Search (763 results, page 38 of 39)

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Footnote

The real core of the SRVP, that is, the VRT training activities actually utilized by Washington State, are presented in Chapter Seven in roughly the same order as they took place in the course (train the trainer, orientation, chat practice, multitasking skills, virtual field trips, secret patron, transcript review, checking out the competition, policy and procedure review, sharing via a discussion list, and online meetings). Most interestingly, Chapter Eight deals with behavior, an issue rarely discussed in the context of librarianship, let alone providing reference services. As stated by the authors, "the most difficult aspect of digital reference service involves incorporating model reference interview techniques into an online transaction" (p. 74). The SVRP utilized an "online secret patron scenario" as a training tool that helped the student get the question straight, kept the customer informed, and provided the information required by the patron. The final chapter of the book reviews the important tasks of evaluation, modification, and follow-up. To that end, evaluative material is described and linked to Appendix A (assessment tools). In addition, evaluative tasks such as trainer debriefings and consultation with others participating in the SVRP are described. Finally, the chapter includes examples of unexpected consequences experienced in evaluating VRT services (from total inability to handle online transactions to poor marketing or branding of online services). Many useful appendices are included in this book. Appendix A provides examples of several assessment tools used during the "Anytime, Anywhere Answers" program. Appendix B consists of actual transcripts (edited) designed to illustrate good and bad virtual reference transactions. The transcripts illustrate transactions involving helping with homework, source citing, providing an opinion, suggesting print materials, and clarifying a question. This appendix should be required reading as it provides real-world examples of VRT in action. Appendix C is a copy of a VRT field trip questionnaire. The next appendix, like Appendix B, should be required reading as it includes an actual transcript from seven secret patron scenarios. A policies and procedures checklist is provided in Appendix E. Yet another critical source of information is presented in Appendix F, online meeting transcript. This transcript is the result of an online meeting conducted during a VRSP training class held in 2003. According to the authors, it is an example of the positive working relationship developed during a five-week learning course. The remaining appendices (G through 1) present information about support materials used in the VSRP, the VSRP budget, and trainer notes and tips. Clearly, VRT is a skill and resource that information professionals need to embrace, and this book does a fine job of outlining the essentials. It is apparent that the Washington State experience with VRT was a pioneering venture and is a model that other information professionals may seek to embrace, if not emulate, in developing their own VRT programs. However, this book is not a "complete guide" to VRT. There is too rapid development in virtual environments for any one to claim such an achievement. However, it is likely the most "complete" guide to the Washington State experience that will be published; therefore, this book should serve as a thorough and revelatory guide to VRT for several years to come."

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Footnote

Das sechste Kapitel enthält 26 Anwendungen des Google-APIs, die teilweise von den Autoren des Buchs selbst entwickelt wurden, teils von anderen Autoren ins Netz gestellt wurden. Als besonders nützliche Anwendungen werden unter anderem der Touchgraph Google Browser zur Visualisierung der Treffer und eine Anwendung, die eine Google-Suche mit Abstandsoperatoren erlaubt, vorgestellt. Auffällig ist hier, dass die interessanteren dieser Applikationen nicht von den Autoren des Buchs programmiert wurden. Diese haben sich eher auf einfachere Anwendungen wie beispielsweise eine Zählung der Treffer nach der Top-Level-Domain beschränkt. Nichtsdestotrotz sind auch diese Anwendungen zum großen Teil nützlich. In einem weiteren Kapitel werden pranks and games ("Streiche und Spiele") vorgestellt, die mit dem Google-API realisiert wurden. Deren Nutzen ist natürlich fragwürdig, der Vollständigkeit halber mögen sie in das Buch gehören. Interessanter wiederum ist das letzte Kapitel: "The Webmaster Side of Google". Hier wird Seitenbetreibern erklärt, wie Google arbeitet, wie man Anzeigen am besten formuliert und schaltet, welche Regeln man beachten sollte, wenn man seine Seiten bei Google plazieren will und letztlich auch, wie man Seiten wieder aus dem Google-Index entfernen kann. Diese Ausführungen sind sehr knapp gehalten und ersetzen daher keine Werke, die sich eingehend mit dem Thema Suchmaschinen-Marketing beschäftigen. Allerdings sind die Ausführungen im Gegensatz zu manch anderen Büchern zum Thema ausgesprochen seriös und versprechen keine Wunder in Bezug auf eine Plazienung der eigenen Seiten im Google-Index. "Google Hacks" ist auch denjenigen zu empfehlen, die sich nicht mit der Programmierung mittels des APIs beschäftigen möchten. Dadurch, dass es die bisher umfangreichste Sammlung von Tips und Techniken für einen gezielteren Umgang mit Google darstellt, ist es für jeden fortgeschrittenen Google-Nutzer geeignet. Zwar mögen einige der Hacks einfach deshalb mit aufgenommen worden sein, damit insgesamt die Zahl von i00 erreicht wird. Andere Tips bringen dafür klar erweiterte Möglichkeiten bei der Recherche. Insofern hilft das Buch auch dabei, die für professionelle Bedürfnisse leider unzureichende Abfragesprache von Google ein wenig auszugleichen." - Bergische Landeszeitung Nr.207 vom 6.9.2003, S.RAS04A/1 (Rundschau am Sonntag: Netzwelt) von P. Zschunke: Richtig googeln (s. dort)

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Footnote

The most common definition for metadata is "data about data." What metadata does is provide schemes for describing, organizing, exchanging, and receiving information over networks. The authors explain how metadata is used to describe resources by tagging item attributes like author, title, creation date, key words, file formats, compression, etc. The most well known scheme is MARC, but other schemes are developing for creating and managing digital collections, such as XML, TEI, EAD, and Dublin Core. The authors also do a good job of describing the difference between metadata and mark-up languages like HTML. The next two chapters discuss developing, designing, and providing access to a digital collection. In Chapter Six, "Developing and Designing Systems for Sharing Digital Resources," the authors examine a number of issues related to designing a shared collection. For instance, one issue the authors examine is interoperability. The authors stress that when designing a digital collection the creators should take care to ensure that their collection is "managed in such a way as to maximize opportunities for exchange and reuse of information, whether internally or externally" (p. 140). As a complement to Chapter Six, Chapter Seven, "Portals and Personalization: Mechanisms for End-user Access," focuses an the other end of the process; how the collection is used once it is made available. The majority of this chapter concentrates an the use of portals or gateways to digital collections. One example the authors use is MyLibrary@NCState, which provides the university community with a flexible user-drive customizable portal that allows user to access remote and local resources. The work logically concludes with a chapter an preservation and a chapter an the evolving role of librarians. Chapter Eight, "Preservation," is a thought-provoking discussion an preserving digital data and digitization as a preservation technique. The authors do a good job of relaying the complexity of preservation issues in a digital world in a single chapter. While the authors do not answer their questions, they definitely provide the reader wich some things to ponder. The final chapter, "Digital Librarians: New Roles for the Information Age," outlines where the authors believe librarianship is headed. Throughout the work they stress the role of the librarian in the digital world, but Chapter Nine really brings the point home. As the authors stress, librarians have always managed information and as experienced leaders in the information field, librarians are uniquely suited to take the digital bull by the horns. Also, the role of the librarian and what librarians can do is growing and evolving. The authors suggest that librarians are likely to move into rotes such as knowledge mediator, information architect, hybrid librarian-who brings resources and technologies together, and knowledge preserver. While these librarians must have the technical skills to cope with new technologies, the authors also state that management skills and subject skills will prove equally important.

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Footnote

Like Daniel Bell, the author of The Coming of Post-Industrial Society (1973), who used aspects of Marx's thinking as the basis for his social forecasting models, Warner uses Marxist thought as a tool for social and historical analysis. Unlike Bell, Warner's approach to Marx tends to be doctrinaire. As a result, "An Information View of History" and "Origins of the Human Brain," two of the essays in which Warner sets out to establish the connections between information science and information technology, are less successful. Warner argues, "the classic source for an understanding of technology as a human construction is Marx," and that "a Marxian perspective an information technology could be of high marginal Utility," noting additionally that with the exception of Norbert Wiener and John Desmond Bernal, "there has only been a limited penetration of Marxism into information science" (p. 9). But Warner's efforts to persuade the reader that these views are cogent never go beyond academic protocol. Nor does his support for the assertion that the second half of the 19th century was the critical period for innovation and diffusion of modern information technologies. The closing essay, "Whither Information Science?" is particularly disappointing, in part, because the preface and opening chapters of the book promised more than was delivered at the end. Warner asserts that the theoretical framework supporting information science is negligible, and that the discipline is limited even further by the fact that many of its members do not recognize or understand the effects of such a limitation. However cogent the charges may be, none of this is news. But the essay fails most notably because Warner does not have any new directions to offer, save that information scientists should pay closer artention to what is going an in allied disciplines. Moreover, he does not seem to understand that at its heart the "information revolution" is not about the machines, but about the growing legions of men and women who can and do write programming code to exert control over and find new uses for these devices. Nor does he seem to understand that information science, in the grip of what he terms a "quasi-global crisis," suffers grievously because it is a community situated not at the center but rather an the periphery of this revolution."

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Footnote

Rez. in: JASIST 54(2003) no.12, S.1166-1167 (Brenda Chawner): "Kochtanek and Matthews have written a welcome addition to the small set of introductory texts an applications of information technology to library and information Services. The book has fourteen chapters grouped into four sections: "The Broader Context," "The Technologies," "Management Issues," and "Future Considerations." Two chapters provide the broad content, with the first giving a historical overview of the development and adoption of "library information systems." Kochtanek and Matthews define this as "a wide array of solutions that previously might have been considered separate industries with distinctly different marketplaces" (p. 3), referring specifically to integrated library systems (ILS, and offen called library management systems in this part of the world), and online databases, plus the more recent developments of Web-based resources, digital libraries, ebooks, and ejournals. They characterize technology adoption patterns in libraries as ranging from "bleeding edge" to "leading edge" to "in the wedge" to "trailing edge"-this is a catchy restatement of adopter categories from Rogers' diffusion of innovation theory, where they are more conventionally known as "early adopters," "early majority," "late majority," and "laggards." This chapter concludes with a look at more general technology trends that have affected library applications, including developments in hardware (moving from mainframes to minicomputers to personal Computers), changes in software development (from in-house to packages), and developments in communications technology (from dedicated host Computers to more open networks to the current distributed environment found with the Internet). This is followed by a chapter describing the ILS and online database industries in some detail. "The Technologies" begins with a chapter an the structure and functionality of integrated library systems, which also includes a brief discussion of precision versus recall, managing access to internal documents, indexing and searching, and catalogue maintenance. This is followed by a chapter an open systems, which concludes with a useful list of questions to consider to determine an organization's readiness to adopt open source solutions. As one world expect, this section also includes a detailed chapter an telecommunications and networking, which includes types of networks, transmission media, network topologies, switching techniques (ranging from dial up and leased lines to ISDN/DSL, frame relay, and ATM). It concludes with a chapter an the role and importance of standards, which covers the need for standards and standards organizations, and gives examples of different types of standards, such as MARC, Dublin Core, Z39.50, and markup standards such as SGML, HTML, and XML. Unicode is also covered but only briefly. This section world be strengthened by a chapter an hardware concepts-the authors assume that their reader is already familiar with these, which may not be true in all cases (for example, the phrase "client-Server" is first used an page 11, but only given a brief definition in the glossary). Burke's Library Technology Companion: A Basic Guide for Library Staff (New York: Neal-Schuman, 2001) might be useful to fill this gap at an introductory level, and Saffady's Introduction to Automation for Librarians, 4th ed. (Chicago: American Library Association, 1999) world be better for those interested in more detail. The final two sections, however, are the book's real strength, with a strong focus an management issues, and this content distinguishes it from other books an this topic such as Ferguson and Hebels Computers for Librarians: an Introduction to Systems and Applications (Waggawagga, NSW: Centre for Information Studies, Charles Sturt University, 1998). ...

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Content

EPISTEMOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF KNOWLEDGE ORGANIZATION H. Peter Ohly. Knowledge Organization Pro and Retrospective. Judith Simon. Knowledge and Trust in Epistemology and Social Software/Knowledge Technologies. - D. Grant Campbell. Derrida, Logocentrism, and the Concept of Warrant on the Semantic Web. - Jian Qin. Controlled Semantics Versus Social Semantics: An Epistemological Analysis. - Hope A. Olson. Wind and Rain and Dark of Night: Classification in Scientific Discourse Communities. - Thomas M. Dousa. Empirical Observation, Rational Structures, and Pragmatist Aims: Epistemology and Method in Julius Otto Kaiser's Theory of Systematic Indexing. - Richard P. Smiraglia. Noesis: Perception and Every Day Classification. Birger Hjorland. Deliberate Bias in Knowledge Organization? Joseph T. Tennis and Elin K. Jacob. Toward a Theory of Structure in Information Organization Frameworks. - Jack Andersen. Knowledge Organization as a Cultural Form: From Knowledge Organization to Knowledge Design. - Hur-Li Lee. Origins of the Main Classes in the First Chinese Bibliographie Classification. NON-TEXTUAL MATERIALS Abby Goodrum, Ellen Hibbard, Deborah Fels and Kathryn Woodcock. The Creation of Keysigns American Sign Language Metadata. - Ulrika Kjellman. Visual Knowledge Organization: Towards an International Standard or a Local Institutional Practice?

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Content

Enthält die Beiträge: Das, A., A. Jain: Indexing the World Wide Web: the journey so far. Ke, W.: Decentralized search and the clustering paradox in large scale information networks. Roux, M.: Metadata for search engines: what can be learned from e-Sciences? Fluhr, C.: Crosslingual access to photo databases. Djioua, B., J.-P. Desclés u. M. Alrahabi: Searching and mining with semantic categories. Ghorbel, H., A. Bahri u. R. Bouaziz: Fuzzy ontologies building platform for Semantic Web: FOB platform. Lassalle, E., E. Lassalle: Semantic models in information retrieval. Berry, M.W., R. Esau u. B. Kiefer: The use of text mining techniques in electronic discovery for legal matters. Sleem-Amer, M., I. Bigorgne u. S. Brizard u.a.: Intelligent semantic search engines for opinion and sentiment mining. Hoeber, O.: Human-centred Web search.

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Date

22. 7.2006 20:12:41

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Date

22. 6.2005 15:30:21

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Content

Inhalt: Chapters 2 to 5: Scopes, Domains, and Display Media (pp. 47-102) Chapters 6 to 8: Documents, Analysis, and Indexing (pp. 103-176) Chapters 9 to 10: Exhaustivity and Specificity (pp. 177-196) Chapters 11 to 13: Displayed/Nondisplayed Indexes, Syntax, and Vocabulary Management (pp. 197-364) Chapters 14 to 16: Surrogation, Locators, and Surrogate Displays (pp. 365-390) Chapters 17 and 18: Arrangement and Size of Displayed Indexes (pp. 391-446) Chapters 19 to 21: Search Interface, Record Format, and Full-Text Display (pp. 447-536) Chapter 22: Implementation and Evaluation (pp. 537-541)

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Date

22. 3.2004 14:46:50

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Date

22. 1.2006 19:45:49

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Content

Enthält die Beiträge: 1. Die Grundlagen der Wissensorganisation Ingetraut Dahlberg: Zur Begriffskultur in den Sozialwissenschaften. Evaluation einer Herausforderung S.2 Gerhard Budin: Begriffliche Wissensorganisation in den Sozialwissenschaften: Theorien und Methodenvielfalt S.12 Gerd Bauer: Die vielseitigen Anwendungsmöglichkeiten des Kategorienprinzips bei der Wissensorganisation S.22 Robert Fugmann: Die Nützlichkeit von semantischen Kategorien auf dern Gebiet der Informationsbereitstellung S.34 Gerhard Rahmtorf: Wege zur Ontologie S.37 2. Wissensordnung und Gesellschaft Raphael Beer: Ungleiches Wissen und demokratische Legitimation S.50 Elisabeth Wallnöfer Köstlin: Zum Charakter chiasmatischen Wissens S.66 Maik Adomßent: Konstitutive Elemente nachhaltiger Wissensgenerierung und -organisation S.70 Walther Umstätter: Knowledge Economy und die Privatisierung von Bibliotheken S.85 Peter Ohly: Bibliometrie in der Postmoderne S.103 Marthinus S. van der Walt: Ethics in Indexing and Classification S.115 Heike Winschiers, Jens Felder & Barbara Paterson: Nachhaltige Wissensorganisation durch kulturelle Synthese S122 3. Pädagogische Wissensorganisation Henry Milder: Knowledge related policy and civic literacy S.130 Christian Swertz: Globalisierung und Individualisierung als Bildungsziele S.140 Wolfgang David: Der Einfluss epistemologischer Überzeugungen auf Wissenserwerb S.147 Monika Witsch: Cyberlaw für den Jugendschutz - Eine pädagogische Bewertung von Internetzensur vor dem Hintergrund rechtsextremer Homepages S.152 Nicole Zillien: "Nächste Folie, bitte!" - Der Einsatz von Präsentationsprogrammen zur Wissensvermittlung und Wissensbewahrung S.159 Wolfgang Semar: Kollaborative Leistungsevaluation beim Einsatz von Wissensmanagementsystemen in der Ausbildung S.169

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Footnote

Neben Anwendungen und Beispielen aus verschiedenen Ländern belegt der Autor anhand beeindruckender Beispiele, wie wenig sinnstiftend Wort-/Wortsstammfilter sind (Seite 84 bis 91). Ein Hauptproblem in der Informations- und Wissensgesellschaft sieht er darin: »Die Bequemlichkeit der Nutzer« führe zu einer selbst auferlegten »Informationsbeschränkung« bei der Nutzung von Suchmaschinen (Seite 18 bis 21). Dementsprechend sieht Strzolka in der »fehlenden Informationskompetenz und Zensur« eine »unheilvolle Allianz« (Seite 24). »Sich auf Suchmaschinen als objektive Instanz zu verlassen«, heißt es später (Seite 56), »ist so naiv, wie die Bibel als einzige Informationsquelle für das Leben in der modernen Welt zu nutzen«. Denn: »Suchmaschinen zensieren nicht - Ihre Betreiber organisieren Zensur.« Internetzensur Auf 25 Seiten (Seite 74 bis 99) dokumentiert Strzolka mit bemerkenswerten Beispielen, wie das in der Praxis geschieht. Nach Strzolka beteiligen sich Bibliothekare auch an der (Internet-)Zensur (Seite 22 f, mit Beispielen auf Seite 34). Hier wäre eine tiefergehende Auseinsandersetzung angebracht gewesen. Beeindruckend dabei, wie Strzolka über »Zensur und Idiotenfallen« (Seite 84 bis 90) berichtet. »Das Internet ist eine ausgesprochen heterogene Datensammlung und >keineswegs die größte Bibliothek der Welt>, wie immer zu hören ist.« (Seite 25) Denn: »Informationsportale verengen den Weg in die Wissensgesellschaft [...], weil sie die Fokussierung auf gewünschte Quellen [fördern]« (Seite 25). Vor diesem Hintergrund müsse deshalb eher von »Informationsbeschränkung« als von »Informationsvielfalt« die Rede sein.

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Footnote

The book does achieve its aim of being a starting point for someone interested in the state of some areas of AI research at the beginning of the new millennium. The book's most irritating feature is the different writing styles of the authors. The book is organized as a collection of papers similar to a typical graduate survey course packet, and as a result the book does not possess a narrative flow. Also the book contains a number of other major weaknesses such as a lack of an introductory or concluding chapter. The book could greatly benefit from an introductory chapter that would introduce readers to the areas of AI, explain why such a book is needed, and explain why each author's research is important. The manner in which the book currently handles these issues is a preface that talks about some of the above issues in a superficial manner. Also such an introductory chapter could be used to expound an what level of AI mathematical and statistical knowledge is expected from readers in order to gain maximum benefit from this book. A concluding chapter would be useful to readers interested in the other areas of AI not covered by the book, as well as open issues common to all of the research presented. In addition, most of the contributors come exclusively from the computer science field, which heavily slants the work toward the computer science community. A great deal of the research presented is being used by a number of research communities outside of computer science, such as biotechnology and information technology. A wider audience for this book could have been achieved by including a more diverse range of authors showing the interdisciplinary nature of many of these fields. Also the book's editors state, "The reader is expected to have basic knowledge of AI at the level of an introductory course to the field" (p vii), which is not the case for this book. Readers need at least a strong familiarity with many of the core concepts within AI, because a number of the chapters are shallow and terse in their historical overviews. Overall, this book would be a useful tool for a professor putting together a survey course an AI research. Most importantly the book would be useful for eager graduate students in need of a starting point for their research for their thesis. This book is best suited as a reference guide to be used by individuals with a strong familiarity with AI."

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Footnote

Rez. in: JASIST 56(2005) no.11, S.1237-1238 (E. Yakel): "This book provides the profession with a cogent, thorough, and thoughtful introduction to digital reference. Janes not only provides the breadth of coverage expected in an introduction, but also depth into this important topic. Janes' approach is managerial or administrative, providing guidelines for reference work that can be applied in different settings. Janes creates a decision-making framework to help reference librarians make decisions concerning how, to what extent, and in what cases digital reference services will be delivered. In this way, Janes avoids dictating a "one-size-fits-all" model. This approach is the major strength of the book. Library administrators and heads of reference services will find the administrative approach welcome by helping them think through which digital reference policies and methods will best target core constituencies and their institutional environments. However, the book deserves a broader audience as professors will find that the book fits nicely in a general reference course. For all readers, the book is readable and engaging and also challenging and questioning. The book begins with a history of reference work, nicely positioning digital reference in this tradition and noting the changes wrought by the digital age. By doing this, the author establishes both continuity and change in reference work as well as the values surrounding this activity. These values are largely those from the library community and Support people's access to information as well as activities that support the use of information. Janes closes this chapter by noting that the continuing changes in demographics, technology, and connectivity will impact reference work in ways that are not yet imaginable. This introduction sets the tone for the rest of the book. Janes defines digital reference service as "the use of digital technologies and resources to provide direct, professional assistance to people who are seeking information, wherever and whenever they need it" (p. 29). This definition covers a lot of ground. Examples include everything from a public library answering email queries to commercial ask-an-expert services. While the primary audience is librarians, Janes continually reminds readers that many others perform reference activities an the World Wide Web. Furthermore, he cautions readers that there are larger forces shaping this activity in the world that need to acknowledged. In building a framework for decision-making, Janes outlines the types of digital reference service. This discussion covers the communieations modes, such as e-mail, chat, Web forms, etc. It also analyzes the modalities by which reference service is delivered: synchronous/ asynchronous. Using these two dimensions (communication method and synchronous/asynchronous), Janes presents the variety of contexts in which digital reference can take place and then outlines the strengths and weaknesses of each of these. This translates into a decision-making framework by which readers analyze their particular setting and then select the modes and modalities that world be most effective. This is a powerful device and demonstrates the many options (and perhaps also the obstacles) for providing digital reference service.

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Footnote

da nun nach fast 200 Seiten der Hauptteil der Dissertation folgt - die Vorstellung und Bewertung des bereits erwähnten COSIMIR Modells. Das COSIMIR Modell "berechnet die Ähnlichkeit zwischen den zwei anliegenden Input-Vektoren" (P.194). Der Output des Netzwerks wird an einem einzigen Knoten abgegriffen, an dem sich ein sogenannten Relevanzwert einstellt, wenn die Berechnungen der Gewichtungen interner Knoten zum Abschluss kommen. Diese Gewichtungen hängen von den angelegten Inputvektoren, aus denen die Gewichte der ersten Knotenschicht ermittelt werden, und den im Netzwerk vorgegebenen Kantengewichten ab. Die Gewichtung von Kanten ist der Kernpunkt des neuronalen Ansatzes: In Analogie zum biologischen Urbild (Dendrit mit Synapsen) wächst das Gewicht der Kante mit jeder Aktivierung während einer Trainingsphase. Legt man in dieser Phase zwei Inputvektoren, z.B. Dokumentvektor und Ouery gleichzeitig mit dem Relevanzurteil als Wert des Outputknoten an, verteilen sich durch den BackpropagationProzess die Gewichte entlang der Pfade, die zwischen den beteiligten Knoten bestehen. Da alle Knoten miteinander verbunden sind, entstehen nach mehreren Trainingsbeispielen bereits deutlich unterschiedliche Kantengewichte, weil die aktiv beteiligten Kanten die Änderungen akkumulativ speichern. Eine Variation des Verfahrens benutzt das NN als "Transformationsnetzwerk", wobei die beiden Inputvektoren mit einer Dokumentrepräsentation und einem dazugehörigen Indexat (von einem Experten bereitgestellt) belegt werden. Neben der schon aufgezeigten Trainingsnotwendigkeit weisen die Neuronalen Netze eine weitere intrinsische Problematik auf: Je mehr äußere Knoten benötigt werden, desto mehr interne Kanten (und bei der Verwendung von Zwischenschichten auch Knoten) sind zu verwalten, deren Anzahl nicht linear wächst. Dieser algorithmische Befund setzt naiven Einsätzen der NN-Modelle in der Praxis schnell Grenzen, deshalb ist es umso verdienstvoller, dass der Autor einen innovativen Weg zur Lösung des Problems mit den Mitteln des IR vorschlagen kann. Er verwendet das Latent Semantic Indexing, welches Dokumentrepräsentationen aus einem hochdimensionalen Vektorraum in einen niederdimensionalen abbildet, um die Anzahl der Knoten deutlich zu reduzieren. Damit ist eine sehr schöne Synthese gelungen, welche die eingangs angedeuteten formalen Übereinstimmungen zwischen Vektorraummodellen im IR und den NN aufzeigt und ausnutzt.

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Footnote

Chapter 8 discusses issues of archiving and preserving digital materials. The chapter reiterates, "What is the point of all of this if the resources identified and catalogued are not preserved?" (Gorman, 2003, p. 16). Discussion about preservation and related issues is organized in five sections that successively ask why, what, who, how, and how much of the plethora of digital materials should be archived and preserved. These are not easy questions because of media instability and technological obsolescence. Stakeholders in communities with diverse interests compete in terms of which community or representative of a community has an authoritative say in what and how much get archived and preserved. In discussing the above-mentioned questions, the authors once again provide valuable information and lessons from a number of initiatives in Europe, Australia, and from other global initiatives. The Draft Charter on the Preservation of the Digital Heritage and the Guidelines for the Preservation of Digital Heritage, both published by UNESCO, are discussed and some of the preservation principles from the Guidelines are listed. The existing diversity in administrative arrangements for these new projects and resources notwithstanding, the impact on content produced for online reserves through work done in digital projects and from the use of metadata and the impact on levels of reference services and the ensuing need for different models to train users and staff is undeniable. In terms of education and training, formal coursework, continuing education, and informal and on-the-job training are just some of the available options. The intensity in resources required for cataloguing digital materials, the questions over the quality of digital resources, and the threat of the new digital environment to the survival of the traditional library are all issues quoted by critics and others, however, who are concerned about a balance for planning and resources allocated for traditional or print-based resources and newer digital resources. A number of questions are asked as part of the book's conclusions in Chapter 10. Of these questions, one that touches on all of the rest and upon much of the book's content is the question: What does the future hold for metadata in libraries? Metadata standards are alive and well in many communities of practice, as Chapters 2-6 have demonstrated. The usefulness of metadata continues to be high and innovation in various elements should keep information professionals engaged for decades to come. There is no doubt that metadata have had a tremendous impact in how we organize information for access and in terms of who, how, when, and where contact is made with library services and collections online. Planning and commitment to a diversity of metadata to serve the plethora of needs in communities of practice are paramount for the continued success of many digital projects and for online preservation of our digital heritage."