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  1. Klic, L.; Miller, M.; Nelson, J.K.; Germann, J.E.: Approaching the largest 'API' : extracting information from the Internet with Python (2018) 0.11 
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    Abstract
    This article explores the need for libraries to algorithmically access and manipulate the world's largest API: the Internet. The billions of pages on the 'Internet API' (HTTP, HTML, CSS, XPath, DOM, etc.) are easily accessible and manipulable. Libraries can assist in creating meaning through the datafication of information on the world wide web. Because most information is created for human consumption, some programming is required for automated extraction. Python is an easy-to-learn programming language with extensive packages and community support for web page automation. Four packages (Urllib, Selenium, BeautifulSoup, Scrapy) in Python can automate almost any web page for all sized projects. An example warrant data project is explained to illustrate how well Python packages can manipulate web pages to create meaning through assembling custom datasets.
  2. Van de Sompel, H.; Hochstenbach, P.: Reference linking in a hybrid library environment : part 1: frameworks for linking (1999) 0.08 
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    Abstract
    The creation of services linking related information entities is an area that is attracting an ever increasing interest in the ongoing development of the World Wide Web in general, and of research-related information systems in particular. Currently, both practice and theory point at linking services as being a major domain for innovation enabled by digital communication of content. Publishers, subscription agents, researchers and libraries are all looking into ways to create added value by linking related information entities, as such presenting the information within a broader context estimated to be relevant to the users of the information. This is the first of two articles in D-Lib Magazine on this topic. This first part describes the current state-of-the-art and contrasts various approaches to the problem. It identifies static and dynamic linking solutions as well as open and closed linking frameworks. It also includes an extensive bibliography. The second part, SFX, a Generic Linking Solution describes a system that we have developed for linking in a hybrid working environment. The creation of services linking related information entities is an area that is attracting an ever increasing interest in the ongoing development of the World Wide Web in general, and of research-related information systems in particular. Although most writings on electronic scientific communication have touted other benefits, such as the increase in communication speed, the possibility to exchange multimedia content and the absence of limitations on the length of research papers, currently both practice and theory point at linking services as being a major opportunity for improved communication of content. Publishers, subscription agents, researchers and libraries are all looking into ways to create added-value by linking related information entities, as such presenting the information within a broader context estimated to be relevant to the users of the information.
  3. Kubiszewski, I.; Cleveland, C.J.: ¬The Encyclopedia of Earth (2007) 0.02 
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    Abstract
    This illustrates a stark reality of the Web. There are many resources for environmental content, but there is no central repository of authoritative information that meets the needs of diverse user communities. The Encyclopedia of Earth aims to fill that niche by providing content that is both free and reliable. Still in its infancy, the EoE already is an integral part of the emerging effort to increase free and open access to trusted information on the Web. It is a trusted content source for authoritative indexes such as the Online Access to Research in the Environment Initiative, the Health InterNetwork Access to Research Initiative, the Open Education Resources Commons, Scirus, DLESE, WiserEarth, among others. Our initial Content Partners include the American Institute of Physics, the University of California Museum of Paleontology, TeacherServe®, the U.S. Geological Survey, the International Arctic Science Committee, the World Wildlife Fund, Conservation International, the Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, and the United Nations Environment Programme, to name just a few. The full partner list here can be found at <http://www.eoearth.org/article/Content_Partners>. We have a diversity of article types including standard subject articles, biographies, place-based entries, country profiles, and environmental classics. We recently launched our E-Book series, full-text, fully searchable books with internal hyperlinks to EoE articles. The eBooks include new releases by distinguished scholars as well as classics such as Walden and On the Origin of Species. Because history can be an important guide to the future, we have added an Environmental Classics section that includes such historical works as Energy from Fossil Fuels by M. King Hubbert and Undersea by Rachel Carson. Our services and features will soon be expanded. The EoE will soon be available in different languages giving a wider range of users access, users will be able to search it geographically or by a well-defined, expert created taxonomy, and teachers will be able to use the EoE to create unique curriculum for their courses.
  4. Cross, P.: DESIRE: making the most of the Web (2000) 0.02 
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  5. Bergman, M.K.: ¬The Deep Web : surfacing hidden value (2001) 0.01 
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  6. Brooks, T.A.: Where is meaning when form is gone? : Knowledge representation an the Web (2001) 0.01 
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  7. Beuth, P.: Voyeure gesucht : Böse Nachbarn (2008) 0.01 
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    Content
    Viel Wirbel - dabei ist das Ende der Aufmerksamkeit für die öffentliche Nachbarschaftsschelte bereits abzusehen. Zu sehr ähneln sich die Anfeindungen, zu gering ist der Nutzwert, als dass die Seite lange interessant bleiben könnte. Sobald die Medien und Blogger mit dem Thema durch sind, werden die Abrufe wieder klar sinken. Das Abendland wird nicht untergehen. Das zeigt auch die Geschichte, denn "Anschwärzen 2.0" ist beileibe kein neues Phänomen. Den fragwürdigen Titel eines Pionier-Prangers im Internet darf sogar das deutsche Angebot von rache-ist-suess.de für sich beanspruchen. Die Seite wurde 1999 zum Anlaufpunkt für Teenager, die über Ex-Freunde und zickige Rivalinnen lästern wollten. Im vorigen Jahr wurde die Seite stillgelegt. Zwar sind die Tiraden immer noch zu lesen, aber keiner spricht mehr über das Portal. Über langfristige gesamtgesellschaftliche Schäden ist nichts bekannt. Auch die Seite dontdatehimgirl.com ist so ein Fall: Frauen warnen vor Dates mit Männern, die sie für Fremdgänger, Lügner oder Verlierer halten - oft mit komplettem Namen und sogar Fotos. Auch diese Seite kommt aus den USA, auch hier finden sich Einträge aus Frankfurt, Bonn und Berlin. Wie verdreht oder erlogen die Infos sind, kann niemand prüfen. Aber Webstatistiken zufolge hat das Portal selbst in den USA kaum 90000 Besucher im Monat und dürfte so eher als Frust-Abladestation dienen denn als Warnsystem. Psychologin Katja Schwab, Autorin des "Psychologieblogs" (psychologieblog.de), erklärt die Motive der Denunzianten mit simplen Rachebedürfnissen: "Sie wollen nach einem Konflikt ihr Selbstwertgefühl wiederherstellen. Dafür bedienen sich die Menschen immer der am einfachsten zugänglichen Mittel."Den "Tätern" gebe es ein gutes Gefühl, wenigstens irgendetwas unternommen zu haben, und auch den Lesern der Schmähungen gehe es ums Selbstwertgefühl. "Es ist menschlich, sich nach unten zu vergleichen, um das Selbst zu erhöhen. Wenn wir sehen, dass andere Probleme haben, fühlen wir uns besser."
    Man kann das Schadenfreude nennen - oder auch einfach nur Unterhaltung. Den unbestritten gibt es unter den Web-Denunzianten talentierte Entertainer. Das berühmteste Beispiel ist derzeit die Britin Tricia Walsh. Sie stellte ein Video über ihren Scheidungskrieg auf Youtube, in dem sie peinliche Details über ihren Gatten ausplaudert. Sie verrät aller Welt, dass sie wegen des Bluthochdrucks ihres Mannes keinen Sex mit ihm hatte, er aber Kondome, Viagra und Pornos in einer Schublade hortete. Vier Millionen User haben das Video schon gesehen. Für Psychologin Schwab ein typisches Beispiel für eskalierende Konflikte: "In einem bestimmten Stadium will man dem anderen unbedingt schaden, auch wenn man dabei selbst Schaden nimmt." Genauso kam es: Den Scheidungskrieg verlor Tricia Walsh nicht trotz, sondern wegen des Videos. "Sie hat versucht, das Leben ihres Mannes in eine Seifenoper zu verwandeln, indem sie ein Melodram schrieb und spielte", schimpfte der Richter und bestätigte den klar zu Gunsten des Gatten ausfallenden Ehevertrag als rechtmäßig. Die Schauspielerin und Drehbuchautorin, die nie über Jobs für Mayonnaise-Werbung, billige Horrorfilme und die "Benny Hill Show" hinausgekommen war, flog aus der gemeinsamen Wohnung. Mit Fortsetzungen zum ersten Youtube-Film versucht sie sich nun im Gespräch zu halten - mit abnehmendem Erfolg. Das aktuelle Video, in dem sie ankündigt, die Kondome ihres Ex bei Ebay zu verkaufen, klickten nur noch 70000 Schadenfreudige an. Das Internet vergisst vielleicht nie, aber seine User umso schneller."
  8. Bünte, O.: Bundesdatenschutzbeauftragte bezweifelt Facebooks Datenschutzversprechen (2018) 0.01 
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    Date
    23. 3.2018 13:41:22
    Footnote
    Vgl. zum Hintergrund auch: https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/mar/17/cambridge-analytica-facebook-influence-us-election; https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/18/us/cambridge-analytica-facebook-privacy-data.html; http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-tn-facebook-cambridge-analytica-sued-20180321-story.html; https://www.tagesschau.de/wirtschaft/facebook-cambridge-analytica-103.html; http://www.spiegel.de/netzwelt/web/cambridge-analytica-der-eigentliche-skandal-liegt-im-system-facebook-kolumne-a-1199122.html; http://www.spiegel.de/netzwelt/netzpolitik/cambridge-analytica-facebook-sieht-sich-im-datenskandal-als-opfer-a-1199095.html; https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Datenskandal-um-Cambridge-Analytica-Facebook-sieht-sich-als-Opfer-3999922.html.
  9. Van de Sompel, H.; Hochstenbach, P.: Reference linking in a hybrid library environment : part 2: SFX, a generic linking solution (1999) 0.01 
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    Abstract
    This is the second part of two articles about reference linking in hybrid digital libraries. The first part, Frameworks for Linking described the current state-of-the-art and contrasted various approaches to the problem. It identified static and dynamic linking solutions, as well as open and closed linking frameworks. It also included an extensive bibliography. The second part describes our work at the University of Ghent to address these issues. SFX is a generic linking system that we have developed for our own needs, but its underlying concepts can be applied in a wide range of digital libraries. This is a description of the approach to the creation of extended services in a hybrid library environment that has been taken by the Library Automation team at the University of Ghent. The ongoing research has been grouped under the working title Special Effects (SFX). In order to explain the SFX-concepts in a comprehensive way, the discussion will start with a brief description of pre-SFX experiments. Thereafter, the basics of the SFX-approach are explained briefly, in combination with concrete implementation choices taken for the Elektron SFX-linking experiment. Elektron was the name of a modest digital library collaboration between the Universities of Ghent, Louvain and Antwerp.
  10. Van de Sompel, H.; Beit-Arie, O.: Generalizing the OpenURL framework beyond references to scholarly works : the Bison-Futé model (2001) 0.01 
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    Abstract
    This paper introduces the Bison-Futé model, a conceptual generalization of the OpenURL framework for open and context-sensitive reference linking in the web-based scholarly information environment. The Bison-Futé model is an abstract framework that identifies and defines components that are required to enable open and context-sensitive linking on the web in general. It is derived from experience gathered from the deployment of the OpenURL framework over the course of the past year. It is a generalization of the current OpenURL framework in several aspects. It aims to extend the scope of open and context-sensitive linking beyond web-based scholarly information. In addition, it offers a generalization of the manner in which referenced items -- as well as the context in which these items are referenced -- can be described for the specific purpose of open and context-sensitive linking. The Bison-Futé model is not suggested as a replacement of the OpenURL framework. On the contrary: it confirms the conceptual foundations of the OpenURL framework and, at the same time, it suggests directions and guidelines as to how the current OpenURL specifications could be extended to become applicable beyond the scholarly information environment.
  11. Warnick, W.L.; Leberman, A.; Scott, R.L.; Spence, K.J.; Johnsom, L.A.; Allen, V.S.: Searching the deep Web : directed query engine applications at the Department of Energy (2001) 0.01 
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    Abstract
    Directed Query Engines, an emerging class of search engine specifically designed to access distributed resources on the deep web, offer the opportunity to create inexpensive digital libraries. Already, one such engine, Distributed Explorer, has been used to select and assemble high quality information resources and incorporate them into publicly available systems for the physical sciences. By nesting Directed Query Engines so that one query launches several other engines in a cascading fashion, enormous virtual collections may soon be assembled to form a comprehensive information infrastructure for the physical sciences. Once a Directed Query Engine has been configured for a set of information resources, distributed alerts tools can provide patrons with personalized, profile-based notices of recent additions to any of the selected resources. Due to the potentially enormous size and scope of Directed Query Engine applications, consideration must be given to issues surrounding the representation of large quantities of information from multiple, heterogeneous sources.
  12. Hyning, V. Van; Lintott, C.; Blickhan, S.; Trouille, L.: Transforming libraries and archives through crowdsourcing (2017) 0.01 
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    Abstract
    This article will showcase the aims and research goals of the project entitled "Transforming Libraries and Archives through Crowdsourcing", recipient of a 2016 Institute for Museum and Library Services grant. This grant will be used to fund the creation of four bespoke text and audio transcription projects which will be hosted on the Zooniverse, the world-leading research crowdsourcing platform. These transcription projects, while supporting the research of four separate institutions, will also function as a means to expand and enhance the Zooniverse platform to better support galleries, libraries, archives and museums (GLAM institutions) in unlocking their data and engaging the public through crowdsourcing.
  13. Gore, E.; Bitta, M.D.; Cohen, D.: ¬The Digital Public Library of America and the National Digital Platform (2017) 0.01 
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    Abstract
    The Digital Public Library of America brings together the riches of America's libraries, archives, and museums, and makes them freely available to the world. In order to do this, DPLA has had to build elements of the national digital platform to connect to those institutions and to serve their digitized materials to audiences. In this article, we detail the construction of two critical elements of our work: the decentralized national network of "hubs," which operate in states across the country; and a version of the Hydra repository software that is tailored to the needs of our community. This technology and the organizations that make use of it serve as the foundation of the future of DPLA and other projects that seek to take advantage of the national digital platform.
  14. Van de Sompel, H.; Hochstenbach, P.: Reference linking in a hybrid library environment : part 3: generalizing the SFX solution in the "SFX@Ghent & SFX@LANL" experiment (1999) 0.01 
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    Abstract
    This is the third part of our papers about reference linking in a hybrid library environment. The first part described the state-of-the-art of reference linking and contrasted various approaches to the problem. It identified static and dynamic linking solutions, open and closed linking frameworks as well as just-in-case and just-in-time linking. The second part introduced SFX, a dynamic, just-in-time linking solution we built for our own purposes. However, we suggested that the underlying concepts were sufficiently generic to be applied in a wide range of digital libraries. In this third part we show how this has been demonstrated conclusively in the "SFX@Ghent & SFX@LANL" experiment. In this experiment, local as well as remote distributed information resources of the digital library collections of the Research Library of the Los Alamos National Laboratory and the University of Ghent Library have been used as starting points for SFX-links into other parts of the collections. The SFX-framework has further been generalized in order to achieve a technology that can easily be transferred from one digital library environment to another and that minimizes the overhead in making the distributed information services that make up those libraries interoperable with SFX. This third part starts with a presentation of the SFX problem statement in light of the recent discussions on reference linking. Next, it introduces the notion of global and local relevance of extended services as well as an architectural categorization of open linking frameworks, also referred to as frameworks that are supportive of selective resolution. Then, an in-depth description of the generalized SFX solution is given.
  15. Lietz, C.: Social-Credit-Scoring : die Informationswissenschaft in der Verantwortung (2018) 0.01 
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    Abstract
    Von den Informationswissenschaften, aber auch von der allgemeinen Öffentlichkeit weitgehend unbeachtet entwickelt sich zurzeit in China eine neue Art von Bewertungssystem. Social-Credit-Scoring dürfte in Deutschland nur Wenigen ein Begriff sein. Und auch in der Fachliteratur ist hierzu kaum Material zu finden. Einzig diverse internationale Online-Journals, Web-Blogs, wenige TV-Beiträge und die Fachkonferenz re:publica beschäftigen sich intensiver damit, weshalb der Begriff gelegentlich beiläufig in öffentlichen Diskursen fällt. Für die Informationswissenschaften ist dieses Thema hoch relevant. Befasst man sich eingehender damit, so stellt sich einem als Information Professional die Frage, weshalb die Fachgemeinschaft ein Thema mit solch schwerwiegenden Folgen für die Gesellschaft weitestgehend unbeachtet lässt.
  16. Wetzel, D.: Bücher, Spielzeug, Daten, Krieg : Die globalen Software- und Internetriesen drängen in das Geschäft mit »Sicherheit«. (2019) 0.01 
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    Abstract
    Menschen in Deutschland ist Amazon vor allem bekannt als Onlinehändler, der ihnen fast alles nach Hause liefert: Bücher und Küchengeräte, Musik, Spielzeug und Möbel. Doch ist der USTechnologiekonzern mehr als ein riesiges Versandhaus - er ist auch ein gigantischer Datenspeicher. Diese Speicher nutzen inzwischen auch die Polizei, die Geheimdienste - und bald vielleicht auch das US-Militär. Zwischen den großen Cloud-Anbietern ist ein Kampf um einen Großauftrag entbrannt, mit dem das Pentagon seine weltweite Kriegsführung optimieren will. Amazon hat gute Chancen. Die »Neue Osnabrücker Zeitung« hatte Anfang März unter Berufung auf Behördenangaben berichtet, dass Amazons Tochterunternehmen Amazon Web Services die Bodycam-Aufnahmen der deutschen Bundespolizei auf ihren Cloudservern speichert. Damit ist die Bundespolizei nicht allein. Die CIA schloss schon 2013 einen Vertrag über etwa eine halbe Milliarde Dollar mit Amazon ab. Seitdem werden Daten des US-Geheimdienstes in der Cloud von Amazon gespeichert.
  17. Grassegger, H.; Krogerus, M.: Ich habe nur gezeigt, dass es die Bombe gibt (2016) 0.01 
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    Content
    Vgl. auch: https://netzpolitik.org/2016/analyse-von-spiegel-online-so-tickt-deutschlands-groesste-nachrichtenseite/.
  18. Hitchcock, S.; Bergmark, D.; Brody, T.; Gutteridge, C.; Carr, L.; Hall, W.; Lagoze, C.; Harnad, S.: Open citation linking : the way forward (2002) 0.01 
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    Abstract
    The speed of scientific communication - the rate of ideas affecting other researchers' ideas - is increasing dramatically. The factor driving this is free, unrestricted access to research papers. Measurements of user activity in mature eprint archives of research papers such as arXiv have shown, for the first time, the degree to which such services support an evolving network of texts commenting on, citing, classifying, abstracting, listing and revising other texts. The Open Citation project has built tools to measure this activity, to build new archives, and has been closely involved with the development of the infrastructure to support open access on which these new services depend. This is the story of the project, intertwined with the concurrent emergence of the Open Archives Initiative (OAI). The paper describes the broad scope of the project's work, showing how it has progressed from early demonstrators of reference linking to produce Citebase, a Web-based citation and impact-ranked search service, and how it has supported the development of the EPrints.org software for building OAI-compliant archives. The work has been underpinned by analysis and experiments on the semantics of documents (digital objects) to determine the features required for formally perfect linking - instantiated as an application programming interface (API) for reference linking - that will enable other applications to build on this work in broader digital library information environments.
  19. Beuth, P.: ¬Das Netz der Welt : Lobos Webciety (2009) 0.00 
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    Content
    "Es gibt Menschen, für die ist "offline" keine Option. Sascha Lobo ist so jemand. Zwölf bis 14 Stunden täglich verbringt er im Internet. "Offline sein ist wie Luft anhalten", hat er mal geschrieben. Der Berliner ist eine große Nummer in der Internet-Gemeinde, er ist Blogger, Buchautor, Journalist und Werbetexter. Er ist Mitarbeiter der Firma "Zentrale Intelligenz-Agentur", hat für das Blog Riesenmaschine den Grimme-Online-Award bekommen, seine Bücher ("Dinge geregelt kriegen - ohne einen Funken Selbstdisziplin") haben Kultstatus. Und politisch aktiv ist er auch: Er sitzt im Online-Beirat der SPD. Für die Cebit 2009 hat er den Bereich Webciety konzipiert. Dazu gehört der "Messestand der Zukunft", wie er sagt. Alles, was der Aussteller mitbringen muss, ist ein Laptop. Youtube wird dort vertreten sein, die Macher des Social Bookmarking-Werkzeugs "Mister Wong", aber auch Vertreter von DNAdigital, einer Plattform, auf der sich Unternehmen und Jugendliche über die Entwicklung des Internets austauschen. Webciety ist ein Kunstbegriff, der sich aus Web und Society zusammensetzt, und die vernetzte Gesellschaft bedeutet. Ein Großteil der sozialen Kommunikation - vor allem innerhalb einer Altersstufe - findet inzwischen im Netz statt. Dabei sind es nicht nur die Teenager, die sich bei SchülerVZ anmelden, oder die BWL-Studenten, die bei Xing berufliche Kontakte knüpfen wollen. Laut der aktuellen Studie "Digitales Leben" der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München ist jeder zweite deutsche Internetnutzer in mindestens einem Online-Netzwerk registriert. "Da kann man schon sehen, dass ein gewisser Umschwung in der gesamten Gesellschaft zu bemerken ist. Diesen Umschwung kann man durchaus auch auf der Cebit würdigen", sagt Lobo. Er hat angeblich 80 Prozent seiner Freunde online kennen gelernt. "Das hätte ich nicht gemacht, wenn ich nichts von mir ins Netz gestellt hätte." Für ihn sind die Internet-Netzwerke aber keineswegs die Fortsetzung des Poesiealbums mit anderen Mitteln: "Wovor man sich hüten sollte, ist, für alles, was im Netz passiert, Entsprechungen in der Kohlenstoffwelt zu finden. Eine Email ist eben kein Brief, eine SMS ist keine Postkarte."
  20. Landwehr, A.: China schafft digitales Punktesystem für den "besseren" Menschen (2018) 0.00 
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    Date
    22. 6.2018 14:29:46

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