Search (450 results, page 1 of 23)

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Abstract

If mass communications researchers continue to disregard reesrach into the Internet, their theories about communication will become less useful. Proposes a conceptualization of the Internet as a mass medium, based on revision of what constitutes a mass audience and a mediating technology

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Imprint

Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley

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Imprint

Cambridge, Mass. : Thinking Machines Corporation

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Abstract

Discusses the WWW as an information system available to the mass, not the WWW as a general user interface. Discusses use quality, system success and user satisfaction models based on traditional information systems. Suggests useful features in service marketing models to be included in quality models for mass information systems like the Web. Satisfaction measures from service marketing should be taken into account as an information system and especially a mass information system like the WWW provides information services for the user

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Abstract

Examines the problem of a compelling online news delivery system by focusing on how mass media audiences and online users differ in their assessment of news. It employed a 2-wave USA national survey to study the perception of interactivity in mass media and computer networks and its relationship to the assessment of news. The 1st wave looked a national probability sample, ahile the 2nd targeted viewers of NBC Nightly News who responded to the show via e-mail. NBC respondents rated mass media to be less interactive, while they rated computer communication more interactive than the national sample. The NBC group also rated mass media news less important and of lower quality than did the national sample. Interactivity ratings did not predict mass media credibility assessment for either group. However, respondents who defined interactivity as cybernetic feedback or who contacted NBC by e-mail rated computer communication to be more credible than thos who did not

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Footnote

Chapter 2 (Technology and People) focuses an several theories of technological acceptance and diffusion. Unfortunately, Bruce's presentation is somewhat confusing as he moves from one theory to next, never quite connecting them into a logical sequence or coherent whole. Two theories are of particular interest to Bruce: the Theory of Diffusion of Innovations and the Theory of Planned Behavior. The Theory of Diffusion of Innovations is an "information-centric view of technology acceptance" in which technology adopters are placed in the information flows of society from which they learn about innovations and "drive innovation adoption decisions" (p. 20). The Theory of Planned Behavior maintains that the "performance of a behavior is a joint function of intentions and perceived behavioral control" (i.e., how muck control a person thinks they have) (pp. 22-23). Bruce combines these two theories to form the basis for the Technology Acceptance Model. This model posits that "an individual's acceptance of information technology is based an beliefs, attitudes, intentions, and behaviors" (p. 24). In all these theories and models echoes a recurring theme: "individual perceptions of the innovation or technology are critical" in terms of both its characteristics and its use (pp. 24-25). From these, in turn, Bruce derives a predictive theory of the role personal perceptions play in technology adoption: Personal Innovativeness of Information Technology Adoption (PIITA). Personal inventiveness is defined as "the willingness of an individual to try out any new information technology" (p. 26). In general, the PIITA theory predicts that information technology will be adopted by individuals that have a greater exposure to mass media, rely less an the evaluation of information technology by others, exhibit a greater ability to cope with uncertainty and take risks, and requires a less positive perception of an information technology prior to its adoption. Chapter 3 (A Focus an Usings) introduces the User-Centered Paradigm (UCP). The UCP is characteristic of the shift of emphasis from technology to users as the driving force behind technology and research agendas for Internet development [for a dissenting view, see Andrew Dillion's (2003) challenge to the utility of user-centerness for design guidance]. It entails the "broad acceptance of the user-oriented perspective across a range of disciplines and professional fields," such as business, education, cognitive engineering, and information science (p. 34).
The UCP's effect an business practices is focused mainly in the management and marketing areas. Marketing experienced a shift from "product-oriented operations" with its focus an "selling the products' features" and customer contact only at the point of sale toward more service-Centered business practice ("customer Jemand orientation") and the development of one-to-one customer relationships (pp. 35-36). For management, the adoption of the UCP caused a shift from "mechanistic, bureaucratic, top-down organizational structures" to "flatter, inclusive, and participative" ones (p. 37). In education, practice shifted from the teachercentered model where the "teacher is responsible for and makes all the decisions related to the learning environment" to a learnercentered model where the student is "responsible for his or her own learning" and the teacher focuses an "matching learning events to the individual skills, aptitudes, and interests of the individual learner" (pp. 38-39). Cognitive engineering saw the rise of "user-Centered design" and human factors that were concerned with applying "scientific knowledge of humans to the design of man-machine interface systems" (p. 44). The UCP had a great effect an Information Science in the "design of information systems" (p. 47). Previous to UCP's explicit proposed by Brenda Dervin and M. Nilan in 1986, systems design was dominated by the "physical of system oriented paradigm" (p. 48). The physical paradigm held a positivistic and materialistic view of technology and (passive) human interaction as exemplified by the 1953 Cranfield tests of information retrieval mechanisms. Instead, the UCP focuses an "users rather than systems" by making the perceptions of individual information users the "centerpiece consideration for information service and system design" (pp. 47-48). Bruce briefly touches an the various schools of thought within user-oriented paradigm, such as the cognitive/self studies approach with its emphasis is an an individual's knowledge structures or model of the world [e.g., Belkin (1990)], the cognitve/context studies approach that focuses an "context in explaining variations in information behavior" [e.g., Savolainen (1995) and Dervin's (1999) sensemaking], and the social constructionism/discourse analytic theory with its focus an that language, not mental/knowledge constructs, as the primary shaper of the world as a system of intersubjective meanings [e.g., Talja 1996], (pp. 53-54). Drawing from the rich tradition of user oriented research, Bruce attempts to gain a metatheoretical understanding of the Internet as a phenomena by combining Dervin's (1996) "micromoments of human usings" with the French philosopher Bruno Latour's (1999) "conception of Circulating reference" to form what 1 term the Metatheory of Circulating Usings (pp. ix, 56, 60). According to Bruce, Latour's concept is designed to bridge "the gap between mind and object" by engaging in a "succession of finely grained transformations that construct and transfer truth about the object" through a chain of "microtranslations" from "matter to form," thereby connecting mind and object (p. 56). The connection works as long as the chain remains unbroken. The nature of this chain of "information producing translations" are such that as one moves away from the object, one experiences a "reduction" of the object's "locality, particularity, materiality, multiplicity and continuity," while simultaneously gaining the "amplification" of its "compatibility, standardization, text, calculation, circulation, and relative universality" (p. 57).

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Abstract

Describes a number of software packages, available either for a fee or gratis, that provide tools to help Internet users when they try to browse through the huge mass of Internet resources for some useful or interesting information

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Abstract

Follows up the common assertion that consumer services will be the major driving force for the information superhighway by discussing the social and political factors likely to influence the rate of progress and the role of major consumer entertainment and information applications. Considers the trends in interactive television and system requirements for 'movies on demand', particularly in university department. Concludes that successful services offered at a price leading to mass demand will be slow in arriving

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Abstract

Most on-line news sources are electronic versions of "ink-on-paper" newspapers. These are versions that have been filtered, from the mass of news produced each day, by an editorial board with a given community profile in mind. As readers, we choose the filter rather than choose the stories. New technology, however, provides the potential for personalized versions to be filtered automatically from this mass of news on the basis of user profiles. People read the news for many reasons: to find out "what's going on," to be knowledgeable members of a community, and because the activity itself is pleasurable. Given this, we ask the question, "How much filtering is acceptable to readers?" In this study, an evaluation of user preference for personal editions versus community editions of on-line news was performed. A personalized edition of a local newspaper was created for each subject based on an elliptical model that combined the user profile and community profile as represented by the full edition of the local newspaper. The amount of emphasis given the user profile and the community profile was varied to test the subjects' reactions to different amounts of personalized filtering. The task was simply, "read the news," rather than any subject specific information retrieval task. The results indicate that users prefer the coarse-grained community filters to fine-grained personalized filters

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Abstract

Considers ways in which the knowledgeable use of the Internet could develop in academic institutions for various research fields and then diffuse across the loosely coupled scholarly communication system. Considers ways in which the scholarly system may become Balkanized into autonomous, even antagonistic, cultures or camps based on differing technological competencies and interests. Describes 3 overlapping models of innovation (new technology) diffusion in relation to the Internet: individual threshols, critical mass, and the stregth of weak ties. Draws 2 contrasting scenarios of a Balkanized system: separate tables and braking mechanisms. Discusses the prospective role of academic librarians in electronic development of the scholarly system and presents a note on future research

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Abstract

The Internet forms a new medium for communication and the distribution of information. Examines roles for libraries in the new environment in light of the history of mass media broadcasters and their relationship with advertisers, and sponsors. Draws conclusions about legal and economic changes brought about by networking: the breakdown of the interlibrary loan system for access to networked resources, costs of electronic information and attemps to market information directly to consumers

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Abstract

The vast, uncontrolled, mass of data available on the Internet poses specific problems for librarians, and in particular for cataloguers. In addition to problems of scale, quality and stability of the information available electronically, the British Library has concerns peculiar to a national archive. The Electronic Media Group (EMG) within the Cataloguing Department at the British Library has been addressing some of these issues while investigating the cataloguing of works in new forms. Outlines some of the problems addressed and gives brief overviews of similar work and experiments discivered by the EMG as being conducted by other cataloguers and information scientists in this field

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Abstract

Social media connected the world--and gave rise to fake news and increasing polarization. Now a leading researcher at MIT draws on 20 years of research to show how these trends threaten our political, economic, and emotional health in this eye-opening exploration of the dark side of technological progress. Today we have the ability, unprecedented in human history, to amplify our interactions with each other through social media. It is paramount, MIT social media expert Sinan Aral says, that we recognize the outsized impact social media has on our culture, our democracy, and our lives in order to steer today's social technology toward good, while avoiding the ways it can pull us apart. Otherwise, we could fall victim to what Aral calls "The Hype Machine." As a senior researcher of the longest-running study of fake news ever conducted, Aral found that lies spread online farther and faster than the truth--a harrowing conclusion that was featured on the cover of Science magazine. Among the questions Aral explores following twenty years of field research: Did Russian interference change the 2016 election? And how is it affecting the vote in 2020? Why does fake news travel faster than the truth online? How do social ratings and automated sharing determine which products succeed and fail? How does social media affect our kids? First, Aral links alarming data and statistics to three accelerating social media shifts: hyper-socialization, personalized mass persuasion, and the tyranny of trends. Next, he grapples with the consequences of the Hype Machine for elections, businesses, dating, and health. Finally, he maps out strategies for navigating the Hype Machine, offering his singular guidance for managing social media to fulfill its promise going forward. Rarely has a book so directly wrestled with the secret forces that drive the news cycle every day"

Content

Inhalt: Pandemics, Promise, and Peril -- The New Social Age -- The End of Reality -- The Hype Machine -- Your Brain on Social Media -- A Network's Gravity is Proportional to Its Mass -- Personalized Mass Persuasion -- Hypersocialization -- Strategies for a Hypersocialized World -- The Attention Economy and the Tyranny of Trends -- The Wisdom and Madness of Crowds -- Social Media's Promise Is Also Its Peril -- Building a Better Hype Machine.

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Date

22. 2.1997 19:50:29

Source

Cogito. 1997, H.1, S.22-23

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Abstract

The prospects are for mass use of the Internet for information as well as the current communication and entertainment purposes which pose significant problems for current training delivery methods. There are 8 important factors relating to the choice of delivery methods: getting a quick start using real tasks which use previous knowledge and require the user to think and improvise; significant amounts of feedback are required as is convenience of use and consistency in delivery. Efficiency in development and delivery is also required. Various methods are tested against these criteria. The development and testing of a set of computer-aided-learning packages is described. The content to be delivered on Internet use is analysed into 5 groups: button-pressing, maps, travel guides, detour and exploration tools. These are tested against the suitability of the various delivery methos to assist in selecting the appropriate mix of methods

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Source

¬The Web revolution : 4th International World Wide Web Conference, December 11-14, 1995, Boston Mass., USA : conference proceedings

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Abstract

The Los Anegeles Free-Net, an interactive community information resource, was established in part to help community members become more effective consumers of health care services providing timely, expert answers to anonymously asked medical questions at no charge. The aim was to decrease unnecessary doctor patient encounters, encourage effective preventive health measures, and to improve the overall results of health care in the community. Results found that: a small annual registration fee generates both moral and financial public suport; demographic information from registered users can help direct attempts at enfranchising all members of the community, toll free access, free public instruction sessions, moderated forums, extensive volunteer help, and encryption security are encouraged, while Internet censorship is difficult and counterproductive; access to Internet resources is important; a critical mass of available physicians to answer questions must be matched with a critical level of question input from this type of interactive medical information resource to function in a time sensitive fashion

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LCSH

Mass media / History

Subject

Mass media / History

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LCSH

Identity (Psychology) and mass media

Subject

Identity (Psychology) and mass media

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Source

RRZK-Kompass. 1995, Nr.65, S.21-22