (ADL), die allerdings weitgehend skeptisch zu sehen ist, wird im folgenden eher nebenbei eingegangen. Diese ist im Vergleich zur Beurteilung des Positionspapiers von minderer Bedeutung, da sich das Positionspapier nicht zwingend aus dem ADL-Papier ergibt und nicht das "Vorprodukt" (A DL), sondern das "Endprodukt" (Positionspapier) für die Umsetzung des beabsichtigten Förderprogramms entscheidend sein dürfte.
- Date
- 22. 2.2003 12:30:50
- Type
- a
-
Klatt, R.: Zur Notwendigkeit der Förderung von Informationskompetenz im Studium : Kernbefunde der "SteFI-Studie" und Maßnahmenvorschläge (2003)
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- Date
- 2.11.2003 10:20:22
- Type
- a
-
Diefenbach, P.: Gut gefiltert (2001)
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- Date
- 3. 5.1997 8:44:22
- Type
- a
-
Franken, G.: Weglassen öffnet den Weg zur Welt : BuchMalerei und Wortarchitektur von Elisabeth Jansen in Küchenhof-Remise (2004)
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- Date
- 3. 5.1997 8:44:22
- Type
- a
-
San Segundo, R.: ¬A new conception of representation of knowledge (2004)
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- Abstract
- The new term Representation of knowledge, applied to the framework of electronic segments of information, with comprehension of new material support for information, and a review and total conceptualisation of the terminology which is being applied, entails a review of all traditional documentary practices. Therefore, a definition of the concept of Representation of knowledge is indispensable. The term representation has been used in westere cultural and intellectual tradition to refer to the diverse ways that a subject comprehends an object. Representation is a process which requires the structure of natural language and human memory whereby it is interwoven in a subject and in conscience. However, at the present time, the term Representation of knowledge is applied to the processing of electronic information, combined with the aim of emulating the human mind in such a way that one has endeavoured to transfer, with great difficulty, the complex structurality of the conceptual representation of human knowledge to new digital information technologies. Thus, nowadays, representation of knowledge has taken an diverse meanings and it has focussed, for the moment, an certain structures and conceptual hierarchies which carry and transfer information, and has initially been based an the current representation of knowledge using artificial intelligence. The traditional languages of documentation, also referred to as languages of representation, offer a structured representation of conceptual fields, symbols and terms of natural and notational language, and they are the pillars for the necessary correspondence between the object or text and its representation. These correspondences, connections and symbolisations will be established within the electronic framework by means of different models and of the "goal" domain, which will give rise to organisations, structures, maps, networks and levels, as new electronic documents are not compact units but segments of information. Thus, the new representation of knowledge refers to data, images, figures and symbolised, treated, processed and structured ideas which replace or refer to documents within the framework of technical processing and the recuperation of electronic information.
- Date
- 2. 1.2005 18:22:25
- Type
- a
-
Benkowsky, J.; Bühring, B.; Georgy, U.; Linde, F.: Information pricing : the development of a product- and pricing concept for the research centre of the Public Library Cologne (2005)
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- Abstract
- The project Information Pricing was carried out during the summer semester 2004 by four students and two lecturers. Aim of the project was to develop a new product- and pricing concept for the research centre of the Public Library Cologne. The intention was to increase its competitiveness, especially in the business customer segment. The initiating factor for the project was the significant decrease in requests from 1997 to 2001. This paper describes the development of different attributes of information, analysing various pricing concepts of private and public information providers as well as the development of a pricing concept which is aligned to the requirements and performance of the research centre. The final result was an improved pricing system for an enhanced range of products. The first step was getting more familiar with the characteristics of information and the methods that can be used to measure the value of information. One of the key issues to consider is the value of information for a customer and the question how this value can be charged. In order to be capable of evaluating all issues of information pricing and to develop a solid pricing system, it was essential to analyse and assess pricing modules based on their intension of use. For example, the differentiation of the pricing concept with regard to certain user segments like business or private users as well as members and non-members. Another option is to define prices dependant on the requested response times for research tasks and thereby reflect the urgency of those tasks directly in the pricing concept. Furthermore, the qualitative and quantitative differentiation of information has to be taken into account. All described approaches - and also combinations of these - should be considered when developing a new pricing system. It is also important to recognize the special role of the research centre as a part of the public library. Libraries fulfil a public contract for their users. In this case it has to be ensured that people of all social backgrounds have the chance to gain access to all kind of information. While presenting results to the Public library Cologne some problems arose, mainly the gap between theoretical and practical feasibility. The final result was a practical pricing system, which is easy to implement for the research centre and which is described in the paper.
- Date
- 22. 7.2009 9:24:59
- Type
- a
-
Stoyan, H.: Information in der Informatik (2004)
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- Date
- 5. 4.2013 10:22:48
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- a
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Michel, S.: ¬Der Erfolg der Entfesselungskünstler : Gelungene Kooperation: "Vom Boten zum Bit" im Museum für Kommunikation (2003)
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- Date
- 12. 2.1996 22:34:46
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- a
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Hjoerland, B.: ¬The controversy over the concept of information : a rejoinder to Professor Bates (2009)
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- Content
- "This letter considers some main arguments in Professor Bates' article (2008), which is part of our former debate (Bates, 2005,2006; Hjoerland, 2007). Bates (2008) does not write much to restate or enlarge on her theoretical position but is mostly arguing about what she claims Hjorland (2007) ignored or misinterpreted in her two articles. Bates (2008, p. 842) wrote that my arguments did not reflect "a standard of coherence, consistency, and logic that is expected of an argument presented in a scientific journal." My argumentation below will refute this statement. This controversy is whether information should be understood as a subjective phenomenon (alone), as an objective phenomenon (alone), or as a combined objective and a subjective phenomenon ("having it both ways"). Bates (2006) defined "information" (sometimes, e.g., termed "information 1," p. 1042) as an objective phenomenon and "information 2" as a subjective phenomenon. However, sometimes the term "information" is also used as a synonym for "information 2," e.g., "the term information is understood to refer to one or both senses" (p. 1042). Thus, Professor Bates is not consistent in using the terminology that she herself introduces, and confusion in this controversy may be caused by Professor Bates' ambiguity in her use of the term "information." Bates (2006, p. 1033) defined information as an objective phenomenon by joining a definition by Edwin Parker: "Information is the pattern of organization of matter and energy." The argument in Hjoerland (2007) is, by contrast, that information should be understood as a subjective phenomenon all the way down: That neither the objective definition of information nor "having it both ways" is fruitful. This is expressed, for example, by joining Karpatschof's (2000) definition of information as a physical signal relative to a certain release mechanism, which implies that information is not something objective that can be understood independently of an observer or independently of other kinds of mechanism that are programmed to be sensitive to specific attributes of a signal: There are many differences in the world, and each of them is potentially informative in given situations. Regarding Parker's definition, "patterns of organization of matter and energy" are no more than that until they inform somebody about something. When they inform somebody about something, they may be considered information. The following quote is part of the argumentation in Bates (2008): "He contrasts my definition of information as 'observer-independent' with his position that information is 'situational' and adds a list of respected names on the situational side (Hjoerland, 2007, p. 1448). What this sentence, and much of the remainder of his argument, ignores is the fact that my approach accounts for both an observer-independent and a contextual, situational sense of information." Yes, it is correct that I mostly concentrated on refuting Bates' objective definition of information. It is as if Bates expects an overall appraisal of her work rather than providing a specific analysis of the points on which there are disagreements. I see Bates' "having it both ways": a symptom of inconsistence in argumentation.
Bates (2008, p. 843) further writes about her definition of information: "This is the objectivist foundation, the rock bottom minimum of the meaning of information; it informs both articles throughout." This is exactly the focus of my disagreement. If we take a word in a language, it is understood as both being a "pattern of organization of matter and energy" (e.g., a sound) and carrying meaning. But the relation between the physical sign and its meaning is considered an arbitrary relation in linguistics. Any physical material has the potential of carrying any meaning and to inform somebody. The physical stuff in itself is not information until it is used as a sign. An important issue in this debate is whether Bates' examples demonstrate the usefulness of her own position as opposed to mine. Her example about information seeking concerning navigation and how "the very layout of the ship and the design of the bridge promoted the smooth flow of information from the exterior of the ship to the crew and among the crewmembers" (Bates, 2006, pp. 1042-1043) does not justify Bates' definition of information as an objective phenomenon. The design is made for a purpose, and this purpose determines how information should be defined in this context. Bates' view on "curatorial sciences" (2006, p. 1043) is close to Hjorland's suggestions (2000) about "memory institutions," which is based on the subjective understanding of information. However, she does not relate to this proposal, and she does not argue how the objective understanding of information is related to this example. I therefore conclude that Bates' practical examples do not support her objective definition of information, nor do they support her "having it both ways." Finally, I exemplify the consequences of my understanding of information by showing how an archaeologist and a geologist might represent the same stone differently in information systems. Bates (2008, p. 843) writes about this example: "This position is completely consistent with mine." However, this "consistency" was not recognized by Bates until I published my objections and, therefore, this is an indication that my criticism was needed. I certainly share Professor Bates (2008) advice to read her original articles: They contain much important stuff. I just recommend that the reader ignore the parts that argue about information being an objective phenomenon."
References Bates, M.J. (2005). Information and knowledge: An evolutionary framework for information science. Information Research, 10(4), paper 239. Available at http://InformationR.net/ir/10-4/paper239.html. Bates, M.J. (2006). Fundamental forms of information. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 57(8), 1033-1045. Bates, M.J. (2008). Hjorland's critique of Bates' work on defining information. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 59(5), 842-844. Hjoerland, B. (2000). Documents, memory institutions, and information science. Journal of Documentation, 56, 27-41. Hjoerland, B. (2007). Information: Objective or subjective-situational? Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 58(10), 1448-1456. Karpatschof, B. (2000). Human activity. Contributions to the anthropological sciences from a perspective of activity theory. Copenhagen: Dansk Psykologisk Forlag. Retrieved May 14, 2007, from http://informationr.net/ir/ 12-3/Karpatschof/Karp00.html.
- Date
- 22. 3.2009 18:13:27
- Type
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Simonitsch, P.: Kontrolle ist besser - aber für wen? : In Genf wurde der Weltinformationsgipfel eröffnet - China gibt Widerstand gegen Pressefreiheit auf (2003)
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- Source
- Frankfurter Rundschau. Nr.289 vom 11.12.2003, S.22
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Ostermann, D.: US-Terrorfahnder verheddern sich im Daten-Dickicht (2004)
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- 5. 1.1997 9:39:22
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Meadows, J.: Understanding information (2001)
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- 15. 6.2002 19:22:01
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Weizenbaum, J.: Wir gegen die Gier (2008)
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- 16. 3.2008 12:22:08
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Favre-Bulle, B.: Information und Zusammenhang : Informationsfluß in Prozessen der Wahrnehmung, des Denkens und der Kommunikation (2001)
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- 22. 3.2008 14:53:43
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Abbott, R.: Subjectivity as a concern for information science : a Popperian perspective (2005)
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¬Die Zukunft des Wissens : Vorträge und Kolloquien: XVIII. Deutscher Kongress für Philosophie, Konstanz, 4. - 8. Oktober 1999 (2000)
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- 22. 6.2005 15:30:21
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Black, A.: ¬The history of information (2006)
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Spink, A.; Cole, C.: ¬A human information behavior approach to a philosophy of information (2004)
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- Abstract
- This paper outlines the relation between philosophy of information (PI) and human information behavior (HIB). In this paper, we first briefly outline the basic constructs and approaches of PI and HIB. We argue that a strong relation exists between PI and HIB, as both are exploring the concept of information and premise information as a fundamental concept basic to human existence. We then exemplify that a heuristic approach to PI integrates the HIB view of information as a cognitive human-initiated process by presenting a specific cognitive architecture for information initiation based on modular notion from HIB/evolutionary psychology and the vacuum mechanism from PI.
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Schmidt, A.; Rößler, O.E.: ¬Die Evolution des Wissens : Plädoyer für das Menschenrecht auf Information (2001)
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