Search (223 results, page 2 of 12)

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Footnote

Rez. in: JASIST 56(2005) no.11, S.1237-1238 (E. Yakel): "This book provides the profession with a cogent, thorough, and thoughtful introduction to digital reference. Janes not only provides the breadth of coverage expected in an introduction, but also depth into this important topic. Janes' approach is managerial or administrative, providing guidelines for reference work that can be applied in different settings. Janes creates a decision-making framework to help reference librarians make decisions concerning how, to what extent, and in what cases digital reference services will be delivered. In this way, Janes avoids dictating a "one-size-fits-all" model. This approach is the major strength of the book. Library administrators and heads of reference services will find the administrative approach welcome by helping them think through which digital reference policies and methods will best target core constituencies and their institutional environments. However, the book deserves a broader audience as professors will find that the book fits nicely in a general reference course. For all readers, the book is readable and engaging and also challenging and questioning. The book begins with a history of reference work, nicely positioning digital reference in this tradition and noting the changes wrought by the digital age. By doing this, the author establishes both continuity and change in reference work as well as the values surrounding this activity. These values are largely those from the library community and Support people's access to information as well as activities that support the use of information. Janes closes this chapter by noting that the continuing changes in demographics, technology, and connectivity will impact reference work in ways that are not yet imaginable. This introduction sets the tone for the rest of the book. Janes defines digital reference service as "the use of digital technologies and resources to provide direct, professional assistance to people who are seeking information, wherever and whenever they need it" (p. 29). This definition covers a lot of ground. Examples include everything from a public library answering email queries to commercial ask-an-expert services. While the primary audience is librarians, Janes continually reminds readers that many others perform reference activities an the World Wide Web. Furthermore, he cautions readers that there are larger forces shaping this activity in the world that need to acknowledged. In building a framework for decision-making, Janes outlines the types of digital reference service. This discussion covers the communieations modes, such as e-mail, chat, Web forms, etc. It also analyzes the modalities by which reference service is delivered: synchronous/ asynchronous. Using these two dimensions (communication method and synchronous/asynchronous), Janes presents the variety of contexts in which digital reference can take place and then outlines the strengths and weaknesses of each of these. This translates into a decision-making framework by which readers analyze their particular setting and then select the modes and modalities that world be most effective. This is a powerful device and demonstrates the many options (and perhaps also the obstacles) for providing digital reference service.
The discussion of modes for digital reference world be incomplete without focusing an the technologies that support this activity. E-mail, Web forms, chat, instant messaging, and videoconferencing, as well as the call center based software, are now being adapted for use in libraries. The book discusses the technologies currently available and an the horizon to support digital reference services. While these sections of the book may not age well, they will provide us with a historical glimpse of the nascent development of such tools and how they were used at the beginning of the digital reference age. True to the emphasis an decision-making, the chapter an technology includes a list of functions that reference librarians world want in software to support digital reference. While no current applications have all of these features, this list provides librarians with some ideas concerning possible features that can be prioritized to aid in a selection process. Despite the emphasis an technology, Janes contextualizes this discussion with several significant issues relating to its implementation. These include everything from infrastructure, collaborative service standards, service design, user authentication, and user expectations. The sections an collaborative service models and service design are particularly interesting since they are both in their infancy. Readers wanting an answer or the "best" design of either institutional or collaborative digital reference service will be disappointed. However, raising these considerations is important and Janes points out how crucial these issues will be as online reference service matures. User authentication in the context of reference service is especially tricky since tensions can emerge between license agreements and the range of people who may or may not be covered by these contracts querying reference librarians. Finally, no discussion of digital reference is complete without a discussion of the possibility of 24/7 reference service and the ensuing user expectations. While Janes has no answers to the dilemmas these raise, he does alert libraries providing digital reference services to some of the realities. One is that libraries will get a broader range of questions, which could impact staff time, collection development to support these questions, and necessitate either a confirmation of priorities or a reprioritization of activities. Another reality is that the users of digital reference services may never have partaken of their services before. In fact, for libraries funded to serve a particular constituency (public libraries, academic libraries) this influx of users raises questions about levels of service, funding, and policy. Finally, in keeping with the underlying theme of values that pervades the book, Janes points out the deeper issues related to technology such as increasing ability to track users an the web. While he realizes that anonymous information about those who ask reference questions world provide reference librarians with a great deal of information to hone services and better serve constituencies, he is well aware of the dangers involved in collectiog patron information in electronic form.
Given that the Web is constantly changing, Janes turns bis focus to the future of digital reference. Topics include changes in reference practice, restructuring resource utilization, and the evolving reference interview. These are crucial dimensions of digital reference practice that require attention. The most intriguing of these is the changing nature of the interaction with the patron. The majority of digital reference takes place without physical, aural, or visual eines to gauge understanding or to sense conclusion of the interaction. While Janes provides some guidelines for both digital reference interviewing and Web forms, he honestly admits that reference interviewing in the technologically mediated environment requires additional study in both the asynchronous and particularly synchronous communication modalities. As previously noted, Janes is as concerned about developing the infrastructure for digital reference, as he is about the service itself. By infrastructure, Janes means not only the technological infrastructure, but also the people and the institution. In discussing the need for institutionalization of digital reference, he discusses (re)training reference staff, staffing models, and institutionalizing the service. The section an institutionalizing the service itself is particularly strong and presents a 10-step planning process for libraries to follow as they consider developing online services. The book ends with some final thoughts and exhortations to the readers. The author, as in the rest of the book, encourages experimentation, innovation, and risk taking. These are not characteristics that are automatically associated with librarians, but these qualities are not alien to readers either. The theme of planning and the value of connecting people with information pervade this chapter. In this closing, Janes subtly tells readers that his guidelines and proposals are just that-there is no magic bullet here. But he does argue that there has been good work done and some models that can be adopted, adapted, and improved (and then hopefully shared with others). In the end, Janes leaves readers with a feeling that there is a place for library reference service in the digital realm. Furthermore, he is convinced that the knowledge and skills of reference librarians are translatable into this arena. By focusing an the institutionalization of digital reference services, Janes is trying to get libraries to better position themselves in the virtual world, beside the commercial services and the plethora of Web-based information competing for the patrons' attention."

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Abstract

Reports on a small-scale experiment designed to assess the performance of the freely available digital reference services. Ten questions - five purely fact-finding, and five on the subject of political affairs - were submitted to three digital reference services (DRS), namely, AllExperts, Ask a Librarian, and UCLA E-Mail Reference Service. The findings show that DRS deliver generally accurate information although the time taken to do so varies both between services and within a particular service. The collaborative nature of such endeavours is also likely to continue as individual institutions seek to limit the expense they incur. Instructing users on how to find information independently has always been one of the hallmarks of academic reference services, and this has to be given priority in a digital environment.

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Abstract

This study analyzes to which degree the question types addressed to a digital reference service run by a consortium of public libraries have changed between the Years 1999 and 2006. The data consist of representative samples of reference questions to a Finnish Ask a Librarian digital reference service in the years studied. Questions were classified based on a taxonomy refining earlier major taxonomies. The proportion of ready reference questions had increased from 33 to 45% whereas the proportion of subject-based research questions had decreased from 57 to 47%. Among the former, fact-finding questions had especially increased, and among the latter, topical search questions had decreased. These changes in the popularity of question types are likely related to the way people are searching on the Internet. It is concluded that the Internet has somewhat reduced the traditional role of public libraries in mediated topical searching.

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Abstract

Purpose - To provide a historical look at the development of web versions of reference materials and discuss what makes an easy-to-use and useful electronic handbook. Design/methodology/approach - Electronic reference materials were limited to handbooks available on the web. Observations and assumptions about usability are tested with an information retrieval test for specific tasks in print and online editions of the same texts. Findings - Recommended adoption of those elements which create a well-designed book in combination with robust search capabilities and online presentation result in an easy-to-use and useful electronic reference source. Research limitations/implications - The small sample size that was used for testing limits the ability to draw conclusions, and is used only as an indication of the differences between models. A more thorough look at difference between electronic book aggregates, such as ENGnetBASE, Knovel® and Referex would highlight the best features for electronic reference materials. Practical implications - Advantages to particular models for electronic reference publishing are discussed, raising awareness for product evaluation. Areas of development for electronic reference book publishers or providers are identified. Work in these areas would help ensure maximum efficiency through cross title searching via meta-searching and data manipulation. Originality/value - The paper presents results from some human computer interaction studies about electronic books which have been implemented in a web interface, and the positive effects achieved.

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Abstract

Purpose - In a 31-month period, 1,184 questions addressed to the Internet Public Library's (IPL) reference service remained unanswered on the grounds that they were "out of scope". This paper aims to analyze the questions as artifacts of users' expectations to better chart the distinction between user and librarian views of reference service. Design/methodology/approach - Each question is examined to identify two user expectations, i.e. what kinds of information librarians could provide and what kinds of needs librarians could help meet. Emergent coding with a code-recode rate of 97 per cent identifies 23 types of expected librarian assistance and 28 characteristics of expected applications of that assistance. Findings - Users expect IPL librarians to provide personal advice, analysis, facts, procedures, instruction, technology guidance and evaluation. IPL librarians are expected to help users in making decisions, solving problems, completing processes and developing understanding. Research limitations/implications - Limitations include the use of a single coder and the use of single institution's data set. Mapping these user expectations suggests a need for librarians to consider further development of reference service in terms of its judgment, form, and involvement parameters. Practical implications - Reference service policies and training should be examined to enhance librarians' abilities to consider judgment, form, and involvement parameters primarily from the user's perspective. Originality/value - This paper analyzes that which is rarely seen, i.e. e-mail reference questions which are considered beyond the scope of service. Additionally, the IPL question pool provides a broader range of user mental models than would be found in any geographically bound institution.

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Abstract

The Internet is increasingly being used as a source of reference information. Internet users need to be able to distinguish accurate information from inaccurate information. Toward this end, information professionals have published checklists for evaluating information. However, such checklists can be effective only if the proposed indicators of accuracy really do indicate accuracy. This study implements a technique for testing such indicators of accuracy and uses it to test indicators of accuracy for answers to ready reference questions. Many of the commonly proposed indicators of accuracy (e.g., that the Web site does not contain advertising) were not found to be correlated with accuracy. However, the link structure of the Internet can be used to identify Web sites that are more likely to contain accurate reference information.

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Abstract

Amerikanische Bibliotheken sind im Internet nicht nur durch ihre Kataloge präsent, sondern bieten mit Digital Reference weitere Informationsdienstleistungen in diesem Medium an. Auskunft per E-Mail, Web-Formular und Chat sowie schließlich via Web Contact Center markieren die bisherigen Entwicklungsstufen. Web Contact Center wurden ursprünglich im Kontext von E-Commerce entwickelt. Sie umfassen eine Vielzahl von kommunikativen und kollaborativen Tools. Bibliotheken tragen damit der veränderten Medienkultur Rechnung und können den Herausforderungen der Informationsgesellschaft gerecht werden.

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Abstract

This article discusses the history and emergence of non-library commercial and noncommercial information services on the World Wide Web. These services are referred to as "expert services," while the term "digital reference" is reserved for library-related on-line information services. Following suggestions in library and information literature regarding quality standards for digital reference, researchers make clear the importance of developing a practicable methodology for critical examination of expert services, and consideration of their relevance to library and other professional information services. A methodology for research in this area and initial data are described. Two hundred forty questions were asked of 20 expert service sites. Findings include performance measures such as response rate, response time, and verifiable answers. Sites responded to 70% of all questions, and gave verifiable answers to 69% of factual questions. Performance was generally highest for factual type questions. Because expert services are likely to continue to fill a niche for factual questions in the digital reference environment, implications for further research and the development of digital reference services may be appropriately turned to source questions. This is contrary to current practice and the emergence of digital reference services reported in related literature thus far.

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Abstract

Reports on the performance of five free digital reference services (DRS) in answering ten reference questions. The first five questions were of a simple, factual, nature which should have ready answers. The second set of five were based on the subject of film studies. The answers to these questions varied from a simple one- or two-word response, to more extensive information, such as question 10. This study notes the use of various delivery methods for DRS: chat, Web forms, e-mail. It outlines the individual and co-operative approaches; and the challenges posed to the academic libraries by the so-called expert services. This study also intends to check if the services would ask for further information to ensure accuracy or simply provide the best answer based on the first query. It finds that there is often a trade-off between speed of response and quality or accuracy of response.

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Abstract

The use of various Internet services by library cataloguers and subject classifiers is discussed, with special reference to Scotland and the remainder of the United Kingdom. Services include e-mail, FTP, and Websites

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Content

Bibliotheken weltweit befinden sich im Wandel. Der Trend der Nutzer, Informationen immer häufiger zuerst, und teilweise sogar ausschließlich, im Internet zu suchen, erfordert Veränderungen in der Konzeption des bibliothekarischen Informationsdienstes. Um den Nutzer dann und dort zu erreichen, wo er Hilfe benötigt, bieten viele Bibliotheken bereits Digital Reference Service, digitalen Auskunftsdienst, an. Zumeist erfolgt dieser allerdings institutionsbezogen von einzelnen Bibliotheken, die dadurch auf synergetische Effekte und Vorteile durch Zusammenarbeit verzichten. Abhilfe könnten Informationsverbünde schaffen, in denen mehrere Bibliotheken arbeitsteilig digitalen Auskunftsdienst anbieten. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, die Entwicklung solcher Digital Reference Konsortien in den USA näher zu beleuchten. Um den Einstieg in die Thematik zu erleichtern, werden in einem theoretischen Teil zuerst die Begrifflichkeiten geklärt und die verschiedenen Formen des Digital Reference Service dargestellt. Im weiteren Verlauf der Arbeit wird dann die praktische Anwendung des digitalen Informationsdienstes diskutiert. Zu diesem Zweck wurden repräsentativ zwei innovative US-amerikanische Projekte ausgewählt, die detailliert vorgestellt werden. Ein kurzer Überblick über die historische Entwicklung digitaler Informationsverbünde in den USA soll dabei als Hintergrund für die Einordnung der präsentierten Dienste dienen. Die Erfahrungen, die in diesen sehr unterschiedlichen Projekten gemacht worden sind, dienen anschließend als Basis für Überlegungen, wie derartige Konsortien in Deutschland aufgebaut werden könnten. Organisatorische und strukturelle Anregungen an das deutsche Bibliothekswesen zum Aufbau von kooperativen digitalen Auskunftsdiensten runden die vorliegende Arbeit ab.

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Abstract

Seit dem Beginn der Neunzigerjahre überlegen Bibliothekare weltweit, wie sie ihr Wissen kooperativ einsetzen können, um Auskunftsfragen effektiv und in hoher Qualität, auch mithilfe des Internet, beantworten zu können. Einige Projekte, wie die Internet Public Library, wurden in diesem Zusammenhang realisiert. Nunmehr zwei Jahre ist es her, dass ein internationales Projekt, der Collaborative Digital Reference Service (CDRS), begann, seine Dienste anzubieten. Die Idee ist eine weltweite Arbeitsteilung zwischen Bibliotheken, um auf jede Frage eine Antwort geben zu können. Die Zentral- und Landesbibliothek Berlin ist die einzige Bibliothek in Deutschland, die mitarbeitet und über erste Erfahrungen berichten kann.

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Abstract

Research is divided about the potential of e-service to bridge communication gaps, particularly to diverse user groups. According to the existing body of literature, e-service may either increase or decrease the quality of service received. This study analyzes the level of service received by different genders and ethnic groups when academic and public librarians answered 676 online reference queries. Quality of e-service was evaluated along three dimensions: timely response, reliability, and courtesy. This study found no significant differences among different user groups along any of these dimensions, supporting the argument that the virtual environment facilitates equitable service and may overcome some challenges of diverse user groups.

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Abstract

Die Hyperlinktechnologie des WWW wird von immer mehr bibliographischen Datenbanken genützt, um eine schnelle und umfassende Information und vor allem einen unmittelbaren Zugang zu den Informationsdokumenten wie Aufsätzen, Reports usw. anzubieten. Die Rechercheergebnisse einer webbasierten Datenbank sind dementsprechend oft mit einer ganzen Reihe von Hyperlinks ausgestattet. So gibt es in vielen Datenbanken Hyperlinks, die zu den Standortnachweisen von Zeitschriften in einem Verbundkatalog oder evtl. zur elektronischen Version einer Zeitschrift, d.h. zu deren Homepage, hinführen. In manchen Datenbanken führen Hyperlinks auch unmittelbar zum Volltext des einzelnen Artikels hin. Bei dieser mit dem englischen Fachausdruck Reference Linking bezeichneten bibliographischen Verknüpfungstechnik entsteht das Problem, wie ein auf einer Webseite zitierter oder von einer Datenbank als Treffer angezeigter Aufsatz so mit einer URL verbunden werden kann, dass als Ziel des Hyperlinks z.B. die entsprechende elektronische Version angesteuert oder der Bestandsnachweis der angegebenen Zeitschrift in einem Online-Katalog ermittelt wird. Eine akzeptable Lösung des Problems wäre eine standardisierte und frei zugängliche Art der URL-Adresse, ein sogen. OpenURL, der universell einsetzbar ist. Datenbanken, in denen diese Verknüpfungen bereits integriert sind, verwenden vielfach den DOI oder andere Metadaten in ihren Hyperlinkadressen. Der wesentliche Unterschied zwischen DOI und OpenURL besteht darin, dass die Daten für den DOI intern von den Datenbankanbietern vergeben werden, während die Daten für den OpenURL aus jedem einfachen Zitat genommen werden können. Daher ist der OpenURL leicht verwendbar und verknüpfbar, während die Verwendung des DOI in Verknüpfungssystemen davon abhängig ist, ob in dem Originaldokument bzw. der originalen Trefferanzeige ein solcher DOI auch angezeigt wird, was nicht immer der Fall ist. Selbst wenn in kommerziellen Datenbanken eine Verknüpfung mit elektronischen Zeitschriften integriert ist, zeigen diese meist keine Limitierung auf einen lokal verfügbaren Bestand an, so dass eine etwa vorhandene Zugänglichkeit auf Grund einer Subskription nicht erkennbar ist und die Verknüpfung oft ins Leere geht. Zudem führt ein Hyperlink oft nur dann auf den für eine Bibliothek verfügbaren Volltext, wenn die betreffende Zeitschrift beim Datenbankanbieter registriert ist. Die Linksysteme des Multisuchsystems E-Connect sind so konzipiert, dass sie durch ein vorangehendes Suchverfahren in einer Bestandsliste einen tatsächlichen (nicht bloß potentiellen!) Verfügbarkeitsnachweis für eine bestimmte Bibliothek herstellen. Dadurch ist sofort ein Überblick über evtl. zugängliche Volltexte vorhanden. Durch ein speziell von mir entwickeltes Verknüpfungsverfahren über die OpenURLs bzw. die Suchsysteme der Verlage und Gesellschaften ist außerdem der direkte Zugang zum Volltext möglich, unabhängig von einer etwaigen Registrierung und unabhängig davon, ob überhaupt in der Datenbank eine Verbindung zur betreffenden Zeitschrift besteht. Von dem Zugang zum Volltext abgesehen ist außerdem eine Verbindung eines angezeigten Treffers mit Verbundkatalogen wünschenswert, was von Datenbanken bisher nur wenig, von diesen Linksystemen aber durchweg realisiert wird. Das ist insofern wichtig, als es für viele Zeitschriften entweder überhaupt keine E-Version gibt oder keine Subskription vorliegt, so dass man auf die Printversion zurückgreifen muß. Bei einer Verbindung zum OPAC besteht außerdem auch vielfach die Möglichkeit einer Online-Bestellung, wodurch das Bestellverfahren beschleunigt und vereinfacht wird.

Date

22. 6.2003 12:20:08

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Footnote

The chapter concludes with an appendix of search tips that even seasoned searchers will appreciate; these tips cover the complete search process, from preparation to the examination of results. Chapter six is appropriately entitled "Around the Corner," as it provides the reader with a glimpse of the future of subject access for the Web. Text mining, visualization, machine-aided indexing, and other topics are raised here to whet the reader's appetite for what is yet to come. As the author herself notes in these final pages, librarians will likely increase the depth of their collaboration with software engineers, knowledge managers and others outside of the traditional library community, and thereby push the boundaries of subject access for the digital world. This final chapter leaves this reviewer wanting a second volume of the book, one that might explore these additional topics, as they evolve over the coming years. One characteristic of any book that addresses trends related to the Internet is how quickly the text becomes dated. However, as the author herself asserts, there are core principles related to subject analysis that stand the test of time, leaving the reader with a text that may be generalized well beyond the publication date. In this, Schwartz's text is similar to other recent publications (e.g., Jakob Nielsen's Web Usability, also published in 2001) that acknowledge the mutability of the Web, and therefore discuss core principles and issues that may be applied as the medium itself evolves. This approach to the writing makes this a useful book for those teaching in the areas of subject analysis, information retrieval and Web development for possible consideration as a course text. Although the websites used here may need to be supplemented with more current examples in the classroom, the core content of the book will be relevant for many years to come. Although one might expect that any book taking subject access as its focus world, itself, be easy to navigate, this is not always the case. In this text, however, readers will be pleased to find that no small detail in content access has been spared. The subject Index is thorough and well-crafted, and the inclusion of an exhaustive author index is particularly useful for quick reference. In addition, the table of contents includes sub-themes for each chapter, and a complete table of figures is provided. While the use of colour figures world greatly enhance the text, all black-andwhite images are clear and sharp, a notable fact given that most of the figures are screen captures of websites or database entries. In addition, the inclusion of comprehensive reference lists at the close of each chapter makes this a highly readable text for students and instructors alike; each section of the book can stand as its own "expert review" of the topic at hand. In both content and structure this text is highly recommended. It certainly meets its intended goal of providing a timely introduction to the methods and problems of subject access in the Web environment, and does so in a way that is readable, interesting and engaging."

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Abstract

We present a novel session identification method based an statistical language modeling. Unlike standard timeout methods, which use fixed time thresholds for session identification, we use an information theoretic approach that yields more robust results for identifying session boundaries. We evaluate our new approach by learning interesting association rules from the segmented session files. We then compare the performance of our approach to three standard session identification methods-the standard timeout method, the reference length method, and the maximal forward reference method-and find that our statistical language modeling approach generally yields superior results. However, as with every method, the performance of our technique varies with changing parameter settings. Therefore, we also analyze the influence of the two key factors in our language-modeling-based approach: the choice of smoothing technique and the language model order. We find that all standard smoothing techniques, save one, perform weIl, and that performance is robust to language model order.

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Abstract

Current model-driven Web engineering approaches provide methods and compilers for the effective design and development of Web applications. However, these proposals also have some limitations, especially when it comes to exchanging model specifications or adding further concerns such as architectural styles, technology independence, or distribution. One solution to these issues is based on the possibility of making Web proposals interoperate, being able to complement each other, and to exchange models between their tools. We analyze how a common reference model shared by Web engineering proposals can be effectively used to achieve the desired interoperability. We also examine how such a common reference model can be used to combine models coming from different proposals, and discuss the problems that can occur when integrating these separate models. Finally, we show how high-level model transformations allow to efficiently solving these problems.

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Abstract

When we were all facing the turn of the century and the somewhat larger turn of the millennium, we left behind epochs of colonialism, imperialism, capitalism, nazism and racialism. Not that the ideologies mentioned does no longer exist, but their impact as grand narratives has gone and they now exist as fragmented discursive parts of their former, illusive hegemony. Parts that have been thrown into the pits of post modern complexity. The 21st century holds no answers, no new meaning, at most it provides human communication a certain self reflectivity due to the increasing egocentrism and individuality of people (i.e. still mostly western people). Another symptom of the loss of grand narratives is a feeling of loss of meaning in everyday life, as well as the state of democracies around the world. Democracy shivers in its void between anarchy and repressive dictatorship. The description 'information age' provides the times we are in with a useful sticker. It tents both back in time e.g. the late 20, century digitalisation and forward in time by givingr origin to the contemporary discourse of social semantics i.e. Dream society, Knowledge society, Post modern society, Risk society, Hypercomplex society etc. The phrase 'information age' implied the introduction of a paradigm shift, and now it is still here showing that paradigms do not shift, they slide. This paper outlines a manifest for librarians and librarianship of the information age. The information age puts the spotlight on the librarian, both regarding classical tasks such as classification and cataloguing as well as new tasks such as systems analysis and design or database searching.

Date

22. 7.2009 11:23:22

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Abstract

The speed of scientific communication - the rate of ideas affecting other researchers' ideas - is increasing dramatically. The factor driving this is free, unrestricted access to research papers. Measurements of user activity in mature eprint archives of research papers such as arXiv have shown, for the first time, the degree to which such services support an evolving network of texts commenting on, citing, classifying, abstracting, listing and revising other texts. The Open Citation project has built tools to measure this activity, to build new archives, and has been closely involved with the development of the infrastructure to support open access on which these new services depend. This is the story of the project, intertwined with the concurrent emergence of the Open Archives Initiative (OAI). The paper describes the broad scope of the project's work, showing how it has progressed from early demonstrators of reference linking to produce Citebase, a Web-based citation and impact-ranked search service, and how it has supported the development of the EPrints.org software for building OAI-compliant archives. The work has been underpinned by analysis and experiments on the semantics of documents (digital objects) to determine the features required for formally perfect linking - instantiated as an application programming interface (API) for reference linking - that will enable other applications to build on this work in broader digital library information environments.