Search (32 results, page 1 of 2)

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Date

22. 1.2017 16:54:03
22. 1.2017 17:10:56

RSWK

Visualisierung / Wissen
Gebrauchsgrafik / Wissen
Wissen / Daten / Visualisierung / Gebrauchsgrafik / Informationsgrafik / Thematische Karte

Subject

Visualisierung / Wissen
Gebrauchsgrafik / Wissen
Wissen / Daten / Visualisierung / Gebrauchsgrafik / Informationsgrafik / Thematische Karte

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Abstract

Acquiring knowledge in any field involves information retrieval, i.e. searching the available documents to identify answers to the queries concerning the selected objects. Knowing the keywords which are names of the objects will enable situating the user's query in the information space organized as a thesaurus or faceted classification. Objectives: Identification the areas in the information space which correspond to gaps in the user's personal knowledge or in the domain knowledge might become useful in theory or practice. The aim of this paper is to present a realistic information-space model of a self-authored full-text document on information culture, indexed by the author of this article. Methodology: Having established the relations between the terms, particular modules (sets of terms connected by relations used in facet classification) are situated on a plain, similarly to a communication map. Conclusions drawn from the "journey" on the map, which is a visualization of the knowledge contained in the analysed document, are the crucial part of this paper. Results: The direct result of the research is the created model of information space visualization of a given document (book, article, website). The proposed procedure can practically be used as a new form of representation in order to map the contents of academic books and articles, beside the traditional index form, especially as an e-book auxiliary tool. In teaching, visualization of the information space of a document can be used to help students understand the issues of: classification, categorization and representation of new knowledge emerging in human mind.

Source

Knowledge organization in the 21st century: between historical patterns and future prospects. Proceedings of the Thirteenth International ISKO Conference 19-22 May 2014, Kraków, Poland. Ed.: Wieslaw Babik

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Source

Wissen in Aktion: Der Primat der Pragmatik als Motto der Konstanzer Informationswissenschaft. Festschrift für Rainer Kuhlen. Hrsg. R. Hammwöhner, u.a

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Abstract

Im Rahmen des betrieblichen Wissensmanagement nimmt die Wissenskommunikation eine zentrale Funktion ein. Wird Wissen offen und konstruktiv kommuniziert, kann neu benötigtes Wissen zeitnah generiert werden. Dazu muss individuelles und organisationales Wissen miteinander verzahnt werden. Durch das innovative Werkzeug topomap®, das die bisher vernachlässigten epistemologischen Dimensionen des Wissens mit Visualisierungslogiken zu erschließen hilft, kann die betriebliche Wissenskommunikation nachhaltig belebt werden. Der einzelne Mitarbeiter erhält Einblick in eigene und fremde Wissensprofile. So kann er Modellierungspotentiale und Lernbrücken zu neuem Wissen in einer dreidimensionalen Lernlandschaft konkret lokalisieren. Diese Tools sind im Fachinformationsmanagementsystem (FMS), das die ONLINE GmbH in Freiburg entwickelt hat integriert. So können neben der Sammlung rein organisationaler Informationen im Archiv-, Dokumentations- oder Bibliotheksmodul, die individuellen Wissensstrukturen der einzelnen Mitarbeiter systematisch erfasst und analysiert werden und produktiv für die Organisation umgesetzt werden.

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Abstract

Techniques for multidimensional scaling visualize objects as points in a low-dimensional metric map. As a result, the visualizations are subject to the fundamental limitations of metric spaces. These limitations prevent multidimensional scaling from faithfully representing non-metric similarity data such as word associations or event co-occurrences. In particular, multidimensional scaling cannot faithfully represent intransitive pairwise similarities in a visualization, and it cannot faithfully visualize "central" objects. In this paper, we present an extension of a recently proposed multidimensional scaling technique called t-SNE. The extension aims to address the problems of traditional multidimensional scaling techniques when these techniques are used to visualize non-metric similarities. The new technique, called multiple maps t-SNE, alleviates these problems by constructing a collection of maps that reveal complementary structure in the similarity data. We apply multiple maps t-SNE to a large data set of word association data and to a data set of NIPS co-authorships, demonstrating its ability to successfully visualize non-metric similarities.

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Abstract

Map-based visualizations of document collections have become popular in recent times. However, most of these visualizations emphasize only geospatial properties of objects, leaving out other ontological properties. In this paper we propose to extend these visualizations to include nongeospatial properties of documents to support users with elementary and synoptic visual tasks. More specifically, additional suitable representations that can enhance the utility of map-based visualizations are discussed. To demonstrate the utility of the proposed solution, we have developed a prototype map-based visualization system using Google Maps (GM), which demonstrates how additional representations can be beneficial.

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Abstract

The paper investigates the acceleration of t-SNE-an embedding technique that is commonly used for the visualization of high-dimensional data in scatter plots-using two tree-based algorithms. In particular, the paper develops variants of the Barnes-Hut algorithm and of the dual-tree algorithm that approximate the gradient used for learning t-SNE embeddings in O(N*logN). Our experiments show that the resulting algorithms substantially accelerate t-SNE, and that they make it possible to learn embeddings of data sets with millions of objects. Somewhat counterintuitively, the Barnes-Hut variant of t-SNE appears to outperform the dual-tree variant.

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Date

30. 5.2010 16:22:35

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Date

1. 2.2016 18:25:22

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Abstract

We present a new technique called "t-SNE" that visualizes high-dimensional data by giving each datapoint a location in a two or three-dimensional map. The technique is a variation of Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (Hinton and Roweis, 2002) that is much easier to optimize, and produces significantly better visualizations by reducing the tendency to crowd points together in the center of the map. t-SNE is better than existing techniques at creating a single map that reveals structure at many different scales. This is particularly important for high-dimensional data that lie on several different, but related, low-dimensional manifolds, such as images of objects from multiple classes seen from multiple viewpoints. For visualizing the structure of very large data sets, we show how t-SNE can use random walks on neighborhood graphs to allow the implicit structure of all of the data to influence the way in which a subset of the data is displayed. We illustrate the performance of t-SNE on a wide variety of data sets and compare it with many other non-parametric visualization techniques, including Sammon mapping, Isomap, and Locally Linear Embedding. The visualizations produced by t-SNE are significantly better than those produced by the other techniques on almost all of the data sets.

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Abstract

Advanced technology has resulted in the generation of about one million terabytes of information every year. Ninety-reine percent of this is available in digital format (Keim, 2001). More information will be generated in the next three years than was created during all of previous human history (Keim, 2001). Collecting information is no longer a problem, but extracting value from information collections has become progressively more difficult. Various search engines have been developed to make it easier to locate information of interest, but these work well only for a person who has a specific goal and who understands what and how information is stored. This usually is not the Gase. Visualization was commonly thought of in terms of representing human mental processes (MacEachren, 1991; Miller, 1984). The concept is now associated with the amplification of these mental processes (Card, Mackinlay, & Shneiderman, 1999). Human eyes can process visual cues rapidly, whereas advanced information analysis techniques transform the computer into a powerful means of managing digitized information. Visualization offers a link between these two potent systems, the human eye and the computer (Gershon, Eick, & Card, 1998), helping to identify patterns and to extract insights from large amounts of information. The identification of patterns is important because it may lead to a scientific discovery, an interpretation of clues to solve a crime, the prediction of catastrophic weather, a successful financial investment, or a better understanding of human behavior in a computermediated environment. Visualization technology shows considerable promise for increasing the value of large-scale collections of information, as evidenced by several commercial applications of TreeMap (e.g., http://www.smartmoney.com) and Hyperbolic tree (e.g., http://www.inxight.com) to visualize large-scale hierarchical structures. Although the proliferation of visualization technologies dates from the 1990s where sophisticated hardware and software made increasingly faster generation of graphical objects possible, the role of visual aids in facilitating the construction of mental images has a long history. Visualization has been used to communicate ideas, to monitor trends implicit in data, and to explore large volumes of data for hypothesis generation. Imagine traveling to a strange place without a map, having to memorize physical and chemical properties of an element without Mendeleyev's periodic table, trying to understand the stock market without statistical diagrams, or browsing a collection of documents without interactive visual aids. A collection of information can lose its value simply because of the effort required for exhaustive exploration. Such frustrations can be overcome by visualization.
Visualization can be classified as scientific visualization, software visualization, or information visualization. Although the data differ, the underlying techniques have much in common. They use the same elements (visual cues) and follow the same rules of combining visual cues to deliver patterns. They all involve understanding human perception (Encarnacao, Foley, Bryson, & Feiner, 1994) and require domain knowledge (Tufte, 1990). Because most decisions are based an unstructured information, such as text documents, Web pages, or e-mail messages, this chapter focuses an the visualization of unstructured textual documents. The chapter reviews information visualization techniques developed over the last decade and examines how they have been applied in different domains. The first section provides the background by describing visualization history and giving overviews of scientific, software, and information visualization as well as the perceptual aspects of visualization. The next section assesses important visualization techniques that convert abstract information into visual objects and facilitate navigation through displays an a computer screen. It also explores information analysis algorithms that can be applied to identify or extract salient visualizable structures from collections of information. Information visualization systems that integrate different types of technologies to address problems in different domains are then surveyed; and we move an to a survey and critique of visualization system evaluation studies. The chapter concludes with a summary and identification of future research directions.

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Source

Wissensorganisation und Edutainment: Wissen im Spannungsfeld von Gesellschaft, Gestaltung und Industrie. Proceedings der 7. Tagung der Deutschen Sektion der Internationalen Gesellschaft für Wissensorganisation, Berlin, 21.-23.3.2001. Hrsg.: C. Lehner, H.P. Ohly u. G. Rahmstorf

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Content

"An einem trüben Novembertag 2008 sitzen zwei Männer an einem ovalen Konferenztisch. Sie befinden sich wie die meisten Geschäftstreibenden im Strudel der Finanzmärkte. Ihr Tisch steht im einzigen mehrstöckigen Nachwendebau der Berliner Karl-Marx-Allee. Links vom Fenster leuchtet die Spitze des Fernsehturms, rechts fällt der Blick auf kilometerlange Kachelfassaden. Die Verhandlungen mit den Investoren ziehen sich seit Wochen hin. Ein rhetorisches Ringen. Der Hirnforscher fragt: "Ist Wissen mit großem 'W' und wissen mit kleinem 'w' für Sie das Gleiche?" Der Vertriebsmann sagt: "Learntainment", "Knowledge Nuggets", "Mindmapping". Am Ende liegt ein unterschriebener Vertrag auf dem Tisch - an einem Tag, an dem Daimler laut über Kurzarbeit nachdenkt. Martin Hirsch und Ralf von Grafenstein genehmigen sich einen Piccolo. In der schwersten Wirtschaftskrise der Bundesrepublik haben sie für "eyePlorer" einen potenten Investor gefunden. Er hat die Tragweite ihrer Idee verstanden, und er hat begriffen: Die Welt ist eine Scheibe.
Wenn die Maschine denkt Zur Hybris des Projekts passt, dass der eyePlorer ursprünglich HAL heißen sollte - wie der außer Rand und Band geratene Bordcomputer aus Kubricks "2001: Odyssee im Weltraum". Wenn man die Buchstaben aber jeweils um eine Alphabetposition nach rechts verrückt, ergibt sich IBM. Was passiert mit unserem Wissen, wenn die Maschine selbst anfängt zu denken? Ralf von Grafenstein macht ein ernstes Gesicht. "Es ist nicht unser Ansinnen, sie alleinzulassen. Es geht bei uns ja nicht nur darum, zu finden, sondern auch mitzumachen. Die Community ist wichtig. Der Dialog ist beiderseitig." Der Lotse soll in Form einer wachsamen Gemeinschaft also an Bord bleiben. Begünstigt wird diese Annahme auch durch die aufkommenden Anfasstechnologien, mit denen das iPhone derzeit so erfolgreich ist: "Allein zehn Prozent der menschlichen Gehirnleistung gehen auf den Pinzettengriff zurück." Martin Hirsch wundert sich, dass diese Erkenntnis von der IT-Branche erst jetzt berücksichtigt wird. Auf berührungssensiblen Bildschirmen sollen die Nutzer mit wenigen Handgriffen bald spielerisch Inhalte schaffen und dem System zur Verfügung stellen. So wird aus der Suchmaschine ein "Sparringspartner" und aus einem Informationsknopf ein "Knowledge Nugget". Wie auch immer man die Erkenntniszutaten des Internetgroßmarkts serviert: Wissen als Zeitwort ist ein länglicher Prozess. Im Moment sei die Maschine noch auf dem Stand eines Zweijährigen, sagen ihre Schöpfer. Sozialisiert werden soll sie demnächst im Internet, ihre Erziehung erfolgt dann durch die Nutzer. Als er Martin Hirsch mit seiner Scheibe zum ersten Mal gesehen habe, dachte Ralf von Grafenstein: "Das ist überfällig! Das wird kommen! Das muss raus!" Jetzt ist es da, klein, unschuldig und unscheinbar. Man findet es bei Google."

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Date

30. 1.2007 18:22:41

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Abstract

The reader of a hypertext document in a web environment, if maximum use of the document is to be obtained, must visualize the overall structure of the paths through the document as well as the document space. Graphic visualization displays of this space, produced to assist in navigation, are classified into four groups, and Heo and Hirtle compare three of these classes as to their effectiveness. Distortion displays expand regions of interest while relatively diminishing the detail of the remaining regions. This technique will show both local detail and global structure. Zoom techniques use a series of increasingly focused displays of smaller and smaller areas, and can reduce cogitative overload, but do not provide an easy movement to other parts of the total space. Expanding outline displays use a tree structure to allow movement through a hierarchy of documents, but if the organization has a wide horizontal structure, or is not particularly hierarchical in nature such display can break down. Three dimensional layouts, which are not evaluated here, place objects by location in three space, providing more information and freedom. However, the space must be represented in two dimensions resulting in difficulty in visually judging depth, size and positioning. Ten students were assigned to each of eight groups composed of viewers of the three techniques and an unassisted control group using either a large (583 selected pages) or a small (50 selected pages) web space. Sets of 10 questions, which were designed to elicit the use of a visualization tool, were provided for each space. Accuracy and time spent were extracted from a log file. Users views were also surveyed after completion. ANOVA shows significant differences in accuracy and time based upon the visualization tool in use. A Tukey test shows zoom accuracy to be significantly less than expanding outline and zoom time to be significantly greater than both the outline and control groups. Size significantly affected accuracy and time, but had no interaction with tool type. While the expanding tool class out performed zoom and distortion, its performance was not significantly different from the control group.

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Abstract

Boyack, Wylie, and Davidson developed VxInsight which transforms information from documents into a landscape representation which conveys information on the implicit structure of the data as context for queries and exploration. From a list of pre-computed similarities it creates on a plane an x,y location for each item, or can compute its own similarities based on direct and co-citation linkages. Three-dimensional overlays are then generated on the plane to show the extent of clustering at particular points. Metadata associated with clustered objects provides a label for each peak from common words. Clicking on an object will provide citation information and answer sets for queries run will be displayed as markers on the landscape. A time slider allows a view of terrain changes over time. In a test on the microsystems engineering literature a review article was used to provide seed terms to search Science Citation Index and retrieve 20,923 articles of which 13,433 were connected by citation to at least one other article in the set. The citation list was used to calculate similarity measures and x.y coordinates for each article. Four main categories made up the landscape with 90% of the articles directly related to one or more of the four. A second test used five databases: SCI, Cambridge Scientific Abstracts, Engineering Index, INSPEC, and Medline to extract 17,927 unique articles by Sandia, Los Alamos National Laboratory, and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, with text of abstracts and RetrievalWare 6.6 utilized to generate the similarity measures. The subsequent map revealed that despite some overlap the laboratories generally publish in different areas. A third test on 3000 physical science journals utilized 4.7 million articles from SCI where similarity was the un-normalized sum of cites between journals in both directions. Physics occupies a central position, with engineering, mathematics, computing, and materials science strongly linked. Chemistry is farther removed but strongly connected.

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Content

"Die Recherche im "klassischen" OPAC verlangt eine exakte Formulierung der Suchanfrage, aber viele Bibliotheksbenutzer wissen nicht genau, wonach sie eigentlich suchen. So bleiben oft wertvolle Treffer oder sogar Teile des Bibliotheksbestandes von den Bibliotheksbenutzern unentdeckt. Ein neues Produkt in der Angebotspalette des Bibliothekssoftware-Herstellers BOND GmbH & Co. KG schafft Abhilfe: Der AquaBrowser Library. Er sprengt die Grenzen der konventionellen OPAC-Suche und bietet ein neues, "ergonomisches" Sucherlebnis: die erste progressive und interaktive Suchumgebung. AquaBrowser Library bezieht in die OPAC-Suche automatisch assoziative Begriffe, Synonyme, unterschiedliche Schreibweisen, Übersetzungen sowie den Kontext mit ein. So werden automatisch neue Suchpfade generiert, der Suchbereich und somit auch das Trefferspektrum erweitert. Als Ergebnis erhält der Informationssuchende eine umfangreichere und qualitativ präzisere Ergebnisliste. Das Suchergebnis geht weit über eine Suchliste hinaus: Der Suchbegriff eines Benutzers wird mit den im Bibliothekskatalog enthaltenen Metadaten verglichen. Dabei werden assoziative Begriffe, Synonyme, alternative Schreibweisen, Übersetzungen in Fremdsprachen sowie der Kontext mit einbezogen. Daraus generiert sich automatisch eine visuelle Karte, die so genannte "Word Cloud". Sie stellt alle Assoziationen oder Überblicke über interessante Themenbereiche grafisch logisch dar. Die Begriffe sind Vorschläge und Hilfestellungen für den Bibliotheksbenutzer. Per Klick auf die "Word Cloud" kann er so neue Informationen entdecken und seine Suchanfrage präzisieren und lenken. Beispielsweise werden Tippfehler erkannt und alternative Schreibweisen angeboten. Gibt ein Leser den Suchbegriff "Auto" ein, beinhaltet das Suchergebnis auch Medien zu "PKW", "Kraftfahrzeug" oder "KFZ". Es werden sogar Treffer angezeigt, bei denen der gesuchte Begriff in einer anderen Sprache (englisch, spanisch oder niederländisch) im Katalogisat hinterlegt ist (z.B. car). Bei jeder Suchabfrage erstellt AquaBrowser Library automatisch eine Liste relevanter Kriterien, nach denen der Benutzer seine Ergebnisse filtern kann. Ein Klick auf ein Kriterium genügt und schon werden die Suchergebnisse präzisiert. Auf diese Weise schränken Mediensuchende die Treffer zielgenau ein und gelangen so schnell und exakt zu der spezifischen Information, die sie brauchen. Die Verfeinerungskriterien sind übersichtlich anhand von Kategorien gegliedert (z.B. Schlagwort, Verfasser, Sprache, Personen, Thema, Reihe oder Jahr)."

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Abstract

Bei elektronisch vermittelten Kommunikationsprozessen im Kontext von kollaborativem Wissensmanagement in der Lehre entstehen sehr rasch komplexe Kommunikationsstrukturen mit reichhaltigen Verknüpfungen zu heterogenen Informationsmaterialien, die mit herkömmlichen Mitteln zu verfolgen und verfügbar zu machen sehr schnell schwierig bis unmöglich wird. Bisherige Formen von Orientierungshilfe werden eher durch konventionelle Mittel der Kommunikation und Interaktion unterstützt, und daher ist in der Regel kaum nachvollziehbar, wie Wissen, insbesondere dessen repräsentierende Konzepte zusammenhängt, sich entwickelt hat oder wo sich Wissenslücken ergeben. Eine fehlende Orientierung über die Kommunikationsprozesse hat u.a. zur Folge, dass (1) das Angebot elektronischer wissenschaftlicher Information nicht genutzt wird; (2) es zu Orientierungslosigkeit und kognitiven Überlastung kommt und damit die Wissensproduktion gehemmt wird; (3) Wissenslücken nicht aufgezeigt werden und somit in weiteren Diskursen nicht geschlossen werden können; (4) eine Unterstützung für die Moderation fehlt, um effizient Ursachen für Störungen in den Lernprozessen und Konflikten innerhalb der Gruppen zu erkennen; (5) die grundlegende Basis fehlt, um typische Fragen von Benutzern im Umgang mit einem kollaborativen Wissensmanagementsystem in der Lehre effizient beantworten zu können. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird ein Konzept zur Visualisierung von Kommunikationsstrukturen vorgestellt, das zum Ziel hat, eine effiziente und effektive Orientierungs- und Navigationshilfe für ein kollaboratives Wissensmanagementsystem in der Lehre bereitzustellen. Dabei sollen typische Orientierungsfragen der Benutzer und der Moderation effizient beantwortet werden können. Das entwickelte Gesamtkonzept wurde in das Visualisierungssystem K3Vis umgesetzt und damit dessen Machbarkeit überprüft. K3Vis ist im Forschungsprojekt K3 integriert und steht für den produktiven Einsatz zur Verfügung. K3 steht für Kooperation, Kommunikation und InformationsKompetenz und ist ein von der Konstanzer Informationswissenschaft initiiertes Projekt im Kontext des kollaborativen Wissensmanagements in der Lehre. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden alle historischen, von den Studierenden kollaborativ erarbeiteten Arbeitsaufträge im Detail analysiert und dabei symptomatische Muster in Kommunikationsstrukturen ermittelt, die bei der Bewertung und der Moderation des Diskursverlaufs hilfreich sein können. An konkreten, "produktiven" Beispielen werden diese Diagnosemöglichkeiten anhand von Abbildungen diskutiert.