-
Winget, M.: Describing art : an alternative approach to subject access and interpretation (2009)
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- Abstract
- Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to examine the art historical antecedents of providing subject access to images. After reviewing the assumptions and limitations inherent in the most prevalent descriptive method, the paper seeks to introduce a new model that allows for more comprehensive representation of visually-based cultural materials. Design/methodology/approach - The paper presents a literature-based conceptual analysis, taking Panofsky's theory of iconography and iconology as the starting-point. Panofsky's conceptual model, while appropriate for art created in the Western academic tradition, ignores or misrepresents work from other eras or cultures. Continued dependence on Panofskian descriptive methods limits the functionality and usefulness of image representation systems. Findings - The paper recommends the development of a more precise and inclusive descriptive model for art objects, which is based on the premise that art is not another sort of text, and should not be interpreted as such. Practical implications - The paper provides suggestions for the development of representation models that will enhance the description of non-textual artifacts. Originality/value - The paper addresses issues in information science, the history of art, and computer science, and suggests that a new descriptive model would be of great value to both humanist and social science scholars.
- Source
- Journal of documentation. 65(2009) no.6, S.958-976
- Type
- a
-
Huang, X.; Soergel, D.; Klavans, J.L.: Modeling and analyzing the topicality of art images (2015)
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- Abstract
- This study demonstrates an improved conceptual foundation to support well-structured analysis of image topicality. First we present a conceptual framework for analyzing image topicality, explicating the layers, the perspectives, and the topical relevance relationships involved in modeling the topicality of art images. We adapt a generic relevance typology to image analysis by extending it with definitions and relationships specific to the visual art domain and integrating it with schemes of image-text relationships that are important for image subject indexing. We then apply the adapted typology to analyze the topical relevance relationships between 11 art images and 768 image tags assigned by art historians and librarians. The original contribution of our work is the topical structure analysis of image tags that allows the viewer to more easily grasp the content, context, and meaning of an image and quickly tune into aspects of interest; it could also guide both the indexer and the searcher to specify image tags/descriptors in a more systematic and precise manner and thus improve the match between the two parties. An additional contribution is systematically examining and integrating the variety of image-text relationships from a relevance perspective. The paper concludes with implications for relational indexing and social tagging.
- Source
- Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology. 66(2015) no.8, S.1616-1644
- Type
- a
-
Konkova, E.; MacFarlane, A.; Göker, A.: Analysing creative image search information needs (2016)
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- Abstract
- Creative professionals in advertising, marketing, design and journalism search for images to visually represent a concept for their project. The main purpose of this paper is to present search facets derived from an analysis of documents known as briefs, which are widely used in creative industries as requirement documents describing information needs. The briefs specify the type of image required, such as the content and context of use for the image and represent the topic from which the searcher builds an image query. We take three main sources-user image search behaviour, briefs, and image search engine search facets-to examine the search facets for image searching in order to examine the following research question-are search facet schemes for image search engines sufficient for user needs, or is revision needed? We found that there are three main classes of user search facet, which include business, contextual and image related information. The key argument in the paper is that the facet "keyword/tag" is ambiguous and does not support user needs for more generic descriptions to broaden search or specific descriptions to narrow their search-we suggest that a more detailed search facet scheme would be appropriate.
- Source
- Knowledge organization. 43(2016) no.1, S.13-21
- Type
- a
-
Sigel, A.: How can user-oriented depth analysis be constructively guided? (2000)
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- Abstract
- It is vital for library and information science to understand the subject indexing process thoroughly. However, document analysis, the first and most important step in indexing, has not received sufficient attention. As this is an exceptionally hard problem, we still do not dispose of a sound indexing theory. Therefore we have difficulties in teaching indexing and in explaining why a given subject representation is "better" than another. Technological advancements have not helped to close this fundamental gap. To proceed, we should ask the right questions instead. Several types of indexer inconsistencies can be explained as acceptable, yet different conceptualizations which resulting of the variety of groups dealing with a problem from their respective viewpoints. Multiple indexed documents are regarded as the normal case. Intersubjectively replicable indexing results are often questionable or do not constitute interesting cases of indexing at all. In the context of my ongoing dissertation in which I intend to develop an enhanced indexing theory by investigating improvements within a social sciences domain, this paper explains user-oriented selective depth analysis and why I chose that configuration. Strongly influenced by Mai's dissertation, I also communicate my first insights concerning current indexing theories. I agree that I cannot ignore epistemological stances and philosophical issues in language and meaning related to indexing and accept the openness of the interpretive nature of the indexing process. Although I present arguments against the employment of an indexing language as well, it is still indispensable in situations which demand easier access and control by devices. Despite the enormous difficulties the user-oriented and selective depth analysis poses, I argue that it is both feasible and useful if one achieves careful guidance of the possible interpretations. There is some hope because the number of useful interpretations is limited: Every summary is tailored to a purpose, audience and situation. Domain, discourse and social practice entail additional constraints. A pluralistic method mix that focusses on ecologically valid, holistic contexts and employs qualitative methods is recommended. Domain analysis urgently has to be made more practical and applicable. Only then we will be able to investigate empirically domains in order to identify their structures shaped by the corresponding discourse communities. We plan to represent the recognized problem structures and indexing questions of relevance to a small domain in formal, ontological computer models -- if we can find such stable knowledge structures. This would allow us to tailor dynamically summaries for user communities. For practical purposes we suggest to assume a less demanding position than Hjorland's "totality of the epistemological potential". It is sufficent that we identify and represent iteratively the information needs of today's user groups in interactive knowledge-based systems. The best way to formalize such knowledge gained about discourse communities is however unknown. Indexers should stay in direct contact with the community they serve or be part of it to ensure agreement with their viewpoints. Checklist/request-oriented indexing could be very helpful but it remains to be demonstrated how well it will be applicable in the social sciences. A frame-based representation or at least a sophisticated grouping of terms could help to express relational knowledge structures. There remains much work to do since in practice no one has shown yet how such an improved indexing system would work and if the indexing results were really "better".
- Pages
- S.247-253
- Type
- a
-
Mochmann. E.: Inhaltsanalyse in den Sozialwissenschaften (1985)
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- Source
- Sprache und Datenverarbeitung. 9(1985), S.5-10
- Type
- a
-
Todd, R.J.: Subject access: what's it all about? : some research findings (1993)
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- Source
- Cataloguing Australia. 19(1993) nos. 3/4, S.259-267
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- a
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Svenonius, E.: Access to nonbook materials : the limits of subject indexing for visual and aural languages (1994)
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- Source
- Journal of the American Society for Information Science. 45(1994) no.8, S.600-606
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- a
-
Nohr, H.: Inhaltsanalyse (1999)
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- Source
- nfd Information - Wissenschaft und Praxis. 50(1999) H.2, S.69-78
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- a
-
Andersen, J.: ¬The concept of genre : when, how, and why? (2001)
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- Source
- Knowledge organization. 28(2001) no.4, S.203-204
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- a
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Hoover, L.: ¬A beginners' guide for subject analysis of theses and dissertations in the hard sciences (2005)
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- Abstract
- This guide, for beginning catalogers with humanities or social sciences backgrounds, provides assistance in subject analysis (based on Library of Congress Subject Headings) of theses and dissertations (T/Ds) that are produced by graduate students in university departments in the hard sciences (physical sciences and engineering). It is aimed at those who have had little or no experience in cataloging, especially of this type of material, and for those who desire to supplement local mentoring resources for subject analysis in the hard sciences. Theses and dissertations from these departments present a special challenge because they are the results of current research representing specific new concepts with which the cataloger may not be familiar. In fact, subject headings often have not yet been created for the specific concept(s) being researched. Additionally, T/D authors often use jargon/terminology specific to their department. Catalogers often have many other duties in addition to subject analysis of T/Ds in the hard sciences, yet they desire to provide optimal access through accurate, thorough subject analysis. Tips are provided for determining the content of the T/D, strategic searches on WorldCat for possible subject headings, evaluating the relevancy of these subject headings for final selection, and selecting appropriate subdivisions where needed. Lists of basic reference resources are also provided.
- Source
- Cataloging and classification quarterly. 41(2005) no.1, S.133-161
- Type
- a
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Jens-Erik Mai, J.-E.: ¬The role of documents, domains and decisions in indexing (2004)
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- Abstract
- The paper demonstrates that indexing is a complex phenomenon and presents a domain centered approach to indexing. The indexing process is analysed using the Means-Ends Analysis, a tool developed for the Cognitive Work Analysis framework. A Means-Ends Analysis of indexing provides a holistic understanding of indexing and Shows the importance of understanding the users' activities when indexing. The paper presents a domain-centered approach to indexing that includes an analysis of the users' activities and the paper outlines that approach to indexing.
- Content
- 1. Introduction The document at hand is often regarded as the most important entity for analysis in the indexing situation. The indexer's focus is directed to the "entity and its faithful description" (Soergel, 1985, 227) and the indexer is advised to "stick to the text and the author's claims" (Lancaster, 2003, 37). The indexer's aim is to establish the subject matter based an an analysis of the document with the goal of representing the document as truthfully as possible and to ensure the subject representation's validity by remaining neutral and objective. To help indexers with their task they are guided towards particular and important attributes of the document that could help them determine the document's subject matter. The exact attributes the indexer is recommended to examine varies, but typical examples are: the title, the abstract, the table of contents, chapter headings, chapter subheadings, preface, introduction, foreword, the text itself, bibliographical references, index entries, illustrations, diagrams, and tables and their captions. The exact recommendations vary according to the type of document that is being indexed (monographs vs. periodical articles, for instance). It is clear that indexers should provide faithful descriptions, that indexers should represent the author's claims, and that the document's attributes are helpful points of analysis. However, indexers need much more guidance when determining the subject than simply the documents themselves. One approach that could be taken to handle the Situation is a useroriented approach in which it is argued that the indexer should ask, "how should I make this document ... visible to potential users? What terms should I use to convey its knowledge to those interested?" (Albrechtsen, 1993, 222). The basic idea is that indexers need to have the users' information needs and terminology in mind when determining the subject matter of documents as well as when selecting index terms.
- Pages
- S.207-213
- Type
- a
-
Sauperl, A.: Catalogers' common ground and shared knowledge (2004)
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- Abstract
- The problem of multiple interpretations of meaning in the indexing process has been mostly avoided by information scientists. Among the few who have addressed this question are Clare Beghtol and Jens Erik Mai. Their findings and findings of other researchers in the area of information science, social psychology, and psycholinguistics indicate that the source of the problem might lie in the background and culture of each indexer or cataloger. Are the catalogers aware of the problem? A general model of the indexing process was developed from observations and interviews of 12 catalogers in three American academic libraries. The model is illustrated with a hypothetical cataloger's process. The study with catalogers revealed that catalogers are aware of the author's, the user's, and their own meaning, but do not try to accommodate them all. On the other hand, they make every effort to build common ground with catalog users by studying documents related to the document being cataloged, and by considering catalog records and subject headings related to the subject identified in the document being cataloged. They try to build common ground with other catalogers by using cataloging tools and by inferring unstated rules of cataloging from examples in the catalogs.
- Source
- Journal of the American Society for Information Science and technology. 55(2004) no.1, S.55-63
- Type
- a
-
Bednarek, M.: Intellectual access to pictorial information (1993)
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- Abstract
- Visual materials represent a significantly different type of communication to textual materials and therefore present distinct challenges for the process of retrieval, especially if by retireval we mean intellectual access to the content of images. This paper outlines the special characteristics of visual materials, focusing on their pontential complexity and subjectivity, and the methods used and explored for gaining access to visual materials as reported in the literature. It concludes that methods of access to visual materials are dominated by the relative mature systems developed for textual materials and that access methods based on visual communication are still largely in the developmental or prototype stage. Although reported research on user requirements in the retrieval of visual information is noticeably lacking, the results of at least one study indicate that the visually-based retrieval methods of structured and unstructered browsing seem to be preferred for visula materials and that effective retrieval methods are ultimately related to characteristics of the enquirer and the visual information sought
- Source
- Australian library journal. 42(1993) no.1, S.33-46
- Type
- a
-
Chu, C.M.; O'Brien, A.: Subject analysis : the critical first stage in indexing (1993)
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- Source
- Journal of information science. 19(1993), S.439-454
- Type
- a
-
Miene, A.; Hermes, T.; Ioannidis, G.: Wie kommt das Bild in die Datenbank? : Inhaltsbasierte Analyse von Bildern und Videos (2002)
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- Source
- Information - Wissenschaft und Praxis. 53(2002) H.1, S.15-21
- Type
- a
-
Rorissa, A.; Iyer, H.: Theories of cognition and image categorization : what category labels reveal about basic level theory (2008)
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- Source
- Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 59(2008) no.9, S.1383-1392
- Type
- a
-
Knautz, K.; Dröge, E.; Finkelmeyer, S.; Guschauski, D.; Juchem, K.; Krzmyk, C.; Miskovic, D.; Schiefer, J.; Sen, E.; Verbina, J.; Werner, N.; Stock, W.G.: Indexieren von Emotionen bei Videos (2010)
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- Source
- Information - Wissenschaft und Praxis. 61(2010) H.4, S.221-236
- Type
- a
-
Jörgensen, C.: ¬The applicability of selected classification systems to image attributes (1996)
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- Pages
- S.189-197
- Type
- a
-
Beghtol, C.: Stories : applications of narrative discourse analysis to issues in information storage and retrieval (1997)
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- Source
- Knowledge organization. 24(1997) no.2, S.64-71
- Type
- a
-
Lassak, L.: ¬Ein Versuch zur Repräsentation von Charakteren der Kinder- und Jugendbuchserie "Die drei ???" in einer Datenbank (2017)
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- Footnote
- Masterarbeit zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Master of Arts (M. A.)
- Pages
- 120 S
