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Classification

AN 75400 Allgemeines / Buch- und Bibliothekswesen, Informationswissenschaft / Bibliothekswesen / Sacherschließung in Bibliotheken / Schlagwortregeln, Schlagwortverzeichnis

RVK

AN 75400 Allgemeines / Buch- und Bibliothekswesen, Informationswissenschaft / Bibliothekswesen / Sacherschließung in Bibliotheken / Schlagwortregeln, Schlagwortverzeichnis

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Classification

AN 75400

Footnote

Rez. in: Mitteilungsblatt. Verband der Bibl. NW. N.F. 26(1976) S.345-348. (H. Dehnhard)

Imprint

Berlin : Dt. Bibliotheksverband; Arbeitsstelle f. d. Bibliothekswesen

RVK

AN 75400

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Footnote

Rez. in: Mitteilungsblatt. Verband der Bibliotheken des Landes NW N.F. 38(1988) S.67-68 (G. Hartwieg); Zentralblatt für Bibliothekswesen 102(1988) S.470-473 (H. Beck); International classification 15(1988) S.164 (W. Bies); Zeitschrift für Bibliothekswesen und Bibliographie 36(1989) S.340-342 (M. Kunz)

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Footnote

Rez. in: ZfBB 50(2003) H.5, S.295-297 (E. Scheven):"In ihrem Buch »Zeitbegriffe und Zeitcodierungen in allgemeinbibliographischen Datenbanken« entwickelt die Autorin ein theoretisches Modell für ein Zeitretrieval in allgemeinbibliografischen Datenbanken. Dafür untersucht sie die Verwendung von Zeitbegriffen (Epochenbezeichnungen, historiografischen Begriffen) und Zeitcodierungen (Jahreszahlen, Datumsangaben) bei der Indexierung von Dokumenten in allgemeinbibliografischen Datenbanken und deren Retrievalmöglichkeiten. Durch Globalisierung und Internet ist der Zugang zu den Katalogen unterschiedlichster lnstitutionen weit überdie Landesgrenzen hinaus möglich geworden. Dadurch ist der Zwang zur Standardisierung der bibliothekarischen Regeln weltweit verschärft, um Daten-Interoperabilität zu gewährleisten. Hauptziel der Sacherschließung muss immer die optimale Befriedigung der Benutzerbedürfnisse sein. - Kompetente Einführung - Nach einer kurzen geschichtlichen Darstellung der Zeitrechnung an sich und der bibliothekarischen Regelentwicklung wendet sich die Autorin den wichtigsten Sacherschließungswerkzeugen der westlichen WeIt zu, zum einen den beiden internationalen Universalklassifikationen, DDC und UDK, und zum anderen den drei Schlagwortsystemen LCSH, Rameau und SWD,wobei sieden Schwerpunkt auf die verbalen Sacherschließungssysteme legt. LCSH, Rameau und SWD mit RSWK werden kompetent und ausführlich in 164 von 316 Seiten mit ihrer Entwicklungsgeschichte und ihren Unterschieden dargestellt. Jutta Frommeyer ist hier eine gute vergleichende Einführung in die großen verbalen Sacherschließungssysteme gelungen und zwar nicht nur für Anfänger, sondern auch für praxis-erfahrene Sacherschließer. Die Darstellung von Zeitaspekten nach LCSH kann nach sechs verschiedenen Varianten erfolgen. Es gibt keine allgemeinen subdivisions für Zeitangaben. Rameau stimmt in seiner Struktur mit den LCSH überein, weicht aber bei der Indexierung bezüglich der subdivisions von den LCSH ab. Rameau hat eine allgemein zu verwendende Liste (subdivision) mit ca. 40 Unterteilungen für den Zeitaspekt. Nach RSWK wird der Zeitaspekt durch so genannte Zeitschlagwörter wiedergegeben, die wie auch bestimmte Formalschlagwörter durch Jahreszahlen erweitert werden können. Der im Dokument behandelte Zeitabschnitt wird für die Beschlagwortung herangezogen. Vorgegebene Zeituntergliederungen für bestimmte Themenbereiche wie bei LCSH und Rameau gibt es bei RSWK nicht. Zwischen den Schlagwortsystemen gibt es unterschiedliche Indexierungsregeln, wann ein Zeitschlagwort benutzt werden soll oder nicht.
- Retrievalmöglichkeiten - Ein Test der Retrievalmöglichkeiten von Zeitangaben in den Online-Katalogen der LoC, BnF und DDB zeigte, dass für ein optimales Suchergebnis viele Recherche-Schritte und Regelwerkskenntnisse notwendig sind, eine aus Nutzersicht unbefriedigende Bilanz. Zum Beispiel muss für Suchanfragen nach Jahreszahlen der Zeitraum genauso angegeben werden, wie es bei der Indexierung geschah, oder eine Suche mit Epochenbegriffen und zeitimmanenten Schlagwörtern erfordert die genaue Kenntnis der Ansetzungsregeln für solche Deskriptoren. Die angebotenen Schlagwortketten sind eine Suchhilfe, erlauben aber keine Sortierung nach der Zeitenabfolge. Der größte Mangel ist, dass alle Zeitcodierungen nur als Zeichen, nicht als Zahlen, erkennbar sind, sodass bei der Suche nur ein Zeichenabgleich erfolgt und keine Sortierung nach Zahlen möglich ist. Jutta Frommeyer stellt die Retrievalmöglichkeiten der drei genannten Bibliothekskataloge verschiedenen anderen Datenbanken gegenüber, die eine Suche nach Zeitangaben anbieten. Die Suchmöglichkeiten bei den Allgemeinenzyklopädien (»Encyclopedia Britannica«, »Brockhaus-Enzyklopädie«, »Encarta«) sind vielfältig und elaboriert. Zeitimmanente Begriffe sind chronologisch angeordnet und auch grafisch durch Zeitschienen dargestellt, von denen aus auf ein Jahr oder einen Zeitbegriff gesprungen werden kann. Die Datenbank »Historical abstracts« bietet den Zeitraum, der in einem Dokument behandelt wird, über eine spezielle Codierung an. Die »Jahresberichte für deutsche Geschichte« bieten für das Zeitretrieval eine Tabelle mit 14 verschiedenen Möglichkeiten; die weitere Differenzierung der Suchanfrage erfolgt hier durch andere Sacherschließungselemente wie eine ausgefeilte Klassifikation und eine Schlagwortliste. - Modell zum optimalen Zeitretrieval - Aufgrund ihrer Untersuchungen entwickelt die Autorin ein theoretisches Modell für ein optimales Zeitretrieval in allgemeinbibliografischen Datenbanken mit den drei Elementen Zeitcode, Chronikcode und Chroniknormdatei. Damit die Zeitcodierungen als Zahlen und nicht als Zeichen erkennbar sind, müssen sie in einem besonderen numerischen Feld (Zeitcode) abgelegt werden; mit der Möglichkeit, nach Zeiträumen zu suchen (Größer-, Kleiner- und Gleichoperatoren). Die Zeitspannen von Zeitbegriffen werden als Chronikcode in der gleichen Datenstruktur wie der Zeitcode bei den Normdatensätzen ergänzt. Für bestimmte Zeitbegriffe ist eine Normierung notwendig (z. B. Mittelalter). Bei kulturkreisabhängigen Zeitbegriffen kann die zeitliche Codierung verschieden aussehen. Die Chroniknormdatei soll die chronologische Relation der zeitimmanenten Begriffe darstellen und bei umfassenden Zeitspannen große Trefferzahlen vermeiden. Da zeitimmanente Begriffe über alle Sachgebiete streuen, muss für das Retrieval eine sachliche Einschränkung gegeben sein. Jutta Frommeyer schlägt dafür eine international angewandte Klassifikation vor. Die Autorin stellt ein Retrievalmodell dar, um das Zusammenwirken von Zeitcode,Chronikcode und Chroniknormdatei zu demonstrieren. Dabei hat sie sich an der heutigen Menü-Oberfläche für OPACs orientiert und ein neues Suchfeld »Zeitabschnitt« mit verschiedenen Unterteilungen eingeführt. Ihre Beispiele sind nachvollziehbar und verdeutlichen ihren Vorschlag. Die Umsetzung eines solchen Modells hat Auswirkungen auf die vorhandenen Datenstrukturen; auch wird eine Annäherung der Regeln für die Schlagwortvergabe nach RSWK, Rameau und LCSH notwendig sein, wenn so eine Suche international angeboten werden soll.
- Zum Schluss - Das Buch liest sich gut und ist übersichtlich gegliedert mit zehn Kapiteln und einem Anhang für verschiedene, den Zeitaspekt betreffende Hilfstabellen der vorgestellten Sacherschließungssysteme. Wo möglich und angebracht, insbesondere bei der Darstellung der Retrievalmöglichkeiten der untersuchten elektronischen Informationsmittel, werden zur Veranschaulichung Abbildungen eingesetzt. Allerdings sind der Qualität Grenzen gesetzt, weil im Schwarz-Druck ein ursprünglich farbiges Benutzer-Interface manchmal fast seine ganze Aussagekraft verliert. Hier wäre es wahrscheinlich besser gewesen, die benötigten Abbildungen vorher über ein Grafik-Programm in eine richtige Schwarz-Weiß-Abbildung umgesetzt zu haben. Das Literaturverzeichnis ist umfangreich und sehr übersichtlich gestaltet. Das Buch bietet denjenigen, die sich mit Sacherschließung oder OPAC-Entwicklung beschäftigen, wichtige Anregungen. Die Notwendigkeit von Sacherschließung gerade im Zeitalter der Globalisierung und des Internets bedeutet, dass bei der Weiterentwicklung von nationalen Regelwerken die internationalen Bedürfnisse berücksichtigt werden müssen. Es bleibt zu hoffen, dass die Ideen von Frau Frommeyer aufgegriffen, die deutsche Sprachgrenze überwunden und bei den Regelwerksdiskussionen und Formatentwicklungen international berücksichtigt werden."
Weitere Rez. in: Mitt. VÖB 57(2004) H.1, S.105 (M. Sandner)

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Einführung in die Information und Dokumentation; 2

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Abstract

The system is available both in print and online versions. Names a few new subject headings in areas like science, technology, engineering and medicine (STEM). In this edition, there are a total of 1,600 new headings making it a total of 12,000+ preferred headings meant for subject access in small and medium sized libraries. This unprecedented increase of about 1,600 headings is mostly due the complete incorporation of the Canadian Sears last published independently in 2006. Also critically examines inconsistencies in a few headings. Concludes to say the new edition in resplendent, hard binding maintains its stellar reputation of a handy list of general subject headings both for applications and a teaching resource.

Date

21.12.2018 18:22:12

Footnote

Introduction und Rez. in: Knowledge Organization 45(2018) no.8, S.712-714. u.d.T. "Satija, M. P. 2018: "The 22nd edition (2018) of the Sears List of Subject Headings: A brief introduction." (DOI:10.5771/0943-7444-2018-8-712).

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Date

25.11.2005 18:37:22

Footnote

Rez. in: Cataloging and classification quarterly 23(1996) no.1, S.127-130 (L. Kuyper-Rushing)

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Content

Vorgänger: 'List of Subject Headings for small libraries, compiled from lists used in nine representative small libraries', Ed.: M.E. Sears. - 1st ed. 1923. - 2nd ed. 1926 .- 3rd ed. 1933. - 4th ed. 1939. - 5th ed. 1944. // 'Sears List of Subject Headings'. Ed.: B.M. Frick. - 6th ed. 1950. - 7th ed. 1954 - 8th ed. 1959. // 'List of Subject Headings'. Ed.: B.M. Wesby. - 9th. ed. 1965. - 10th ed. 1972. - 11th ed. 1977. - 12th ed. 1982. Ed.: C. Rovira u. C. Reyes. - 13th ed. 1986. - 14th ed. 1991. Ed. M.T. Mooney

Footnote

Rez. in: Knowledge organization 22(1995) no.1, S.45-46 (M.P. Satija)

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Footnote

Vgl. auch Cataloging service bulletin. No.46(1989) S.65-66; ab 12th ed. 1989 jährliche Erscheinungsweise. - Neben Papierausgabe Mikrofiche und CD-ROM Ausgabe (CDMARC Subjects, $475,-; vgl. Demo-Diskette) mit jeweils vierteljährlicher Ergänzung. - Erste Ausgabe: 1911 'List of Subject Headings for use in dictionary catalogs'. Chicago: ALA 1911. - Vgl. zur Geschichte: Dailey, J.E. Subject headings in ELIS

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Content

Vorgänger: 'List of Subject Headings for small libraries, compiled from lists used in nine representative small libraries', Ed.: M.E. Sears. - 1st ed. 1923. - 2nd ed. 1926. - 3rd ed. 1933. - 4th ed. 1939, Ed.: I.S. Monro. - 5th ed. 1944: 'Sears List of Subject Headings', Ed. I. S. Monro. - 6th ed. 1950, Ed.: B.M. Frick. - 7th ed. 1954 - 8th ed. 1959. - 'List of Subject Headings'. - 9th. ed. 1965, Ed.: B.M. Westby. - 10th ed. 1972. - 11th ed. 1977. - 12th ed. 1982. - 13th ed. 1986, Ed.: C. Rovira u. C. Reyes. - 14th ed. 1991. Ed. M.T. Mooney. - 15th ed. 1994, Ed.: J. Miller // Rez. 15th ed.: Knowledge organization 22(1995) no.1, S.45-46 (M.P. Satija)

Footnote

Vgl.: Satija, M.P.: The sixteenth edition (1987) of the Sears' List of Subject Headings in: Knowledge organization 25(1998) no.4, S.202-207

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Series

Beiträge zur Informations- und Dokumentationswissenschaft; 11

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Footnote

Rez. in: International classification 15(1988) S.161-164 (J.M. Perreault)

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Footnote

Auch in: Cochrane, P.A.: Improving LCSH for use in online catalogs. Littleton, Colo.: Libraries Unlimited 1986. S.159-164

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Abstract

The book comprises the following chapters: Introduction; Basic concepts and data, definitions and terms; Codes for compilation of subject catalogues and subject heading lists in European and North American countries; codes for compilation of subject catalogues in Yoguslavia 1950-1990; Standards for the establishment of monolingual thesauri and standards for subject cataloguing; Theoretical bases of principles and of fundamental rules for subject cataloguing displayed in contemporary scientific works; Theory of classified and alphabetical subject catalogues; Syntactical systems for subject designation

Footnote

Rez. in: Knowledge organization 25(1998) no.4, S.222-225 (B. Turkulin)

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Abstract

LCSH are increasingly seen as 'the' English language controlled vocabulary, despite their lack of a theoretical foundation, and their evident US bias. In mapping exercises between national subject heading lists, and in exercises in digital resource organization and management, LCSH are often chosen because of the lack of any other widely accepted English language standard for subject cataloguing. It is therefore important that the basic nature of LCSH, their advantages, and their limitations, are well understood both by LIS practitioners and those in the wider information community. Information professionals who attended library school before 1995 - and many more recent library school graduates - are unlikely to have had a formal introduction to LCSH. Paraprofessionals who undertake cataloguing are similarly unlikely to have enjoyed an induction to the broad principles of LCSH. There is currently no compact guide to LCSH written from a UK viewpoint, and this eminently practical text fills that gap. It features topics including: background and history of LCSH; subject heading lists; structure and display in LCSH; form of entry; application of LCSH; document analysis; main headings; topical, geographical and free-floating sub-divisions; building compound headings; name headings; headings for literature, art, music, history and law; and, LCSH in the online environment. There is a strong emphasis throughout on worked examples and practical exercises in the application of the scheme, and a full glossary of terms is supplied. No prior knowledge or experience of subject cataloguing is assumed. This is an indispensable guide to LCSH for practitioners and students alike from a well-known and popular author.

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Footnote

Rez. in: KO 35(2008) no.1, S.55-58 (M.P. Satija): "The Sears List, first published in 1923, has survived times of destabilizing changes while keeping reasonable continuity with the past. Dr. Joseph Miller, at the helm since 1992 and the longest-serving editor in the eighty-four years of the List's existence, first edited the 15th edition of the Sears (1994). Over the years, the Sears has achieved more than it had hoped for: ever-increasing use the world over. In fact, the turbulent progress of media and information theories has forced the Sears to keep up with the changing times. Knowledge organization is a shifting sand in the electronic era. Vast and varied changes generate not only new information, but also new terms and phrases. It is trite to say that the electronic media have transformed the way in which we access information and knowledge. The new edition of the Sears has absorbed these changes to reflect the times. The 19th edition, released in May 2007, has about 440 new headings, to bring the new total to over 8000 headings, which keeps the growth rate at five percent. Newly-added headings generally fall into one of two categories: a) headings for the new and current subjects and b) headings previously missed. A few more have been modified. New editions are produced regularly to: - incorporate terms for new subjects, - restructure the form of old headings to suit the changing information needs and informationseeking behaviour of the users, - add new terms to old subject headings to reflect current usage, - delete the obsolete subjects, - forge new relations between subjects and their terms. Two major areas of new additions are in the fields of Islam, as might be expected, and the graphic novel- the latter has thirty headings perhaps drawn from the WilsonWeb Database on Graphic Novels Core Collection. ... The lapses are minor and could be forgiven; they in no way detract from this continuously-expanding and well-established tool for subject-cataloguing in small and medium libraries. The handy List and its lucid introduction make Sears an excellent and convenient tool for teaching subject headings' use and principles, as well as methods of vocabulary control. With its glossy and flowery cover, clear typeface and high production standards, the new edition is particularly welcome."

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Footnote

Rez. in: KO 38(2011) no.4, S.360-361 (M.P. Satija): "The 20th edition of the celebrated Sears List (1sted.1923) published in June 2010 sets a new cycle of three year revision. Earlier it was three and a half years to synchronize with the publication of the new edition of the Abridged Dewey revised after every seven years. In the days of constantly updated WebDewey, it is no more a constraint. For the first time Sears List has been released simultaneously in online database format accessible to licensed subscribers. Responding to the environmental changes the basic edition is the online one whose content is designed in MARC authority. Print edition is now a derivative of the MARC data. The editors keep tabs on the changing information seeking behavior of users and how OPACs are accessed; yet the editors or the publishers never discuss the mechanisms of designing a new edition. The new edition features more than 300 new subject headings suggested by librarians from different types of libraries, vendors of bibliographic records, indexers and subject specialists at the H.W. Wilson Company. Every new edition incorporates advances in vocabulary control, changing approaches of library users for subject access and even in the worldwide use of the English language. Each edition of the Sears List strengthens and continues the policies and consolidates the reforms that began with the 15th edition (1994). It is indeed an era of innovations in Sears. The latest knowledge from information science and information seeking behavior has been deployed to modernize the internal structure and grammar of the Sears List. Continuing adaptation constitutes the key to its success and popularity in the shifting sands of the information-seeking behavior of users. But the List is still a living manifestation of the principles of subject cataloguing put forth by C.A. Cutter (1837-1903).
. . . To summarize, as usual the List continues to provide complete guidance for the subject cataloguers for the maintenance of catalogues, for addition of new headings, and revision of the old ones. Its Introduction is clear and well illustrated, so much so that not only it is an illustrated operational manual to the Sears but also a concise textbook to teach principles and theory of the subject headings. Due to its affordable price and portability it is used to teach basics of subject headings in first year of Knowledge Organization courses. It also acts as an excellent and easy index to the DDC (Weihs 2004). The new edition should be welcome both for subject cataloguers and for teachers of subject cataloguing work."

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Footnote

Rez. in: International classification 19(1992) no.3, S.166 (H. Schnelling)

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Footnote

Rez. in: Knowledge organization 34(2007) no.1, S.58-60 (P. Buizza): "This Nuovo soggettario is the first sign of subject indexing renewal in Italy. Italian subject indexing has been based until now on Soggettario per i cataloghi delle biblioteche italiane (Firenze, 1956), a list of preferred terms and see references, with suitable hierarchical subdivisions and cross references, derived from the subject catalogue of the National Library in Florence (BNCF). New headings later used in Bibliografia nazionale italiana (BNI) were added without references, nor indeed with any real maintenance. Systematic instructions on how to combine the terms are lacking: the indexer using this instrument is obliged to infer the order of terms absent from the lists by consulting analogous entries. Italian libraries are suffering from the limits of this subject catalogue: vocabulary is inadequate, obsolete and inconsistent, the syndetic structure incomplete and inaccurate, and the syntax ill-defined, poorly explained and unable to reflect complex subjects. In the nineties, the Subject Indexing Research Group (Gruppo di ricerca sull'indicizzazione per soggetto, GRIS) of the AIB (Italian Library Association) developed the indexing theory and some principles of PRECIS and drew up guidelines based on consistent principles for vocabulary, semantic relationships and subject string construction, the latter according to role syntax (Guida 1997). In overhauling the Soggettario, the National Library in Florence aimed at a comprehensive indexing system. (A report on the method and evolution of the work has been published in Knowledge Organization (Lucarelli 2005), while the feasibility study is available in Italian (Per un nuovo Soggettario 2002). Any usable terms from the old Soggettario will be transferred to the new system, while taking into consideration international norms and interlinguistic compatibility, as well as applications outside the immediate library context. The terms will be accessible via a suitable OPAC operating on the most advanced software.
The guide Nuovo soggettario was presented on February 8' 2007 at a one-day seminar in the Palazzo Vecchio, Florence, in front of some 500 spellbound people. The Nuovo soggettario comes in two parts: the guide in book-form and an accompanying CD-ROM, by way of which a prototype of the thesaurus may be accessed on the Internet. In the former, rules are stated; the latter contains a pdf version of the guide and the first installment of the controlled vocabulary, which is to be further enriched and refined. Syntactic instructions (general application guidelines, as well as special annotations of particular terms) and the compiled subject strings file have yet to be added. The essentials of the new system are: 1) an analytic-synthetic approach, 2) use of terms (units of controlled vocabulary) and subject strings (which represent subjects by combining terms in linear order to form syntactic relationships), instead of main headings and subdivisions, 3) specificity of terms and strings, with a view to the co-extension of subject string and subject matter and 4) a clear distinction between semantic and syntactic relationships, with full control of them both. Basic features of the vocabulary include the uniformity and univocality of terms and thesaural management of a priori (semantic) relationships. Starting from its definition, each term can be categorially analyzed: four macro-categories are represented (agents, action, things, time), for which there are subcategories called facets (e.g., for actions: activities, disciplines, processes), which in turn have sub-facets. Morphological instructions conform to national and international standards, including BS 8723, ANSI/ NISO Z39.19 and the IFLA draft of Guidelines for multilingual thesauri, even for syntactic factorization. Different kinds of semantic relationships are represented thoroughly, and particular attention is paid to poly-hierarchies, which are used only in moderation: both top terms must actually be relevant. Node labels are used to specify the principle of division applied. Instance relationships are also used.
An entry is structured so as to present all the essential elements of the indexing system. For each term are given: category, facet, related terms, Dewey interdisciplinary class number and, if necessary; definition or scope notes. Sources used are referenced (an appendix in the book lists those used in the current work). Historical notes indicate whenever a change of term has occurred, thus smoothing the transition from the old lists. In chapter 5, the longest one, detailed instructions with practical examples show how to create entries and how to relate terms; upper relationships must always be complete, right up to the top term, whereas hierarchies of related terms not yet fully developed may remain unfinished. Subject string construction consists in a double operation: analysis and synthesis. The former is the analysis of logical functions performed by single concepts in the definition of the subject (e.g., transitive actions, object, agent, etc.) or in syntactic relationships (transitive relationships and belonging relationship), so that each term for those concepts is assigned its role (e.g., key concept, transitive element, agent, instrument, etc.) in the subject string, where the core is distinct from the complementary roles (e.g., place, time, form, etc.). Synthesis is based on a scheme of nuclear and complementary roles, and citation order follows agreed-upon principles of one-to-one relationships and logical dependence. There is no standard citation order based on facets, in a categorial logic, but a flexible one, although thorough. For example, it is possible for a time term (subdivision) to precede an action term, when the former is related to the latter as the object of action: "Arazzi - Sec. 16.-17. - Restauro" [Tapestry - 16th-17th century - Restoration] (p. 126). So, even with more complex subjects, it is possible to produce perfectly readable strings covering the whole of the subject matter without splitting it into two incomplete and complementary headings. To this end, some unusual connectives are adopted, giving the strings a more discursive style.
Thesaurus software is based on AgroVoc (http:// www.fao.org/aims/ag_intro.htm) provided by the FAO, but in modified form. Many searching options and contextualization within the full hierarchies are possible, so that the choice of morphology and syntax of terms and strings is made easier by the complete overview of semantic relationships. New controlled terms will be available soon, thanks to the work in progress - there are now 13,000 terms, of which 40 percent are non-preferred. In three months, free Internet access by CD-ROM will cease and a subscription will be needed. The digital version of old Soggettario and the corresponding unstructured lists of headings adopted in 1956-1985 are accessible together with the thesaurus, so that the whole vocabulary, old and new, will be at the fingertips of the indexer, who is forced to work with both tools during this transition period. In the future, it will be possible to integrate the thesaurus into library OPACs. The two parts form a very consistent and detailed resource. The guide is filled with examples; the accurate, clearly-expressed and consistent instructions are further enhanced by good use of fonts and type size, facilitating reading. The thesaurus is simple and quick to use, very rich, albeit only a prototype; see, for instance, a list of DDC numbers and related terms with their category and facet, and then entries, hierarchies and so on, and the capacity of the structure to show organized knowledge. The excellent outcome of a demanding experimentation, the intended guide welcomes in a new era of subject indexing in Italy and is highly recommended. The new method has been designed to be easily teachable to new and experimented indexers.
Now BNI is beginning to use the new language, pointing the way for the adoption of Nuovo soggettario in Italian libraries: a difficult challenge whose success is not assured. To name only one issue: including all fields of study requires particular care in treating terms with different specialized meanings; cooperation of other libraries and institutions is foreseen. At the same time, efforts are being made to assure the system's interoperability outside the library world. It is clear that a great commitment is required. "Too complex a system!" say the naysayers. "Only at the beginning," the proponents reply. The new system goes against the mainstream, compared with the imitation of the easy way offered by search engines - but we know that they must enrich their devices to improve quality, just repeating the work on semantic and syntactic relationships that leads formal expressions to the meanings they are intended to communicate - and also compared with research to create automated devices supporting human work, for the need to simplify cataloguing. Here AI is not involved, but automation is widely used to facilitate and to support the conscious work of indexers guided by rules as clear as possible. The advantage of Nuovo soggettario is its combination of a thesaurus (a much-appreciated tool used across the world) with the equally widespread technique of subject-string construction, which is to say: the rational and predictable combination of the terms used. The appearance of this original, unparalleled working model may well be a great occasion in the international development of indexing, as, on one hand, the Nuovo soggettario uses a recognized tool (the thesaurus) and, on the other, by permitting both pre-coordination and post-coordination, it attempts to overcome the fragmentation of increasingly complex and specialized subjects into isolated, single-term descriptors. This is a serious proposition that merits consideration from both theoretical and practical points of view - and outside Italy, too."

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Abstract

The new edition adds 7.200 new headings and their references; LCSH now has a total of 270.000 authority records. Instructions how to use the LCSH in: Subject Cataloging Manual: Subject Headings (2002 cumulation: 5th. ed. 1996 with updates through 2002 interfiled; looseleaf in 4 vols.) with semiannual updates.