Search (57 results, page 1 of 3)

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Abstract

In this chapter we turn to embedded indexing for the Internet, frequently called Web indexing. We will define Web indexes; describe the structure of entries for Web indexes; present some of the challenges that Web indexers face; and compare Web indexes to search engines. One of the difficulties in defining Web indexes is their relative newness. The first pages were placed on the World Wide Web in 1991 when Tim Berners Lee, its founder, uploaded four files. We are in a period of transition, moving from using well-established forms of writing and communications to others that are still in their infancy. Paramount among these is the Web. For indexers, this is an uncharted voyage where we must jettison firmly established ideas while developing new ones. Where the voyage will end is anyone's guess.

Imprint

Phoenix, AZ : American Society of Indexers / Information Today

Issue

Beyond book indexing: how to get started in Web indexing, embedded indexing and other computer-based media. Ed. by D. Brenner u. M. Rowland.

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Abstract

If you want to let other indexers know about a great new medical dictionary, discuss the pros and cons of using prepositions in subentries, find an indexer in Phoenix, or maybe share some marketing tips, then consider joining an email discussion list. Email discussion lists provide numerous tools and opportunities for indexers, especially for freelancers. Despite the rapid growth of Web- and graphical-based communication, email remains the linchpin of electronic communication. While the World Wide Web has become ubiquitous in our society, email remains the most reliable form of electronic communication. Email access is more prevalent than Web access, less cumbersome, and some would say, more egalitarian. Despite improvements over time, Web access is not available in equal quality or proportion to email access, especially in poorer or developing areas. Indeed, many users who have access to both restrict their use of the Web for important research efforts, and maintain nearconstant connection with their email servers for daily business

Imprint

Phoenix, AZ : American Society of Indexers / Information Today

Issue

Beyond book indexing: how to get started in Web indexing, embedded indexing and other computer-based media. Ed. by D. Brenner u. M. Rowland.

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Series

Gemeinsamer Kongress der Bundesvereinigung Deutscher Bibliotheksverbände e.V. (BDB) und der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Informationswissenschaft und Informationspraxis e.V. (DGI); Bd.1)(Tagungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Informationswissenschaft und Informationspraxis e.V.; Bd.3

Source

Information und Öffentlichkeit: 1. Gemeinsamer Kongress der Bundesvereinigung Deutscher Bibliotheksverbände e.V. (BDB) und der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Informationswissenschaft und Informationspraxis e.V. (DGI), Leipzig, 20.-23.3.2000. Zugleich 90. Deutscher Bibliothekartag, 52. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Informationswissenschaft und Informationspraxis e.V. (DGI). Hrsg.: G. Ruppelt u. H. Neißer

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Abstract

The explosion in personal computing and in computer technology has brought a wealth of opportunities for indexers. Annually, traditional publishers produce numerous books on computer topics, while software and hardware companies constantly issue new products with manuals that require indexes. Indexers can find work with these high-technology publishers or can subcontract with technical documentation firms or with freelance technical writers. The range of audiences for computer-related documents is wide and varied, as is the range of topics. These documents are not limited to end-user software manuals, but include programming, Internet, and networking topics among others. Hardware companies, in addition to computer manufacturers, are also a good potential source of clients. Many hardware products have a sizeable software component that requires its own set of indexed manuals. There are advantages and disadvantages to working with high-technology companies (and their contractors) vs. working with traditional publishers. It is simply a matter of personal taste which type of client you prefer. I have truly enjoyed working with both.

Imprint

Phoenix, AZ : American Society of Indexers / Information Today

Issue

Beyond book indexing: how to get started in Web indexing, embedded indexing and other computer-based media. Ed. by D. Brenner u. M. Rowland.

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Abstract

Usability of Web sites has become an increasingly important area of research as Web sites proliferate and problems with use are noted. Generally, aspects of Web sites that have been investigated focus on such areas as overall design and navigation. The exploratory study reported on here investigates one specific component of a Web site-the index structure. By employing index usability metrics developed by Liddy and Jörgensen (1993; Jörgensen & Liddy, 1996) and modified to accommodate a hypertext environment, the study compared the effectiveness and efficiency of 20 subjects who used one existing index (the A-Z index on the FedStats Web site at http://www.fedstats.gov) and three experimental variants to complete five researcher-generated tasks. User satisfaction with the indexes was also evaluated. The findings indicate that a hypertext index with multiple access points for each concept, all linked to the same resource, led to greater effectiveness and efficiency of retrieval on almost all measures. Satisfaction measures were more variable. The study offers insight into potential improvements in the design of Web-based indexes and provides preliminary assessment of the validity of the measures employed

Source

Journal of the American Society for Information Science. 51(2000) no.11, S.971-988

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Abstract

Today, more and more software packages come with online documentation. Some have complete manuals as well. Others have basic documentation on paper and more advanced information online. I recently purchased a computer that came with 20 software programs and not one page of written documentation. More and more, users have to find information by searching online. Most documentation teams focus on writing and ignore the problems of information retrieval, making information in printed documents difficult to find, and online information impossible to find. With online Help, you cannot browse the documentation. You cannot even browse more than a couple of inches of the index at a time. If online users do not get superb guidance into the jungle of online Help, they go away like the hero of Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness, saying "Oh, the horror! The horror!" How does an online Help index work? The following examples are based on the Windows 95 Help-type system, but do not represent actual Help screens

Imprint

Phoenix, AZ : American Society of Indexers / Information Today

Issue

Beyond book indexing: how to get started in Web indexing, embedded indexing and other computer-based media. Ed. by D. Brenner u. M. Rowland.

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Abstract

Die National Information Standards Organization (NISO) begann im Jahre 2003 mit der Überarbeitung der Norm Z39.19. Die neue Norm erweiterte den Geltungsbereich von Dokumenten auf Inhaltsobjekte und die Abdeckung von Thesauri auf alle Arten kontrollierter Vokabulare. Sie bezieht sich zudem über das reine Papierumfeld hinaus auf geeignete Formate für elektronische Inhalte. Dieser Artikel beschreibt diese Arbeit und die daraus resultierende neue Norm.

Source

Information - Wissenschaft und Praxis. 58(2007) H.8, S.445-448

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Abstract

Creating an online index for a Web site is not a job for the timid. Those contemplating this form of Web indexing should already be accomplished indexers and should have strong experience in Web page creation. Knowledge of HTML is essential. In fact, depending on the nature of a Web indexing job, you may find that it requires more HTML knowledge than indexing skill. Like embedded indexing, Web site indexing is far more work than traditional indexing: the choice of terms is constrained, and the indexing process itself is slower and more challenging. Entries must be carefully chosen because the editing process can be tedious and time-consuming, sometimes more time-consuming than making the original entries. Hypertext links and anchors must be added, and the index itself must be tested to make sure that links work as intended. Adequate compensation for your project is imperative. Web indexing does have its rewards, though, especially for indexers who are intrigued by the Web and Web page design, for those who like a challenge, and, of course, for those who like to have their work online for all the world to see. This article provides a look at the process of creating a Web index for an online newsletter. It is also applicable to other forms of Web site indexing, and should give the beginning Web site indexer an idea of what to expect on that first job

Imprint

Phoenix, AZ : American Society of Indexers / Information Today

Issue

Beyond book indexing: how to get started in Web indexing, embedded indexing and other computer-based media. Ed. by D. Brenner u. M. Rowland.

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Abstract

My goal in this short article is to bring you up to speed on Web indexing. I assume you are a person with good word skills and an inquisitive mind. Also, I assume you have good keyboard skills, access to the Internet, and have already created some HTML pages using, say, Netscape Composer. You may need help from your Internet Service Provider (ISP) to upload pages onto your Web site. This article is based on my experience teaching an online interactive course in Web indexing for my company, WWWalker Web Development, in 1998. We develop Web sites, support Linux and Windows NT, write technical articles, and specialize in Web indexing.

Imprint

Phoenix, AZ : American Society of Indexers / Information Today

Issue

Beyond book indexing: how to get started in Web indexing, embedded indexing and other computer-based media. Ed. by D. Brenner u. M. Rowland.

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Abstract

<META> tags are used to create meta-information, or information about the information in a Web site. There are many types of <META> tags, but those most relevant to indexing are the description and keyword tags. Description tags provide a short summary of the site contents that are often displayed by search engines when they list search results. Keyword tags are used to define words or phrases that someone using a search engine might use to look for relevant sites. <META> tags are of interest to indexers for two reasons. They provide a means of making your indexing business Web site more visible to those searching the Web for indexing services, and they offer indexers a potential new source of work: writing keyword and description tags for Web site developers and companies with Web sites. <META> tag writing makes good use of an indexer's ability to choose relevant key terms, and the closely related skill of abstracting: conveying the essence of a document in a sentence or two.

Imprint

Phoenix, AZ : American Society of Indexers / Information Today

Issue

Beyond book indexing: how to get started in Web indexing, embedded indexing and other computer-based media. Ed. by D. Brenner u. M. Rowland.

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Abstract

Die geschichtliche Entwicklung von ISO 2788: Documentation - Guidelines for the establishment and development of monolingual thesauri und ISO 5964: Documentation - Guidelines for the establishment and development of multilingual thesauri wird kurz beschrieben. 2001 begann die Arbeit an der Entwicklung von BS 8723: Structured Vocabularies for Information Retrieval - Guide, einer fünfteiligen Norm, die konzipiert wurde, um die internationalen Normen zu aktualisieren, insbesondere mit Hinblick auf Interoperabilität. Der Verfahrensablauf zur Übernahme von BS 8723 als internationale Norm hat begonnen.

Date

8.12.2007 19:25:22

Source

Information - Wissenschaft und Praxis. 58(2007) H.8, S.441-444

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Abstract

Most libraries have long had their own Web sites. The longer a library has had a Web site the more likely it is that the number of pages, and the amount of information within those pages, has grown beyond what users can find simply with the navigation menu. Building a site index is a great way to help seekers find all those bits of data they might otherwise miss.

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Abstract

Do indexers really need Web sites? No, they do not. Indexers do not need computers either. Indexes can be done on cards; networking can be done at conferences; and marketing can be done with cold calls. But, just as email has become indispensable to communication, and computers have become essential to indexing, so Web sites have become more and more necessary for all types of businesses, particularly small companies with small advertising budgets, like indexing businesses. The amount of business being conducted on the Web is increasing exponentially. Publishers, packagers, and other potential clients are beginning to search the Web for indexers. Why not participate in e-commerce, the newest way of doing business? A good Web site not only helps you obtain work, it increases your professional reputation and helps you influence the future of indexing. You can use your site as an online resume, to display a list of all the books you have indexed in the past year, to provide examples of your work, and to network with others. You can use it to express your philosophy of indexing, to teach others about indexing, and to make your voice heard on issues affecting the indexing profession. Not all indexers need Web sites, but active, involved, and far-sighted indexers, like you, do!

Imprint

Phoenix, AZ : American Society of Indexers / Information Today

Issue

Beyond book indexing: how to get started in Web indexing, embedded indexing and other computer-based media. Ed. by D. Brenner u. M. Rowland.

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Abstract

The book index occupies a special niche in the information retrieval world. Each index is a unique, authored work. Each book is a closed system. The text presented in a book does not change; the material is stable and fixed. Book indexers provide readers with a nonlinear way to access information in a text. Even though closed-system indexing predates the development of the printing press, a book index can be thought of as hypertext.

Source

Encyclopedia of library and information sciences. 3rd ed. Ed.: M.J. Bates

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Abstract

When the Web was invented, it was touted as a novel nonlinear medium for the written word. No longer would we be constrained by linear presentations! Hyperlinks would allow us to jump haphazardly from page to page, chapter to chapter, idea to idea! Texts would no longer need to run from beginning to end! This is misleading. A printed book is also multidimensional and potentially nonlinear. We can open it to any page, from any other page, for any reason. We can open several books at once. In fact, what makes a book special is its combination of linear structure (the order of the words) and nonlinear physicality (the bound papers). This linear/nonlinear duality is enhanced further by the index, which maps linearly sequenced pages in a nonlinear, informationally ordered structure (architecture). In truth, the online environment is crippled by an absence of linear structure. Imagine selecting a hard cover book, tearing off the covers, ripping pages into small pieces, and throwing them in a box. That box is like a computer file system, and the paper scraps are Web documents. Only one scrap can be retrieved from the box at a time, and it must be replaced before another can be accessed. Page numbers are meaningless. Global context is destroyed. And without page numbers or context, what happens to the index?

Imprint

Phoenix, AZ : American Society of Indexers / Information Today

Issue

Beyond book indexing: how to get started in Web indexing, embedded indexing and other computer-based media. Ed. by D. Brenner u. M. Rowland.

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Content

"Anlässlich der diesjährigen Buchmesse trafen sich auf Initiative von Jochen Fassbender zum ersten Mal die Mitglieder des im Sommer 2004 entstandenen Deutschen Netzwerks der Indexer. Das DNI versteht sich als Sammelbecken für alle an professioneller Registererstellung (Indexing) interessierten Personen und als Plattform für die damit verbundenen Themen im deutschsprachigen Raum. Im DNI sind sowohl Spezialisten aus dem Publikationswesen als auch aus dem informationswissenschaftlichen Bereich versammelt; beide Bereiche sollen dadurch auch enger zusammengeführt werden. Thematisch ist der gesamte Printund digitale Medienbereich, vom klassischen Buchregister über den Fachzeitschriften-Index bis hin zu Registern für elektronische Medien, abgedeckt. Das DNI möchte eine ähnliche Funktion wie die schon lange bestehenden, weltweit führenden anglo-amerikanischen Fachverbände, die Society of Indexers in Großbritannien und die American Society of Indexers, einnehmen. Denn trotz über 500-jähriger Buchtradition im deutschsprachigen Raum gibt es hierzulande keinen professionellen Rahmen für Registerersteller, und die Qualität der Register lässt oft zu wünschen übrig. Register, die ohne spezielle Indexing-Kenntnisse erstellt werden - und dazu zählen meist auch von Autoren erstellte Register - gehen oft an den Bedürfnissen der Leser und Nutzer vorbei. Das DNI möchte daher über notorisch weit verbreitete Fehleinschätzungen zum Indexing aufklären und kann sich dabei auf zum Teil jahrzehntelange Erfahrung und Kompetenz seiner Mitglieder stützen. Die meisten DNI-Mitglieder bieten zudem Registererstellung als Dienstleistung an. Moderne, professionelle Registererstellung, insbesondere die Erstellung von Sachregistern, ist ein Fachgebiet für sich und umfasst neben den technischen Aspekten auch die indexmethodischen Kompetenzen. Der Registererstellung kommt stets eine besondere Bedeutung zu, denn nur ein qualitativ hochwertiges Register bietet einen wirklichen Zugang zum Inhalt einer Publikation. Gute Register sind daher kein Selbstzweck, sondern stellen einen Mehrwert und damit auch einen hervorragenden, oft unterschätzten Marketing-Faktor dar. Verlage, Firmen und Autoren, die an den Serviceleistungen der DNI-Mitglieder interessiert sind, sowie Interessenten, die sich dem DNI anschließen möchten, finden weiterführende Informationen auf der DNI-Website www.d-indexer.org. Eine enge Zusammenarbeit mit der DGI ist gegeben."

Source

Information - Wissenschaft und Praxis. 55(2004) H.8, S.491

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Abstract

Why do you need samples of your indexing work on your Web site? Think about these situations: Scenario 1: You've contacted a potential client who says he has a project ready to be assigned. He requests some samples of your work. You fax them to him right away and call back a few hours later. "Oh," he says, "I didn't get the fax but anyway I already assigned the project. I can keep your name for future reference, though." Scenario 2: Another potential client asks you to send her some samples and if they're satisfactory, she'll put you on the freelance list. You mail them to her, or even FedEx them if you can spend the money. You wait a week and call her back. She does not remember who you are, and has not seen the samples. If she can find them, she says, she will file them for future reference. Scenario 3: You contacted a potential client who has asked to see some samples of your work. As it happens, she has a project ready to go and if your work is acceptable, you can have the job. You can FedEx her some samples, or you can fax them, she says. You think about FedEx and faxing costs, and mail and faxes that never get to her desk, and the risk of losing the assignment if she calls someone else later today, which she almost surely will, and you suggest an alternative. If she has Internet access, she can see a list of the indexes you've completed, and some samples of your indexes instantly. She is impressed that you have the know-how to create a Web site, and agrees to take a look and call you back shortly. You give her your URL and your phone number, and stand by. In five minutes she calls you back, says she is pleased with what she saw, and asks for your address so she can send the job out to you today.

Imprint

Phoenix, AZ : American Society of Indexers / Information Today

Issue

Beyond book indexing: how to get started in Web indexing, embedded indexing and other computer-based media. Ed. by D. Brenner u. M. Rowland.

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Abstract

Website-Indexing wurde in den 1990er Jahren wichtig, als Indexierer, Bibliothekare und Web-Manager mit verschiedenen Ansätzen experimentierten, einen besseren Zugang zu Informationen zu schaffen, die sie über das Internet anboten. Die Tools, mit denen Register erstellt werden, reichten von simpler HTML-Codierung bis zu HTML Indexer und anderer spezieller Software. Neue Indexe und Software-Produkte entstanden, aber viele Website-Register sind auch wieder verschwunden. Es werden die Gründe für die Erstellung von Website-Indexen dargestellt und Beispiele von Website-Indexen und anderen Zugangsoptionen erläutert, die in den letzten 15 Jahren entstanden, die aber nicht mehr zur Verfügung stehen. Es werden einige Vermutungen über die Gründe für diese Veränderungen angestellt.

Source

Information - Wissenschaft und Praxis. 58(2007) H.8, S.437-440

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Content

"Mit Google Print bzw. mittlerweile Google Book Search und dem Projekt zur Übernahme eines brancheneigenen Portals zur Pflege und Bereitstellung digitaler Daten aus Büchern namens "Volltextsuche online" initiiert durch den Börsenverein des Deutschen Buchhandels tritt ein Thema auf den Plan, das im deutschen Sprachraum lange vernachlässigt wurde: allgemein gesprochen, die Notwendigkeit der Texterschließung durch Indexierung - sei sie gedruckt in Form von Registern im Anhang von Sach- und wissenschaftlichen Büchern oder ungedruckt in Form sog. Volltextabfragen per Suchmaske am Computer. Angesichts der exponentiell wachsenden Menge an Wissen ist es gut, wenn hierzu Überlegungen angestellt werden und damit die Chance besteht, neben der wirtschaftlichen auch über die wissenstheoretische Dimension dieser Dienste nachzudenken. Zweifellos wird die Bedeutung der Indexierung von Fließtext aus wissenstheoretischer Sicht in Zukunft noch weiter wachsen und bedeutet im Falle einer Online-Plattform (wenn sie denn in naher Zukunft eine hinreichend große Menge an Büchern in ihrem Datenbestand aufweisen wird) die Erfüllung eines Traumes für die wissenschaftliche Arbeit: Es ist fantastisch, in Millisekunden das Vorhandensein von Personen, Termen, Phrasen und Wortkomposita zu ermitteln, um die Ein- bzw. Nichteinschlägigkeit eines Buches und - mehr noch -vieler Bücher für die eigene Arbeit eindeutig beantworten zu können. Es ist fantastisch, im Trefferfall die gesuchte Information sogleich auf dem Monitor exzerpieren zu können oder sich auch bei ausbleibenden Treffern das Durcharbeiten eines ganzen Buches, vielleicht sogar einer halben Bibliothek ersparen zu können. Dabei ist das letztere Resultat mindestens eine genauso wichtige Information wie die erste, denn auch sie wird- man darf fast sagen, so gut wie immer - zu einer unglaublichen Ersparnis an Zeit verhelfen; hier bedeutet allein schon die Verringerung der Datenmenge einen Zuwachs an Wissen unter minimalem Zeitaufwand. Angesichts dieser Diagnose ist die These zu wagen, die digitale Revolution beginnt erst wirklich bei der Nutzung der Volltexte selbst als Datenquelle zur Wissensabfrage.
. . . Ich plädiere hier aus den oben genannten wissenstheoretischen Gründen nicht nur für die Aufrechterhaltung eines Mindestmaßes an Registern und Indexen im Anhang von physischen Büchern, sondern sogar für deren Ausbau, deren standardmäßige Zugabe bei Sach- und wissenschaftlichen Büchern gerade angesichts der Volltextnutzung durch Online-Abfragen. Warum? Hierzu sechs Argumente: 1. Wie oben bereits angerissen, lehrt die Erfahrung bei CD-ROM-Zugaben zu opulenten Werken, dass Parallelmedien mit Parallelinhalten von den Nutzern nicht wirklich angenommen werden; es ist umständlich, zur Auffindung bestimmter Textstellen den Computer befragen zu müssen und die Fundstellen dann zwischen zwei Buchdeckeln nachzuschlagen. 2. Über frei wählbare Suchbegriffe seitens des Nutzers ist noch keine Qualität der Suchergebnisse garantiert. Erst das Einrechnen entsprechender Verweisungsbegriffe und Synonyme in die Suchabfrage führt zu Qualität des Ergebnisses. Die scheinbar eingesparten Kosten einer einmaligen bzw. abonnementartigen Investition in eine Online-Verfügbarkeit der Buchinhalte vonseiten der Verlage werden dann über die Hintertür doch wieder fällig, wenn sich nämlich herausstellt, dass Nutzer bei der von ihnen gesuchten Information nicht fündig werden, weil sie unter dem "falschen", d.h. entweder ihnen nicht bekannten oder einem ihnen gerade nicht präsenten Schlagwort gesucht haben. Die Online-Suchabfrage, die auf den ersten Blick höchst nutzerfreundlich erscheint, da eine ungeheure Menge an Titeln die Abfrage umfasst, erweist sich womöglich als wenig brauchbar, wenn sich die Trefferqualität aus den genannten Gründen als beschränkt herausstellt. 3. Nur bei entsprechenden Restriktionen des Zugangs bzw. der präsentierten Textausschnitte werden die Verlage es gewährleistet sehen, dass die Nutzerin, der Nutzer nicht vom Kauf des physischen Buches Abstand nehmen. Nur wenn die Nutzer wissen, dass ihnen gerade jene Informationen am Bildschirm vorenthalten werden, die sie im zu erwerbenden Buch mit Gewissheit finden werden, werden sie das Buch noch erwerben wollen. Wer auf die Schnelle nur ein Kochrezept aus einem teuer bebilderten Kochbuch der Oberklasse abrufen kann, wird das teure Kochbuch eben nicht mehr kaufen. Analog stellt sich die Frage, ob nicht aus diesem Grunde auch Bibliotheken erwägen werden, angesichts der elektronischen Präsenz teuerer physischer Bücher auf den Erwerb der Letzteren zu verzichten, wohl wissend, dass den Wissenschaftlern im Zweifel einige Mausklicks genügen, um die gewünschte Begriffsrecherche erschöpfend beantwortet zu finden.
4. Vermutlich wird sich aufgrund der genannten Gründe der Buchservice Volltextsuche als heterogen darstellen: Einige Verlage werden gar nicht mitspielen, andere werden ein Buch im Vollzugriff, ein anderes nur zum Teil, ein drittes nur als Metainformation usw. indizieren lassen. Dies wird letztlich ebenfalls die Trefferqualität schmälern, da der Nutzer dann wiederum wissen muss, genau welche Informationen und Texte ihm bei seiner Suche vorenthalten werden. Das gedruckte Sachbuch wird gegen seinen eigenen digitalen Klon ein Alleinstellungsmerkmal brauchen, um weiterhin attraktiv zu sein. 5. Ein solches Alleinstellungsmerkmal würde m.E. maßgeblich durch die Erstellung von gedruckten Registern bereits in der Druckausgabe erreicht werden. Damit würde die Druckausgabe tatsächlich an Wert gewinnen und der Buchkäufer erhielte einen echten Mehrwert. Zum einen spiegelt sich bereits in der Erstellung konventioneller gedruckter Register die zweite digitale Revolution wider: Moderne Registererstellung basiert heutzutage ebenfalls auf der digitalen Verwertung des Volltextes. Zum anderen erfordert das "Registermachen" zugleich die Erbringung jener o.g. sachdienlichen Mehrinformationen wie Verweisungsbegriffe, vernünftige Klassifizierungen, nicht-redundante Begriffsauswahl etc., die nur begrenzt automatisierbar sind und Fachwissen erfordern. Erst diese beiden Komponenten lassen die Indexierung schlussendlich zu einer hochwertigen Aufbereitung sequentieller Information werden. 6. Genau diese Mehr- und Metainformationen, die die vorausgegangene Erstellung eines Print-Vollregisters geliefert hat, lassen sich dann in den Suchalgorithmus der Online-Suche zur Qualitätssteigerung der Treffer einrechnen."

Source

Information - Wissenschaft und Praxis. 57(2006) H.4, S.217-218