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  1. Walther, R.: ¬Die "cacouacs" und der Baum des Wissens : Kein Pardon für Narren und Tyrannen: 250 Jahre Encyclopédie von Diderot und d'Alembert (2001) 0.08 
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    Content
    "Der Werbeprospekt tönte bombastisch: "Das Werk, das wir ankündigen, ist nicht mehr ein nur in Vorbereitung befindliches Werk. Das Manuskript und die Zeichnungen dazu sind fertig." Am 24. Juni 1751 erhielt der erste Textband das königliche Druckprivileg und war bereits vier Tage später auf dem Markt. Der Prospekt versprach ferner, bis 1754 acht Text- und zwei Bildbände zu liefern. Der Initiator des großspurig angekündigten Projekts war Denis Diderot, und das Werk trägt den Titel: Encyclopédie, ou Dictionnaire Raisonné des Sciences, des Arts et des Métiers, Recueilli des Meilleurs Auteurs (Enzyklopädie oder auf Vernunfterkenntnis gegründetes Lexikon der Wissenschaften, der Künste und der Gewerbe, gesammelt von den besten Autoren). Fünfundzwanzig Jahre später - 1776 - war das 1750 angeblich "fertige" Werk wirklich fertig und umfasste 17 Text-, 11 Bild-, 4 Ergänzungs- und 2 Registerbände - insgesamt 72 000 Artikel und 2800 Kupferstiche in 35 Bänden im Foli-Format mit durchschnittlich 1000 Seiten Umfang. Angefangen hat alles 1745 mit dem Vorhaben, Ephraim Chambers' zweibändige Cyclopaedia or Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences (1728) ins Französische zu übersetzten. Der Verleger und Drucker André Francois Le Breton erwarb zwar ein Druckprivileg, konnte aber die Finanzierung nicht garantieren.
    Das Projekt gewann erst an Konturen, als Le Breton drei weitere Pariser Verleger für das Geschäft interessieren konnte. Als Herausgeber engagierten die vier Verleger 1746 Abbé Jean-Paul Gua de Malves, als Übersetzter Denis Diderot (1713-1784) und Jean Le Rond D'Alembert (1717-1783), einen glänzenden Astronomen und Mathematiker. Bevor die Arbeiten anfingen, zerstritten sich die Verleger mit Gua de Malves. Nun sollten Diderot und D'Alembert Herausgeber und Übersetzer werden. Das scheiterte zunächst daran, dass Diderot am 22. Juli 1749 nach einem berüchtigten Geheimbefehl ("lettre de cachet") verhaftet und in Vincennes inhaftiert wurde. Man hielt ihn - zu Recht, aber unbeweisbar - für den Verfasser der 1745 in Amsterdam anonym gedruckten Philosophischen Gedanken und traute ihm auch die schlüpfrigen Geschichten unter dem Titel Die indiskreten Kleinode (1748) zu. Während der Haft intervenierten die Verleger beim Kanzler d'Aguesseau. Dieser wie auch der Justizminister d'Argenson sahen in der Encyclopédie der philosophes" ein Projekt zum Ruhme Frankreichs und zur Schande Englands". Nach 103 Tagen kam Diderot wieder frei. Teile des Hofes und der Klerus beobachteten das Unternehmen Encyclopédie von Anfang an mit Misstrauen. Die Jesuiten vom Journal de Trévoux entdeckten im ersten Band ein Defizit: Es fehlten die Namen von Königen, Gelehrten, Heiligen", während viele heidnische Gottheiten" vorkamen. Sie machten die philosophes" unter dem erfundenen Wort eacouacs" zum Gespött. Noch 1952 charakterisierte die katholische Zeitschrift Études die Encyclopédie als die fürchterlichste Maschine, die jemals gegen die Religion in Stellung gebracht" wurde. Nachdem Abbé Jean-Martin de Prades - Autor des Artikels Gewissheit - in seiner Dissertation die These vertreten hatte, die Heilungen durch Jesus Christus glichen methodisch jenen des griechischen Arztes Äskulap, brach ein Sturm der Entrüstung aus. De Prades musste fliehen. Klerikale Einflüsterungen erreichten, dass der Staatsrat am 7. Februar 1752 gegen die ersten beiden Bände der Encyclopédie eine "scharfe Missbilligung" aussprach. Das war ein faktisches Verkaufsverbot, aber keine Rücknahme des Druckprivilegs. Man konnte nicht nur weiterarbeiten, sondern die Regierung bat die Herausgeber direkt weiterzumachen auch zum Schutz der Eigentumstitel der Subskribenten. Allerdings sollten künftig drei theologisch gebildete Zensoren jeden Artikel abzeichnen. Eingefädelt hatte das alles, wie Arthur M. Wilson, der beste Diderot-Kenner, gezeigt hat, Chrétien Guillaume de Malesherbes. Malesherbes war der Chef des Buchwesens und der Zensurbehörde - zugleich Freund und Förder der Encyclopédie.
    Als Diderot in Gefahr war, verhaftet zu werden, bot der Oberzensor ihm an, die ,gefährlichen" Manuskripte dort aufzubewahren, wo sie am sichersten waren - im Büro der Zensurbehörde. Ich bin mit der Aufsicht von Schriftstellern, Wissenschaft lern und Autoren aller Art beauftragt; d.h. von Leuten, die ich liebe und schätze." Er verstand sich als Garant der "Ausdrucksfreiheit", weil "diese Freiheit ... stets mehr Vorteile als Nachteile" mit sich bringe. Diderot revanchierte sich kokett mit einer Verneigung vor dem Zensor im Artikel Librairie«. Gelegentlich gab Malesherbes Diderot Tips, wie ein Thema zu behandeln sei, ohne die Theologen auf den Plan zu rufen. Wenn die Macht Malesherbes nicht ausreichte, half diejenige dessen Vaters aus der war Innenminister. Beide konnten jedoch nicht verhindern, dass das Pariser Parlement« - ein Gerichtshof - ein weiteres Dekret gegen die Encyclopédie erließ. Am 6. Februar 1759 wurde die Verbreitung der bisher erschienenen sieben Bände verboten. Der königliche Staatsrat zog am 8. März 1759 nach und widerrief das Druckprivileg mit dem Argument, der Beitrag der Encyclopédie zum "Fortschritt der Wissenschaften und Künste" könne das irreparable Verschulden gegen die Sitten und die Religion nicht ausgleichen." Einige Monate später setzte die Kirche die Encyclopédie auf den Index verbotener Bücher und forderte die Gläubigen auf, die Bücher zur Verbrennung abzuliefern. Was zunächst wie eine Katastrophe für das Projekt aussah, erwies sich bald als Produkt systemtypischer Zweideutigkeit. Bereits 1755 ließ sich Madame Pompadour, die Favoritin unter den Mätressen des Königs, vom berühmten Maler La Tour porträtieren. Gar nicht diskret, sondern gut sichtbar im Bildhintergrund stand der vierte Band der Encyclopédie. Der oberste Zensor Malesherbes und sein Nachfolger verhinderten, dass die Weiterarbeit verboten wurde. Die zunächst geforderte Rückzahlung der Subskriptionsgelder wurde nicht angeordnet und die Herausgabe der Bildbände formell genehmigt. Malesherbes spielte jahrelang ein virtuoses juristisches Spiel mit den Begriffen "stillschweigende Erlaubnis", Duldung" und polizeiliche Erlaubnis". Zeitweise überlegte Diderot, die Encyclopédie unter dem Schutz des aufgeklärten preußisehen Königs Friedrich II. fortzuführen. Aber Voltaire riet davon ab, da es in Berlin "eine gewaltige Menge Bajonette, aber sehr wenige Bücher" gebe. Herausgeber und Verleger einigten sich darauf, die restlichen zehn Textbände zusammenzustellen, zu drucken und dann auf einen Schlag auf den Markt zu bringen. Das geschah 1772 unter den Augen der Polizei, der nicht entgangen sein konnte, wenn eine solche Riesenmenge von Büchern in Druckereien in Paris und in der Provinz gedruckt, gestapelt und transportiert wurde. Als fiktiven Druckort nennen die Bände 8-17 das damals preußische Neuchâtel auf der schweizerischen Seite des Jura."
    Object
    Encyclopedie Diderot/d'Alembert
  2. Malsburg, C. von der: ¬The correlation theory of brain function (1981) 0.08 
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    Abstract
    A summary of brain theory is given so far as it is contained within the framework of Localization Theory. Difficulties of this "conventional theory" are traced back to a specific deficiency: there is no way to express relations between active cells (as for instance their representing parts of the same object). A new theory is proposed to cure this deficiency. It introduces a new kind of dynamical control, termed synaptic modulation, according to which synapses switch between a conducting and a non- conducting state. The dynamics of this variable is controlled on a fast time scale by correlations in the temporal fine structure of cellular signals. Furthermore, conventional synaptic plasticity is replaced by a refined version. Synaptic modulation and plasticity form the basis for short-term and long-term memory, respectively. Signal correlations, shaped by the variable network, express structure and relationships within objects. In particular, the figure-ground problem may be solved in this way. Synaptic modulation introduces exibility into cerebral networks which is necessary to solve the invariance problem. Since momentarily useless connections are deactivated, interference between di erent memory traces can be reduced, and memory capacity increased, in comparison with conventional associative memory
    Source
    http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F1380%2F1%2FvdM_correlation.pdf&usg=AOvVaw0g7DvZbQPb2U7dYb49b9v_
  3. Hotho, A.; Bloehdorn, S.: Data Mining 2004 : Text classification by boosting weak learners based on terms and concepts (2004) 0.07 
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    Content
    Vgl.: http://www.google.de/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CEAQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fdownload%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.91.4940%26rep%3Drep1%26type%3Dpdf&ei=dOXrUMeIDYHDtQahsIGACg&usg=AFQjCNHFWVh6gNPvnOrOS9R3rkrXCNVD-A&sig2=5I2F5evRfMnsttSgFF9g7Q&bvm=bv.1357316858,d.Yms.
    Date
    8. 1.2013 10:22:32
  4. Dick, S.J.: Astronomy's Three Kingdom System : a comprehensive classification system of celestial objects (2019) 0.07 
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    Abstract
    Although classification has been an important aspect of astronomy since stellar spectroscopy in the late nineteenth century, to date no comprehensive classification system has existed for all classes of objects in the universe. Here we present such a system, and lay out its foundational definitions and principles. The system consists of the "Three Kingdoms" of planets, stars and galaxies, eighteen families, and eighty-two classes of objects. Gravitation is the defining organizing principle for the families and classes, and the physical nature of the objects is the defining characteristic of the classes. The system should prove useful for both scientific and pedagogical purposes.
    Date
    21.11.2019 18:46:22
  5. Proffitt, M.: Pulling it all together : use of METS in RLG cultural materials service (2004) 0.06 
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    Abstract
    RLG has used METS for a particular application, that is as a wrapper for structural metadata. When RLG cultural materials was launched, there was no single way to deal with "complex digital objects". METS provides a standard means of encoding metadata regarding the digital objects represented in RCM, and METS has now been fully integrated into the workflow for this service.
    Source
    Library hi tech. 22(2004) no.1, S.65-68
  6. Johnson, E.H.: Using IODyne : Illustrations and examples (1998) 0.06 
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    Abstract
    IODyone is an Internet client program that allows one to retriev information from servers by dynamically combining information objects. Information objects are abstract representations of bibliographic data, typically titles (or title keywords), author names, subject and classification identifiers, and full-text search terms
    Date
    22. 9.1997 19:16:05
  7. Holetschek, J. et al.: Natural history in Europeana : accessing scientific collection objects via LOD (2016) 0.06 
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    Source
    Metadata and semantics research: 10th International Conference, MTSR 2016, Göttingen, Germany, November 22-25, 2016, Proceedings. Eds.: E. Garoufallou
  8. Srinivasan, R.; Boast, R.; Becvar, K.M.; Furner, J.: Blobgects : digital museum catalogs and diverse user communities (2009) 0.05 
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    Abstract
    This article presents an exploratory study of Blobgects, an experimental interface for an online museum catalog that enables social tagging and blogging activity around a set of cultural heritage objects held by a preeminent museum of anthropology and archaeology. This study attempts to understand not just whether social tagging and commenting about these objects is useful but rather whose tags and voices matter in presenting different expert perspectives around digital museum objects. Based on an empirical comparison between two different user groups (Canadian Inuit high-school students and museum studies students in the United States), we found that merely adding the ability to tag and comment to the museum's catalog does not sufficiently allow users to learn about or engage with the objects represented by catalog entries. Rather, the specialist language of the catalog provides too little contextualization for users to enter into the sort of dialog that proponents of Web 2.0 technologies promise. Overall, we propose a more nuanced application of Web 2.0 technologies within museums - one which provides a contextual basis that gives users a starting point for engagement and permits users to make sense of objects in relation to their own needs, uses, and understandings.
    Date
    22. 3.2009 18:52:32
  9. Falquet, G.; Guyot, J.; Nerima, L.: Languages and tools to specify hypertext views on databases (1999) 0.05 
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    Abstract
    We present a declarative language for the construction of hypertext views on databases. The language is based on an object-oriented data model and a simple hypertext model with reference and inclusion links. A hypertext view specification consists in a collection of parameterized node schemes which specify how to construct node and links instances from the database contents. We show how this language can express different issues in hypertext view design. These include: the direct mapping of objects to nodes; the construction of complex nodes based on sets of objects; the representation of polymorphic sets of objects; and the representation of tree and graph structures. We have defined sublanguages corresponding to particular database models (relational, semantic, object-oriented) and implemented tools to generate Web views for these database models
    Date
    21.10.2000 15:01:22
  10. Rötzer, F.: "Das Dasein des Menschen macht die Existenz der Dinge doch erst interessant" (1984) 0.05 
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    Abstract
    Am 31. Juli vor 200 Jahren starb Denis Diderot. Er war einer der einflußreichsten, intelligentesten und witzigsten Autoren nicht nur des an Charakteren seiner Art reichen 18. Jahrhunderts. Die "Enzyklopädie" war sein Hauptwerk, wenngleich manches seiner oft erst posthum erschienenen Nebenwerke uns heute noch mit größerer Frische und Originalität entgegentritt - wie seine Romanejakob und sein Herr", "Die Nonne", seine Erzählungen, Essays und Abhandlungen. Dem Diderot gewidmeten "Insel-Almanach auf das Jahr 1984", der eine höchst appetitanregende Lektüre bietet, haben wir die Illustrationen dieser Seite entnommen: Greuzes Kreidezeichnung Diderots (unten) und die zeitgenössische Kupfertafel zu dem Enzyklopädie-Artikel "Schreibkunst" Auf unserer Buchseite (IV) zeigt Ralph Rainer Wuthenow eine eben neu erschienene Auswahl von Diderots Briefen an. Unter den Dunkelmännern & -frauen, die heute so zahlreich aus dem Boden schießen, gilt Aufklärung als trocken und seicht; wohin man auch bei Diderot blickt, immer trifft man ihn, einen der größten Aufklärer, als einen Autor an, der solche Vorurteile glanzvoll Lügen straft.
    Object
    Encyclopedie Diderot/d'Alembert
  11. Yee, M.M.: What is a work? : part 1: the user and the objects of the catalog (1994) 0.05 
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    Abstract
    Part 1 of a series of articles, exploring the concept of 'the work' in cataloguing practice, which attempts to construct a definition of the term based on AACR theory and practice. The study begins with a consideration of the objects of the catalogue, their history and the evidence that bears on the question of the degree to which the user needs access to the work, as opposed to a particular edition of the work
    Footnote
    Vgl. auch: Pt.2: Cataloging and classification quarterly. 19(1994) no.2, S.5-22; Pt.3: Cataloging and classification quarterly. 20(1995) no.1, S.25-46; Pt.4: Cataloging and classification quarterly. 20(1995) no.2, S.3-24
  12. Benoit, G.; Hussey, L.: Repurposing digital objects : case studies across the publishing industry (2011) 0.05 
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    Abstract
    Large, data-rich organizations have tremendously large collections of digital objects to be "repurposed," to respond quickly and economically to publishing, marketing, and information needs. Some management typically assume that a content management system, or some other technique such as OWL and RDF, will automatically address the workflow and technical issues associated with this reuse. Four case studies show that the sources of some roadblocks to agile repurposing are as much managerial and organizational as they are technical in nature. The review concludes with suggestions on how digital object repurposing can be integrated given these organizations' structures.
    Date
    22. 1.2011 14:23:07
  13. Forsyth, D.A.: Finding pictures of objects in large collections of images (1997) 0.05 
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    Abstract
    Describes an approach to the problem of object recognition structured around a sequence of increasingly specialised grouping activities that assemble coherent regions of images that can be sown to satisfy increasingly stringent conditions. The recognition system is designed to cope with: colour and texture; the ability to deal with general objects in uncontrolled configurations and contexts; and a satisfactory notion of classification. These properties are illustrated using 3 case studies, demonstrating: the use of descriptions that fuse colour and spatial properties; the use of fusion of texture and geometric properties to describes trees; and the use of a recognition system to determine accurately whether an image contains people and animals
    Date
    22. 9.1997 19:16:05
    3. 1.1999 12:21:22
  14. Yee, R.; Beaubien, R.: ¬A preliminary crosswalk from METS to IMS content packaging (2004) 0.04 
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    Abstract
    As educational technology becomes pervasive, demand will grow for library content to be incorporated into courseware. Among the barriers impeding interoperability between libraries and educational tools is the difference in specifications commonly used for the exchange of digital objects and metadata. Among libraries, Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard (METS) is a new but increasingly popular standard; the IMS content-package (IMS-CP) plays a parallel role in educational technology. This article describes how METS-encoded library content can be converted into digital objects for IMS-compliant systems through an XSLT-based crosswalk. The conceptual models behind METS and IMS-CP are compared, the design and limitations of an XSLT-based translation are described, and the crosswalks are related to other techniques to enhance interoperability.
    Source
    Library hi tech. 22(2004) no.1, S.69-81
  15. Ridenour, L.: Boundary objects : measuring gaps and overlap between research areas (2016) 0.04 
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    Abstract
    The aim of this paper is to develop methodology to determine conceptual overlap between research areas. It investigates patterns of terminology usage in scientific abstracts as boundary objects between research specialties. Research specialties were determined by high-level classifications assigned by Thomson Reuters in their Essential Science Indicators file, which provided a strictly hierarchical classification of journals into 22 categories. Results from the query "network theory" were downloaded from the Web of Science. From this file, two top-level groups, economics and social sciences, were selected and topically analyzed to provide a baseline of similarity on which to run an informetric analysis. The Places & Spaces Map of Science (Klavans and Boyack 2007) was used to determine the proximity of disciplines to one another in order to select the two disciplines use in the analysis. Groups analyzed share common theories and goals; however, groups used different language to describe their research. It was found that 61% of term words were shared between the two groups.
  16. Ortega, C.D.: Conceptual and procedural grounding of documentary systems (2012) 0.04 
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    Abstract
    Documentary activities are informational operations of selection and representation of objects made from their features and predictable use. In order to make them more dynamic, these activities are carried out systemically, according to institutionally limited (in the sense of social institution) information projects. This organic approach leads to the constitution of information systems, or, more specifically, systems of documentary information, inasmuch as they refer to actions about documents as objects from which information is produced. Thus, systems of documentary information are called documentary systems. This article aims to list and systematize elements with the potential to a generalizing and categorical approach of documentary systems. We approach the systems according to: elements of reference (the documents and their information, the users, and the institutional context); constitutive elements (collection and references); structural elements (constituent units and the relation among them); modes of production (pre or post representation of the document); management aspects (flow of documents and of their information); and, finally, typology (management systems and information retrieval systems). Thus, documentary systems can be considered products due to operations involving objects institutionally limited for the production of collections (virtual or not) and their references, whose objective is the appropriation of information by the user.
    Content
    Beitrag einer Section "Selected Papers from the 1ST Brazilian Conference on Knowledge Organization And Representation, Faculdade de Ciência da Informação, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro Brasília, DF Brasil, October 20-22, 2011" Vgl.: http://www.ergon-verlag.de/isko_ko/downloads/ko_39_2012_3_h.pdf.
  17. Chowdhury, G.G.; Neelameghan, A.; Chowdhury, S.: VOCON: Vocabulary control online in MicroIsis databases (1995) 0.04 
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    Abstract
    Discusses the need for facilities for online vocabulary control and standardization of terms, codes, etc., so as to secure consistency in naming of subjects, objects, countries, languages, etc., in databases at data entry stage. Most information storage and retrieval packages for microcomputers including MicroIsis provide for online vocabulary control in formulating search expressions for information retrieval, but not at the data entry stage. VOCON.PAS is a Pascal interface program for use with MicroIsis software for (a) online selection of term(s) and/or code(s) from vocabulary control tool, such as, thesaurus, subject heading list, classification scheme, nomenclature list(s)
    Source
    Knowledge organization. 22(1995) no.1, S.18-22
  18. Bates, M.J.: Fundamental forms of information (2006) 0.04 
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    Abstract
    Fundamental forms of information, as well as the term information itself, are defined and developed for the purposes of information science/studies. Concepts of natural and represented information (taking an unconventional sense of representation), encoded and embodied information, as well as experienced, enacted, expressed, embedded, recorded, and trace information are elaborated. The utility of these terms for the discipline is illustrated with examples from the study of information-seeking behavior and of information genres. Distinctions between the information and curatorial sciences with respect to their social (and informational) objects of study are briefly outlined.
    Date
    22. 3.2009 18:15:22
  19. Schrodt, R.: Tiefen und Untiefen im wissenschaftlichen Sprachgebrauch (2008) 0.04 
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    Content
    Vgl. auch: https://studylibde.com/doc/13053640/richard-schrodt. Vgl. auch: http%3A%2F%2Fwww.univie.ac.at%2FGermanistik%2Fschrodt%2Fvorlesung%2Fwissenschaftssprache.doc&usg=AOvVaw1lDLDR6NFf1W0-oC9mEUJf.
  20. Popper, K.R.: Three worlds : the Tanner lecture on human values. Deliverd at the University of Michigan, April 7, 1978 (1978) 0.04 
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    Source
    https%3A%2F%2Ftannerlectures.utah.edu%2F_documents%2Fa-to-z%2Fp%2Fpopper80.pdf&usg=AOvVaw3f4QRTEH-OEBmoYr2J_c7H

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