Search (40 results, page 2 of 2)

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Series

Literary research, practice and evaluation; 9

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Content

Introduction: Philosophy's Relevance in Computing and Information Science - Ruth Hagengruber and Uwe V.Riss Part I: Philosophy of Computing and Information 1 The Fourth Revolution in our Self-Understanding - Luciano Floridi -- 2 Information Transfer as a Metaphor - Jakob Krebs -- 3 With Aristotle towards a Differentiated Concept of Information? - Uwe Voigt -- 4 The Influence of Philosophy on the Understanding of Computing and Information - Klaus Fuchs-Kittowski -- Part II: Complexity and System Theory 5 The Emergence of Self-Conscious Systems: From Symbolic AI to Embodied Robotics - Klaus Mainzer -- 6 Artificial Intelligence as a New Metaphysical Project - Aziz F. Zambak Part III: Ontology 7 The Relevance of Philosophical Ontology to Information and Computer Science - Barry Smith -- 8 Ontology, its Origins and its Meaning in Information Science - Jens Kohne -- 9 Smart Questions: Steps towards an Ontology of Questions and Answers - Ludwig Jaskolla and Matthias Rugel Part IV: Knowledge Representation 10 Sophisticated Knowledge Representation and Reasoning Requires Philosophy - Selmer Bringsjord, Micah Clark and Joshua Taylor -- 11 On Frames and Theory-Elements of Structuralism Holger Andreas -- 12 Ontological Complexity and Human Culture David J. Saab and Frederico Fonseca Part V: Action Theory 13 Knowledge and Action between Abstraction and Concretion - Uwe V.Riss -- 14 Action-Directing Construction of Reality in Product Creation Using Social Software: Employing Philosophy to Solve Real-World Problems - Kai Holzweifiig and Jens Krüger -- 15 An Action-Theory-Based Treatment ofTemporal Individuals - Tillmann Pross -- 16 Four Rules for Classifying Social Entities - Ludger Jansen Part VI: Info-Computationalism 17 Info-Computationalism and Philosophical Aspects of Research in Information Sciences - Gordana Dodig-Crnkovic -- 18 Pancomputationalism: Theory or Metaphor ? - Vincent C. Mutter Part VII: Ethics 19 The Importance of the Sources of Professional Obligations - Francis C. Dane

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Abstract

Previous research investigated how to leverage the new type of social data available on the web, e.g., tags, ratings and reviews, in recommending and personalizing information. However, previous works mainly focused on predicting ratings using collaborative filtering or quantifying personalized ranking quality in simulations. As a consequence, the effect of social information in user's information search and information-selection behavior remains elusive. The objective of our research is to investigate the effects of social information on users' interactive search and information-selection behavior. We present a computational method and a system implementation combining different graph overlays: social, personal and search-time user input that are visualized for the user to support interactive information search. We report on a controlled laboratory experiment, in which 24 users performed search tasks using three system variants with different graphs as overlays composed from the largest publicly available social content and review data from Yelp: personal preferences, tags combined with personal preferences, and tags and social ratings combined with personal preferences. Data comprising search logs, questionnaires, simulations, and eye-tracking recordings show that: 1) the search effectiveness is improved by using and visualizing the social rating information and the personal preference information as compared to content-based ranking. 2) The need to consult external information before selecting information is reduced by the presentation of the effects of different overlays on the search results. Search effectiveness improvements can be attributed to the use of social rating and personal preference overlays, which was also confirmed in a follow-up simulation study. With the proposed method we demonstrate that social information can be incorporated to the interactive search process by overlaying graphs representing different information sources. We show that the combination of social rating information and personal preference information improves search effectiveness and reduce the need to consult external information. Our method and findings can inform the design of interactive search systems that leverage the information available on the social web.

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Abstract

Purpose Arts-informed, visual research was conducted to document the pictorial metaphors that appear among original drawings of information. The purpose of this paper is to report the diversity of these pictorial metaphors, delineate their formal qualities as drawings, and provide a fresh perspective on the concept of information. Design/methodology/approach The project utilized pre-existing iSquare drawings of information that were produced by iSchool graduate students during a draw-and-write activity. From a data set of 417 images, 125 of the strongest pictorial metaphors were identified and subjected to cognitive metaphor theory. Findings Overwhelmingly, the favored source domain for envisioning information was nature. The most common pictorial metaphors were: Earth, web, tree, light bulb, box, cloud, and fishing/mining, and each brings different qualities of information into focus. The drawings were often canonical versions of objects in the world, leading to arrays of pictorial metaphors marked by their similarity. Research limitations/implications Less than 30 percent of the data set qualified as pictorial metaphors, making them a minority strategy for representing information as an image. The process to identify and interpret pictorial metaphors was highly subjective. The arts-informed methodology generated tensions between artistic and social scientific paradigms. Practical implications The pictorial metaphors for information can enhance information science education and fortify professional identity among information professionals. Originality/value This is the first arts-informed, visual study of information that utilizes cognitive metaphor theory to explore the nature of information. It strengthens a sense of history, humanity, nature, and beauty in our understanding of information today, and contributes to metaphor research at large.

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Abstract

Falsche Nachrichten sind keine Erscheinung der Neuzeit. Die Feststellung, dass es im Internet Falschinformationen gibt, ist eine Binsenweisheit. In welchem Umfang jedoch Politiker mit falschen Behauptungen Erfolge erreichen und verifizierte Informationen als Fake News misskreditieren, ist besonders im Jahr 2016 in den Blickpunkt der Öffentlichkeit gelangt. Zu Recht, denn die gesellschaftlichen Auswirkungen sind gravierend. Die Auseinandersetzung mit derartigen Informationspathologien ist ein Aufgabengebiet der Informationswissenschaften. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit soll die Beantwortung der Forschungsfrage sein, ob sich Manipulationen im Internet durch informationswissenschaftliche Methoden identifizieren lassen. Deshalb werden Falschinformationen zunächst in den informationswissenschaftlichen Kontext gestellt, unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Sichtweisen von Reiner Kuhlen, Luciano Floridi und Don Fallis. Nach einem kurzen Exkurs zu Nachrichten und Medien werden Falschinformationen basierend auf einem Konzept von Giglietto et al. konkreter untersucht. Dazu wird auf die Besonderheiten der Informationsausbreitung im Web 2.0 eingegangen, der Begriff "irreführende Informationen" eingeführt und Faktoren, die für deren Weitergabe relevant sind, benannt. Für die Untersuchung, wie irreführende Informationen weitergegeben werden, steht statt einer akteurorientierten Betrachtung der Aspekt des Prozesses im Mittelpunkt. Dies erfolgt durch die Untersuchung von vier Typologien der Weitergabe irreführender Informationen. Durch das vorgestellte Verbreitungsmodell lassen sich Zusammenhänge und Abläufe bei der Verbreitung von Fake News und anderen irreführenden Informationen besser beschreiben und verstehen als bis zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt.

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Abstract

A clear line of argument can be set out to link the (passive) intellectual freedom rights offered by Article Nineteen of the United Nations' Universal Declaration on Human Rights, to a consequent responsibility on governments, professionals and civil society activists for the (active) creation of suitable conditions for the effective exercise of intellectual freedom. Commentators on media in society and socially responsible computing are also increasingly drawing conclusions of this kind and stressing the importance of Media Literacy and Computer Literacy. This line of argument naturally directs attention towards the rationale currently offered for Information Literacy as a focus of professional activity. Whilst there are many elaborately worked-out programmes for Information Literacy instruction, these have so far been largely derived from practical perceptions of need. However, broad statements such as the Prague Declaration 'Towards an Information Literate Society' of 2003 and the Alexandria Proclamation of 2005 can be seen as beginning to point towards a rationale for Information Literacy activities rooted in human rights, Article Nineteen in particular. The contention is that starting from a human rights perspective leads towards a strong, inclusive interpretation of Information Literacy. This subsumes Media Literacy, Computer Literacy, Web Literacy and, to a considerable extent, Civic Literacy into a model that serves human needs rather than the established priorities of information professionals. The value of this approach for both practice and research is stressed.

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Date

12. 7.2011 18:22:52

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Abstract

Computer können längst nicht alles. Online-Übersetzer zum Beispiel stoßen schnell an ihre Grenzen. Für den Kognitionswissenschaftler Douglas R. Hofstadter herrscht in vielen Maschinen effiziente Scheinintelligenz.

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Date

16. 6.2014 19:22:57

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Date

1. 1.2019 11:22:34

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Date

27.12.2020 16:56:22

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Abstract

Jede Information könnte überlebenswichtig sein, das lehrt uns die Evolution. In einer mit nebensächlichen Informationen überfüllten Welt hat das gravierende Konsequenzen. Facebook, Twitter und SMS halten uns dauernd auf Trab. "Moderne Menschen sind geistig immer online und unterschätzen, wie viel Stress die stete Aufmerksamkeit und Bereitschaft zur Kommunikation bedeutet", erklärt Götz Mundle, ein auf Sucht spezialisierter Psychotherapeut. Wir können nicht alles gleichzeitig tun: Gemäss Ernst Pöppel, Professor für Medizinische Psychologie in München, ist Multitasking eine Illusion. Statt alle Aufgaben gleichzeitig zu bewältigen, hüpfe das Gehirn zwischen den Aufgaben hin und her. Kreativität gehe verloren. "Dass es hierbei Begleitschäden geben wird, ist für mich unbestritten. Mängel des Konzentrationsvermögens sind durchaus möglich." Pöppel schliesst allerdings auch eine evolutionäre Anpassung an die Datenflut nicht ganz aus. Doch zwanzig Jahre Internet und drei Jahre iPhone sind der Evolution eindeutig zu kurz - bis zur allfälligen Wandlung hilft nur eines: «Wer online sein möchte, muss auch aktiv offline gehen«, so Mundle. Das ist nicht ganz einfach, schliesslich müssen wir dazu die angeborene Neugierde überwinden. Zudem verspricht die virtuelle Welt Bequemlichkeit und Gemeinschaft In digitalen Netzwerken kann man seine Identität beinahe beliebig wählen und Problemen aus dem Weg zu gehen. Eine Flucht ist verlockend. Hinter jedem Link versteckt sich die vermeintliche Erlösung, oder zumindest ein kleines Informations-Häppchen, das zu einem weiteren führt das ein anderes bereithält, das... Wer im virtuellen Leben nichts verpassen will, versäumt das Leben in der Wirklichkeit.

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Date

22. 8.2014 16:55:39

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Date

29. 9.2018 11:22:09

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Date

16. 3.2019 17:32:22

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Abstract

Unsere Computer werden immer schneller, kleiner und billiger; wir produzieren jeden Tag genug Daten, um alle Bibliotheken der USA damit zu füllen; und im Durchschnitt trägt jeder Mensch heute mindestens einen Gegenstand bei sich, der mit dem Internet verbunden ist. Wir erleben gerade eine explosionsartige Entwicklung von Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien. Luciano Floridi, einer der weltweit führenden Informationstheoretiker, zeigt in seinem meisterhaften Buch, dass wir uns nach den Revolutionen der Physik (Kopernikus), Biologie (Darwin) und Psychologie (Freud) nun inmitten einer vierten Revolution befinden, die unser ganzes Leben verändert. Die Trennung zwischen online und offline schwindet, denn wir interagieren zunehmend mit smarten, responsiven Objekten, um unseren Alltag zu bewältigen oder miteinander zu kommunizieren. Der Mensch kreiert sich eine neue Umwelt, eine »Infosphäre«. Persönlichkeitsprofile, die wir online erzeugen, beginnen, in unseren Alltag zurückzuwirken, sodass wir immer mehr ein »Onlife« leben. Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien bestimmen die Art, wie wir einkaufen, arbeiten, für unsere Gesundheit vorsorgen, Beziehungen pflegen, unsere Freizeit gestalten, Politik betreiben und sogar, wie wir Krieg führen. Aber sind diese Entwicklungen wirklich zu unserem Vorteil? Was sind ihre Risiken? Floridi weist den Weg zu einem neuen ethischen und ökologischen Denken, um die Herausforderungen der digitalen Revolution und der Informationsgesellschaft zu meistern. Ein Buch von großer Aktualität und theoretischer Brillanz.

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Abstract

Wer sich online bewegt, ist nie allein. Im doppelten Sinne. Denn wenn wir das Leben um uns herum im Netz verfolgen wollen, nehmen wir in Kauf, dass uns Google, Amazon, Facebook & Co. auf Schritt und Klick verfolgen. Tausende Firmen profitieren davon, auf Basis unserer Likes und Klicks, sowie unseres Kaufverhaltens Werbung und Inhalte personalisiert auszuspielen und uns damit zu manipulieren. Mit jedem neuen Datensatz werden die Produkte noch enger an unsere Vorlieben angepasst, sodass wir sie noch häufiger nutzen ein Teufelskreis. Aber können wir uns dagegen wirklich verteidigen? Ja, sagt Digital-Experte Steffan Heuer auch heute noch. Sein Buch `Mich kriegt ihr nicht!´ ist eine Gebrauchsanweisung und gleichzeitig eine Waffe, mit der wir unsere Online-Identität mit einer neuen Daten-Ethik schützen können selbst in Zeiten von Smart Speakern wie Alexa und dem Internet der Dinge. Der Kampf um unsere Daten ist ein Kampf um unsere Souveränität, um unsere Freiheit! Und als solcher ist er noch lange nicht verloren wir müssen den Datendieben nur mit der richtigen digitalen Selbstverteidigung entgegentreten, nämlich mit den vier V´s: Wir müssen unsere Daten verweigern, verschleiern, verschlüsseln und Räume schaffen, aus denen alle Smart-Geräte verbannt sind. Wie das funktioniert, zeigt und erklärt der komplett überarbeitete Bestseller `Mich kriegt ihr nicht!´.

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Date

20. 1.2015 18:30:22

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Abstract

In the past few decades, the task of judging the credibility of information has shifted from trained professionals (e.g., editors) to end users of information (e.g., casual Internet users). Lacking training in this task, it is highly relevant to research the behavior of these end users. In this article, we propose a new model of trust in information, in which trust judgments are dependent on three user characteristics: source experience, domain expertise, and information skills. Applying any of these three characteristics leads to different features of the information being used in trust judgments; namely source, semantic, and surface features (hence, the name 3S-model). An online experiment was performed to validate the 3S-model. In this experiment, Wikipedia articles of varying accuracy (semantic feature) were presented to Internet users. Trust judgments of domain experts on these articles were largely influenced by accuracy whereas trust judgments of novices remained mostly unchanged. Moreover, despite the influence of accuracy, the percentage of trusting participants, both experts and novices, was high in all conditions. Along with the rationales provided for such trust judgments, the outcome of the experiment largely supports the 3S-model, which can serve as a framework for future research on trust in information.