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  1. O'Leary, M.: MapQuest and Maps On Us : top Web map services (1997) 0.24 
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    Abstract
    Reviews 2 USA based map Web sites: MapQuest and Maps on Us. They both offer map location, route planning and business establishment location. Maps on Us has strengths in the detail of its maps, the scope of its business location and the power of its software. MapQuest has maps beyond the USA, has a more comprehensive range and has better user friendliness and map presentation
    Date
    17. 7.1998 22:05:46
    Footnote
    Vgl.: http://www.mapquest (MapQuest); http://www.MapsOnUs (Maps on Us)
  2. Westmancoat, J.: ¬The new British Library Maps file : how to get the best from a Blaise search (1997) 0.19 
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    Abstract
    In July 1997 the first part of the major retrospective conversion programme on the British Library's Maps catalogue was completed. Discusses the scope of the enlarged file and outlines changes in search techniques, geographic headings and searching by data
    Date
    17. 1.1999 13:49:22
  3. Maaten, L. van den; Hinton, G.: Visualizing non-metric similarities in multiple maps (2012) 0.18 
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    Abstract
    Techniques for multidimensional scaling visualize objects as points in a low-dimensional metric map. As a result, the visualizations are subject to the fundamental limitations of metric spaces. These limitations prevent multidimensional scaling from faithfully representing non-metric similarity data such as word associations or event co-occurrences. In particular, multidimensional scaling cannot faithfully represent intransitive pairwise similarities in a visualization, and it cannot faithfully visualize "central" objects. In this paper, we present an extension of a recently proposed multidimensional scaling technique called t-SNE. The extension aims to address the problems of traditional multidimensional scaling techniques when these techniques are used to visualize non-metric similarities. The new technique, called multiple maps t-SNE, alleviates these problems by constructing a collection of maps that reveal complementary structure in the similarity data. We apply multiple maps t-SNE to a large data set of word association data and to a data set of NIPS co-authorships, demonstrating its ability to successfully visualize non-metric similarities.
  4. Widhalm, R.; Mueck, T.A.: Merging topics in well-formed XML topic maps (2003) 0.18 
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    Abstract
    Topic Maps are a standardized modelling approach for the semantic annotation and description of WWW resources. They enable an improved search and navigational access on information objects stored in semi-structured information spaces like the WWW. However, the according standards ISO 13250 and XTM (XML Topic Maps) lack formal semantics, several questions concerning e.g. subclassing, inheritance or merging of topics are left open. The proposed TMUML meta model, directly derived from the well known UML meta model, is a meta model for Topic Maps which enables semantic constraints to be formulated in OCL (object constraint language) in order to answer such open questions and overcome possible inconsistencies in Topic Map repositories. We will examine the XTM merging conditions and show, in several examples, how the TMUML meta model enables semantic constraints for Topic Map merging to be formulated in OCL. Finally, we will show how the TM validation process, i.e., checking if a Topic Map is well formed, includes our merging conditions.
    Object
    Topic maps
  5. Saarikoski, J.; Laurikkala, J.; Järvelin, K.; Juhola, M.: ¬A study of the use of self-organising maps in information retrieval (2009) 0.17 
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    Abstract
    Purpose - The aim of this paper is to explore the possibility of retrieving information with Kohonen self-organising maps, which are known to be effective to group objects according to their similarity or dissimilarity. Design/methodology/approach - After conventional preprocessing, such as transforming into vector space, documents from a German document collection were trained for a neural network of Kohonen self-organising map type. Such an unsupervised network forms a document map from which relevant objects can be found according to queries. Findings - Self-organising maps ordered documents to groups from which it was possible to find relevant targets. Research limitations/implications - The number of documents used was moderate due to the limited number of documents associated to test topics. The training of self-organising maps entails rather long running times, which is their practical limitation. In future, the aim will be to build larger networks by compressing document matrices, and to develop document searching in them. Practical implications - With self-organising maps the distribution of documents can be visualised and relevant documents found in document collections of limited size. Originality/value - The paper reports on an approach that can be especially used to group documents and also for information search. So far self-organising maps have rarely been studied for information retrieval. Instead, they have been applied to document grouping tasks.
  6. Baião Salgado Silva, G.; Lima, G.Â. Borém de Oliveira: Using topic maps in establishing compatibility of semantically structured hypertext contents (2012) 0.17 
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    Abstract
    Considering the characteristics of hypertext systems and problems such as cognitive overload and the disorientation of users, this project studies subject hypertext documents that have undergone conceptual structuring using facets for content representation and improvement of information retrieval during navigation. The main objective was to assess the possibility of the application of topic map technology for automating the compatibilization process of these structures. For this purpose, two dissertations from the UFMG Information Science Post-Graduation Program were adopted as samples. Both dissertations had been duly analyzed and structured on the MHTX (Hypertextual Map) prototype database. The faceted structures of both dissertations, which had been represented in conceptual maps, were then converted into topic maps. It was then possible to use the merge property of the topic maps to promote the semantic interrelationship between the maps and, consequently, between the hypertextual information resources proper. The merge results were then analyzed in the light of theories dealing with the compatibilization of languages developed within the realm of information technology and librarianship from the 1960s on. The main goals accomplished were: (a) the detailed conceptualization of the merge process of the topic maps, considering the possible compatibilization levels and the applicability of this technology in the integration of faceted structures; and (b) the production of a detailed sequence of steps that may be used in the implementation of topic maps based on faceted structures.
    Date
    22. 2.2013 11:39:23
    Object
    Topic maps
  7. Olson, N.B.; Swanson, E.: ¬The year's work in nonbook processing (1989) 0.17 
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    Abstract
    Reviews the literature, published in 1988, covering the cataloguing of audio-visual materials including: computerised files; music and sound recordings; film and video; graphic materials and 3-dimensional objects; maps; and preservation.
  8. Parker, V.: Cataloguing map series and serials (1999) 0.15 
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    Abstract
    This article defines and outlines the characteristics of map series, map sets, map serials, maps in multiple editions and multi-sheet single maps. Brief instructions on sources of information and general methodology used in gathering information prior to creating the entry are presented. The different methods which may be used for cataloguing series and serials are explored. There is also a brief section on cataloguing bi- and multi-lingual works in a bilingual environment. For each relevant area of description, instructions and examples are given to illustrate problems. Sections on analysis (including multi-level cataloguing).
    Date
    26. 7.2006 10:44:22
    Footnote
    Teil eines Themenheftes zu: "Maps and related cartographic materials: cataloging, classification, and bibliographic control"
  9. Buchel, O.; Coleman, A.: How can classificatory structures be used to improve science education? (2003) 0.15 
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    Abstract
    There is increasing evidence that libraries, traditional and digital, must support learning, especially the acquisition and enhancement of scientific reasoning skills. This paper discusses how classificatory structures, such as a faceted thesaurus, can be enhanced for novice science learning. Physical geography is used as the domain discipline, and the Alexandria Digital Earth Prototype project provides the test bed for instructional materials and user analyses. The use of concept maps and topic maps for developing digital learning spaces is briefly discussed.
    Date
    10. 9.2000 17:38:22
  10. Klavans, R.; Boyack, K.W.: Toward a consensus map of science (2009) 0.15 
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    Abstract
    A consensus map of science is generated from an analysis of 20 existing maps of science. These 20 maps occur in three basic forms: hierarchical, centric, and noncentric (or circular). The consensus map, generated from consensus edges that occur in at least half of the input maps, emerges in a circular form. The ordering of areas is as follows: mathematics is (arbitrarily) placed at the top of the circle, and is followed clockwise by physics, physical chemistry, engineering, chemistry, earth sciences, biology, biochemistry, infectious diseases, medicine, health services, brain research, psychology, humanities, social sciences, and computer science. The link between computer science and mathematics completes the circle. If the lowest weighted edges are pruned from this consensus circular map, a hierarchical map stretching from mathematics to social sciences results. The circular map of science is found to have a high level of correspondence with the 20 existing maps, and has a variety of advantages over hierarchical and centric forms. A one-dimensional Riemannian version of the consensus map is also proposed.
    Date
    22. 3.2009 12:49:33
  11. Hill, J.S.: ¬The elephant in the catalog : cataloging animals you can't see or touch (1996) 0.12 
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    Content
    We have all heard the story of the three blind men who were put next to an elephant and asked to describe it. Each of them touched a different part of the beast, and because none of them could examine the entire creature, their resulting description was neither accurate nor useful. Constructing a catalog has always been a bit like describing elephants blind, and rather than getting easier as standardization and new technologies are widely implemented, the emergence of new types of information resources are making the job more difficult. Remotely-accessible electronic information resources are among the newest of cataloging's elephants. Not only is it difficult to see -or touch the entire animal, but the creature may move or change during or after the description process. The beast is also unwieldy, and the person doing the description may have no control or ownership of it. The temptation is great to say that it is not our business to describe either this particular beast or any other animal that we don't own, and to walk away. Unfortunately, remotely-accessible electronic information resources are increasing in number and importance, and access to information about materials over which the local library has no control is becoming both easier and more common. Library users more and more expect to have access to these resources, so the option of leaving them undescribed and thus excluding them from the catalog is becoming indefensible. In coming to grips with the problem of describing these exotic beasts, it may be helpful to recall how we have dealt with similar challenges in the past, and to remember that the practices, rules, policies, and principles that surround and define the activity of cataloging have always reflected the current concept of what constitutes a library catalog, and that that concept inevitably reflects both the history and role of libraries and available technology. Until relatively recently the primary roles of a catalog were widely recognized to be providing inventory control for a particular collection and serving as a finding aid to that collection only, but in practice, even the most elaborate catalogs never fulfilled even these roles entirely. Whole categories of materials, such as maps, photographs, newspapers, pamphlets, and rare books were excluded, or at best were described in separate catalogs or finding aids. Information about the contents of individual objects, such as chapters, contributions, and journal articles were also rarely included in the catalog. A small number of major parts of some works were described through analytic cataloging, and contents of other items were sometimes listed in notes in cataloging records when those parts were considered separable and potentially important in their own right, but because entries were generally not made for items included in contents notes the lists were primarily useful to those who had already found the main record. Description of the internal contents of information resources was left to reference works such as indexes and bibliographies. Far from being viewed as a flaw or insufficiency in the catalog, this need to use outside finding aids was accepted as the way things were.
    Date
    1. 8.2006 12:22:06
  12. Hotho, A.; Bloehdorn, S.: Data Mining 2004 : Text classification by boosting weak learners based on terms and concepts (2004) 0.12 
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    Content
    Vgl.: http://www.google.de/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CEAQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fdownload%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.91.4940%26rep%3Drep1%26type%3Dpdf&ei=dOXrUMeIDYHDtQahsIGACg&usg=AFQjCNHFWVh6gNPvnOrOS9R3rkrXCNVD-A&sig2=5I2F5evRfMnsttSgFF9g7Q&bvm=bv.1357316858,d.Yms.
    Date
    8. 1.2013 10:22:32
  13. Herrero-Solana, V.; Moya Anegón, F. de: Graphical Table of Contents (GTOC) for library collections : the application of UDC codes for the subject maps (2003) 0.12 
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    Abstract
    The representation of information contents by graphical maps is an extended ongoing research topic. In this paper we introduce the application of UDC codes for the subject maps development. We use the following graphic representation methodologies: 1) Multidimensional scaling (MDS), 2) Cluster analysis, 3) Neural networks (Self Organizing Map - SOM). Finally, we conclude about the application viability of every kind of map. 1. Introduction Advanced techniques for Information Retrieval (IR) currently make up one of the most active areas for research in the field of library and information science. New models representing document content are replacing the classic systems in which the search terms supplied by the user were compared against the indexing terms existing in the inverted files of a database. One of the topics most often studied in the last years is bibliographic browsing, a good complement to querying strategies. Since the 80's, many authors have treated this topic. For example, Ellis establishes that browsing is based an three different types of tasks: identification, familiarization and differentiation (Ellis, 1989). On the other hand, Cove indicates three different browsing types: searching browsing, general purpose browsing and serendipity browsing (Cove, 1988). Marcia Bates presents six different types (Bates, 1989), although the classification of Bawden is the one that really interests us: 1) similarity comparison, 2) structure driven, 3) global vision (Bawden, 1993). The global vision browsing implies the use of graphic representations, which we will call map displays, that allow the user to get a global idea of the nature and structure of the information in the database. In the 90's, several authors worked an this research line, developing different types of maps. One of the most active was Xia Lin what introduced the concept of Graphical Table of Contents (GTOC), comparing the maps to true table of contents based an graphic representations (Lin 1996). Lin applies the algorithm SOM to his own personal bibliography, analyzed in function of the words of the title and abstract fields, and represented in a two-dimensional map (Lin 1997). Later on, Lin applied this type of maps to create websites GTOCs, through a Java application.
    Date
    12. 9.2004 14:31:22
  14. Friedman, A.; Smiraglia, R.P.: Nodes and arcs : concept map, semiotics, and knowledge organization (2013) 0.12 
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    Abstract
    Purpose - The purpose of the research reported here is to improve comprehension of the socially-negotiated identity of concepts in the domain of knowledge organization. Because knowledge organization as a domain has as its focus the order of concepts, both from a theoretical perspective and from an applied perspective, it is important to understand how the domain itself understands the meaning of a concept. Design/methodology/approach - The paper provides an empirical demonstration of how the domain itself understands the meaning of a concept. The paper employs content analysis to demonstrate the ways in which concepts are portrayed in KO concept maps as signs, and they are subjected to evaluative semiotic analysis as a way to understand their meaning. The frame was the entire population of formal proceedings in knowledge organization - all proceedings of the International Society for Knowledge Organization's international conferences (1990-2010) and those of the annual classification workshops of the Special Interest Group for Classification Research of the American Society for Information Science and Technology (SIG/CR). Findings - A total of 344 concept maps were analyzed. There was no discernible chronological pattern. Most concept maps were created by authors who were professors from the USA, Germany, France, or Canada. Roughly half were judged to contain semiotic content. Peirceian semiotics predominated, and tended to convey greater granularity and complexity in conceptual terminology. Nodes could be identified as anchors of conceptual clusters in the domain; the arcs were identifiable as verbal relationship indicators. Saussurian concept maps were more applied than theoretical; Peirceian concept maps had more theoretical content. Originality/value - The paper demonstrates important empirical evidence about the coherence of the domain of knowledge organization. Core values are conveyed across time through the concept maps in this population of conference papers.
    Content
    Vgl. auch den Beitrag: Treude, L.: Das Problem der Konzeptdefinition in der Wissensorganisation: über einen missglückten Versuch der Klärung. In: LIBREAS: Library ideas. no.22, 2013, S.xx-xx.
  15. Rath, H.H.: Mozart oder Kugel : Mit Topic Maps intelligente Informationsnetze aufbauen (1999) 0.12 
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    Object
    Topic maps
  16. Buchel, O.; Sedig, K.: Extending map-based visualizations to support visual tasks : the role of ontological properties (2011) 0.12 
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    Abstract
    Map-based visualizations of document collections have become popular in recent times. However, most of these visualizations emphasize only geospatial properties of objects, leaving out other ontological properties. In this paper we propose to extend these visualizations to include nongeospatial properties of documents to support users with elementary and synoptic visual tasks. More specifically, additional suitable representations that can enhance the utility of map-based visualizations are discussed. To demonstrate the utility of the proposed solution, we have developed a prototype map-based visualization system using Google Maps (GM), which demonstrates how additional representations can be beneficial.
  17. Hsueh, D.C.: Recon road maps : retrospective conversion literature, 1980-1990 (1992) 0.12 
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    Source
    Cataloging and classification quarterly. 14(1992) nos.3/4, S.5-22
  18. Vecchio, S.D.: ¬The new world : a librarian's guide to CD-ROM & print atlases (1998) 0.12 
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    Abstract
    Surveys the terrain and charts the strengths and weaknesses of atlases in print and CD-ROM format using the following criteria: the degree of information conveyed in the maps; ease of understanding of and access to the information; accuracy of the information; and expected aesthetic and physical properties of the format
    Date
    22. 2.1999 15:52:12
  19. Dick, S.J.: Astronomy's Three Kingdom System : a comprehensive classification system of celestial objects (2019) 0.12 
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    Abstract
    Although classification has been an important aspect of astronomy since stellar spectroscopy in the late nineteenth century, to date no comprehensive classification system has existed for all classes of objects in the universe. Here we present such a system, and lay out its foundational definitions and principles. The system consists of the "Three Kingdoms" of planets, stars and galaxies, eighteen families, and eighty-two classes of objects. Gravitation is the defining organizing principle for the families and classes, and the physical nature of the objects is the defining characteristic of the classes. The system should prove useful for both scientific and pedagogical purposes.
    Date
    21.11.2019 18:46:22
  20. Verdi, M.P.; Kulhavy, R.W.; Stock, W.A.; Rittscho, K.A.; Savenye, W.: Why maps improve memory for text : the influence of structural information on working-memory operations (1993) 0.11 
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    Abstract
    In order to test how associated verbal and spatial stimuli are processed in memory, undergraduates studied a reference map as either an intact unit or as a series of individual features, and read a text containing facts related to map features. In Addition, the map was presented either before or after reading the text. Seeing the intact map prior to the text led to better recall of both map information and facts from the text. These results support a dual coding modell, where stimuli such as maps possess a retrieval advantage because they allow simultaneous representation in working memory. This advantage occurs because information from the map can be used to cue retrieval of associated verbal facts, without exceeding the processing constraints of the memorial system
    Date
    22. 7.2000 19:18:18

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