Search (12103 results, page 605 of 606)

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Footnote

Rez. in: Managing information 4(1997) no.6, S.48-49 (J. Bowman); International cataloguing and bibliographic control 26(1997) no.4, S.95-96 (M. Heiner-Freiling)

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Abstract

The object of this paper is to weigh the role played by some metaphorical paradigms in two joint epistemic fields which are connected, on the one hand, with the organization of knowledge and on the other, with the status of the objects of knowledge. We will focus our study on two paradigms among these , which are as long-lived in the old myths as in modern and contemporary science. The first one is that of the metamorphosis which covers several aspects referring all simultaneously to displacement, circulation, interchange and transformation, migration, dissemination, mobility and flexibility. It is to be found in most of contemporary epistemological models, and particularly in those of new encyclopaedism. The second one, that of depth -which has always been used in all the fields of linguistic, semiotic or hermeneutic sciences, meets today a renewed interest, particularly in the Information Technology (IT) sector which gives this paradigm a new status and new functions. This is what we will try to bring to the fore with the example of hypertext which seems to offer the adequate conditions for the emergence of a new technology no longer based on the being of science but on the heuristic dome of technology.

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Abstract

This paper describes part of a university research project which aims to construct a design method involving interactive multimedia products for knowledge acquisition. The purpose of the method is to design truly interactive multimedia products (Vidalenc, 1997), and thus to introduce a new form of writing. This is built up by adopting a constructivist paradigm that is based upon a systemic view and upon a network approach such as proposed by the sociology of translation (Callon, 1986). All our reflections are indeed based on the differentiation between two levels of information: an internal level and a sensitive level (Bouzidi and Vidalenc, 1997). However we have chosen a common model, the object oriented model, which allows us to represent the elements belonging to each level. In order to prove the validity of this proceeding, a prototype is under preparation. It is founded on the transposition of a course, which deals with telecommunications and networks, into a multimedia teaching tool. To be able to build up the prototype, taking into account the usual steps (writing the requirement schedule, choosing the necessary technology, modeling, design, implementation and evaluation), and after that, to be able to measure the conception method, a stage of analysis and assessment of the present course is necessary. The analysis of the course must allow us to identify the conditions of the knowledge transfer and provide components for the requirement schedule of the hypermedia product. This is the main subject of our reflections

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Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to determine some of the structural features of the classification schemes used in the directories (guides, channels) of search engines to organise information sources on the Internet. Ten search engines were examined at the main class level and the full hierarchies of a sample of three specific subjects were analysed in four of these engines, namely Excite, Infoseek, Lycos and Yahoo! It was found that there are major differences between the main classes of the search engines and those found in standard library schemes like Dewey, UDC and LCC. There are large gaps in subject coverage at main class level in the search engines and the general tendency is to use a topic-based approach in the formation of classes, rather than a discipline-based approach. The subdivision of the main classes is according to hierarchical tree structures, but a number of anomalies in this regard were identified. Another deviation from library classification theory is that various principles of division are employed to form classes at the same hierarchical level. In an analysis of citation orders many examples were found that conform to the principles followed in library classifications, but a number of inconsistencies in this regard were also noted

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Abstract

Digital library research has attracted much attention in the most developed, and in a number of developing, countries. While many digital library research projects are funded by government agencies and national and international bodies, some are run by specific academic and research institutions and libraries, either individually or collaboratively. While some digital library projects, such as the ELINOR project in the UK, the first two phases of the eLib (Electronic Libraries) Programme in the UK, and the first phase of DLI (Digital Library Initiative) in the US, are now over, a number of other projects are currently under way in different parts of the world. Beginning with the definitions and characteristics of digital libraries, as proposed by various researchers, this paper provides brief accounts of some major digital library projects that are currently in progress, or are just completed, in different parts of the world. There follows a review of digital library research under sixteen major headings. Literature for this review has been identified through a search on LISA CD-ROM database, and a Dialog search on library and information science databases, and the resulting output has been supplemented by a scan of the various issues of D-Lib Magazine and Ariadne, and the websites of various organisations and institutions engaged in digital library research. The review indicates that we have learned a lot through digital library research within a short span of time. However, a number of issues are yet to be resolved. The paper ends with an indication of the research issues that need to be addressed and resolved in the near future in order to bring the digital library from the researcher's laboratory to the real life environment.

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Abstract

Although much has been written about the need for, methodologies, costs, and other aspects of retrospective conversion little exists in the literature regarding retrospective conversion of cartographic materials, and map collections specifically. Reference is usually made to the need to survey the collection for conversion, but the author was unable to locate a description of a random sampling technique that explains how it is applied and what the outcome was. This article introduces the use of a random sampling technique with a major university map collection. The University of Georgia's Maps Collection was surveyed to ascertain how much of the existing maps card catalog needed to be converted to an electronic form for use in the local online public access catalog. In addition, the samples pulled from the survey were searched against the OCLC union catalog to determine the proportions of records that could be found in OCLC and loaded into the Georgia Libraries Information Network (GALIN), the online catalog, with no cataloging intervention versus the degree to which the maps cataloger would have to either adjust existing records available or create original records for the online catalog.

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Footnote

Paper presented at the 36th Allerton Institute, 23-25 Oct 94, Allerton Park, Monticello, IL: "New Roles for Classification in Libraries and Information Networks: Presentation and Reports"

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Footnote

Paper presented at the 36th Allerton Institute, 23-25 Oct 94, Allerton Park, Monticello, IL: "New Roles for Classification in Libraries and Information Networks: Presentation and Reports"

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Footnote

Paper presented at the 36th Allerton Institute, 23-25 Oct 94, Allerton Park, Monticello, IL: "New Roles for Classification in Libraries and Information Networks: Presentation and Reports"

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Footnote

Paper presented at the 36th Allerton Institute, 23-25 Oct 94, Allerton Park, Monticello, IL: "New Roles for Classification in Libraries and Information Networks: Presentation and Reports"

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Abstract

In June 1995 the ABEI (Italian Catholic Librarians Association) established a working group in order to create an authority list of Catholic authors, (persons and corporate bodies) and of liturgical and religious anonymous works, titled ACOLIT, Autori Cattolici e Opere Liturgiche in Italiano (Catholic Authors and Liturgical Works in Italian). ACOLIT contains: (1) personal authors (particularly of the apostolic period and the Middle Ages); (2) popes and antipopes; (3) religious congregations, orders and societies; (4) Catholic Church and Roman Curia; (5) Catholic associations; (6) the Bible; (7) liturgical works; (8) religious anonymous works. Headings are established according to the RICA (Regole Italiane di Catalogazione per Autori), but also to the Norme per il catalogo degli stampati by the Vatican Library, the AACR2R, the RAK, the Reglas de catalogaci = F3n. Ed. refundita y rev., and the guidelines and decisions of IFLA. The work group has elaborated original considerations, particularly for the Bible. The group argues the choice and forth of the names of popes, Catholic Church and Roman Curia of the RICA and suggests that classical and Medieval writers should be formulated in Italian not in Latin, and that the indirect form, surname-name, should be used for saints who have a surname. ACOLIT has accepted the GARE punctuation (Guidelines for authority and reference entries/ recommended by the Working Group on an International Authority System; approved by the Standing Committees of the IFLA Section on Cataloguing and the IFLA Section on Information Technology). The print edition is planned for June 1997. ACOLIT will present headings in three sections: (1) Personal writers; (2) Corporate bodies; (1) Bible Liturgical and religious anonymous works, ABEI will also publish an electronic edition (CD ROM), periodically revised. The research will extend to Christian writers and -in the future- to writers of all religions.

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Abstract

This article reviews research on how people use mental models of images in an information retrieval environment. An understanding of these cognitive processes can aid a researcher in designing new systems and help librarians select systems that best serve their patrons. There are traditionally two main approaches to image indexing: concept-based and content-based (Rasmussen, 1997). The concept-based approach is used in many production library systems, while the content-based approach is dominant in research and in some newer systems. In the past, content-based indexing supported the identification of "low-level" features in an image. These features frequently do not require verbal labels. In many cases, current computer technology can create these indexes. Concept-based indexing, on the other hand, is a primarily verbal and abstract identification of "high-level" concepts in an image. This type of indexing requires the recognition of meaning and is primarily performed by humans. Most production-level library systems rely on concept-based indexing using keywords. Manual keyword indexing is, however, expensive and introduces problems with consistency. Recent advances have made some content-based indexing practical. In addition, some researchers are working on machine vision and pattern recognition techniques that blur the line between concept-based and content-based indexing. It is now possible to produce computer systems that allow users to search simultaneously on aspects of both concept-based and content-based indexes. The intelligent application of this technology requires an understanding of the user's visual mental models of images and cognitive behavior.

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Abstract

The Dublin Core metadata community and the INDECS/DOI community of authors, rights holders, and publishers are seeking common ground in the expression of metadata for information resources. Recent meetings at the 6th Dublin Core Workshop in Washington DC sketched out common models for semantics (informed by the requirements articulated in the IFLA Functional Requirements for the Bibliographic Record) and conventions for knowledge representation (based on the Resource Description Framework under development by the W3C). Further development of detailed requirements is planned by both communities in the coming months with the aim of fully representing the metadata needs of each. An open "Schema Harmonization" working group has been established to identify a common framework to support interoperability among these communities. The present document represents a starting point identifying historical developments and common requirements of these perspectives on metadata and charts a path for harmonizing their respective conceptual models. It is hoped that collaboration over the coming year will result in agreed semantic and syntactic conventions that will support a high degree of interoperability among these communities, ideally expressed in a single data model and using common, standard tools.

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Abstract

RDF - the Resource Description Framework - is a foundation for processing metadata; it provides interoperability between applications that exchange machine-understandable information on the Web. RDF emphasizes facilities to enable automated processing of Web resources. RDF metadata can be used in a variety of application areas; for example: in resource discovery to provide better search engine capabilities; in cataloging for describing the content and content relationships available at a particular Web site, page, or digital library; by intelligent software agents to facilitate knowledge sharing and exchange; in content rating; in describing collections of pages that represent a single logical "document"; for describing intellectual property rights of Web pages, and in many others. RDF with digital signatures will be key to building the "Web of Trust" for electronic commerce, collaboration, and other applications. Metadata is "data about data" or specifically in the context of RDF "data describing web resources." The distinction between "data" and "metadata" is not an absolute one; it is a distinction created primarily by a particular application. Many times the same resource will be interpreted in both ways simultaneously. RDF encourages this view by using XML as the encoding syntax for the metadata. The resources being described by RDF are, in general, anything that can be named via a URI. The broad goal of RDF is to define a mechanism for describing resources that makes no assumptions about a particular application domain, nor defines the semantics of any application domain. The definition of the mechanism should be domain neutral, yet the mechanism should be suitable for describing information about any domain. This document introduces a model for representing RDF metadata and one syntax for expressing and transporting this metadata in a manner that maximizes the interoperability of independently developed web servers and clients. The syntax described in this document is best considered as a "serialization syntax" for the underlying RDF representation model. The serialization syntax is XML, XML being the W3C's work-in-progress to define a richer Web syntax for a variety of applications. RDF and XML are complementary; there will be alternate ways to represent the same RDF data model, some more suitable for direct human authoring. Future work may lead to including such alternatives in this document.

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Content

Enthält u.a. die Beiträge: HJERPPE, R.: Go with the flow, or abide by the side, or watch the waves? Challenges of change for knowledge organization; GUENTHER, R.S.: Bringing the Library Of Congress into the computer age: converting LCC to machine-readable form; GOLDBERG, J.: Library of Congress Classification: shelving device for collections or organization of knowledge fields? SHOHAM, S. u. M. YITZHAKI: The impact of cultural and technological changes on titles content and their use in the process of information retrieval; ZENG, L.M.: Towards a unified medical language in a diverse cultural environment; MOLHOLT, P.: Standardization of interconcept links and their usage; GREEN, R.: Development of a relational thesaurus; BEAN, C.: Analysis of non-hierarchical associative relationships among Medical Subject Headings (MeSH): anatomical and related terminology; GARCIA MARCO, J.: Hypertext and indexing languages: common challenges and perspectives; COCHRANE, P.A. u. E.H. JOHNSON: Visual Dewey: DDC in a hypertextual browser for the library user; DRABENSTOTT, K.M.: Classification to the rescue: handling the problems of too many and too few retrievals; SUKIASYAN, E.: Change as a problem of classification system development; McILWAINE, I.C.: New wine in old bottles: problems of maintaining classification schemes; DAVIES, R.: Thesaurus-aided searching in search and retrieval protocols; FRANCU, V.: Building a multilingual thesaurus based on UDC; DAHLBERG, I.: Library catalogs in the Internet: switching for future subject access; SOERGEL, D.: SemWeb: proposal for an open, multifunctional, multilingual system for integrated access to knowledge about concepts and terminology; JACOB, E.K. u. D. SHAW: Is a picture worth a thousand words? Classification and graphic symbol systems; FROST, C.O.: The University of Michigan School of Information Art Image Browser: designing and testing a model for image retrieval; JÖRGENSEN, C.: The applicability of selected classification systems to image attributes; SHREINEMAKERS, J.F. u. J.P.J.M. Essers: Critical notes on the use of knowledge in knowledge management; FOSS, M.M.: Facilitating the interaction of user and public knowledge organization with user profiles, user views, and user education plans; IIVONEN, M.: Selection of search terms as a meeting place of different discourses; VIZINE-GOETZ, D.: Online classification: implications for classifying and document retrieval; HOWARTH, L.: An exploratory study into requirements for an interdisciplinary metathesaurus; OLSON, H.: Dewey thinks therefore he is: the epistemic stance of Dewey and DDC; POLI, R.: Ontology for knowledge organization; PRASAD, A.R.D.: PROMETHEUS: an automatic indexing system; HUDON, M.: Preparing terminological definitions for indexing and retrieval thesauri: a model; WILLIAMSON, N.: Deriving a thesaurus from a restructured UDC; MITCHELL, J.S.: The Dewey Decimal Classification at 120: edition 21 and beyond; NEW, G.R.: Revision and stability in Dewey 21: the life sciences catch up; BEALL, J.: Dewey for Windows; MIKSA, F.: The DDC, the universe of knowledge, and the post-modern library

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Content

This work is a comprehensive guide to Edition 21 of the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC 21). The previous edition was edited by John Phillip Comaromi, who also was the editor of DDC 20 and thus was able to impart in its pages information about the inner workings of the Decimal Classification Editorial Policy Committee, which guides the Classification's development. The manual begins with a brief history of the development of Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) up to this edition and its impact internationally. It continues on to a review of the general structure of DDC and the 21st edition in particular, with emphasis on the framework ("Hierarchical Order," "Centered Entries") that aids the classifier in its use. An extensive part of this manual is an in-depth review of how DDC is updated with each edition, such as reductions and expansions, and detailed lists of such changes in each table and class. Each citation of a change indicates the previous location of the topic, usually in parentheses but also in textual explanations ("moved from 248.463"). A brief discussion of the topic moved or added provides substance to what otherwise would be lists of numbers. Where the changes are so dramatic that a new class or division structure has been developed, Comparative and Equivalence Tables are provided in volume 1 of DDC 21 (such as Life sciences in 560-590); any such list in this manual would only be redundant. In these cases, the only references to changes in this work are those topics that were moved from other classes. Besides these citations of changes, each class is introduced with a brief background discussion about its development or structure or both to familiarize the user with it. A new aspect in this edition of the DDC study manual is that it is combined with Marty Bloomberg and Hans Weber's An Introduction to Classification and Number Building in Dewey (Libraries Unlimited, 1976) to provide a complete reference for the application of DDC. Detailed examples of number building for each class will guide the classifier through the process that results in classifications for particular works within that class. In addition, at the end of each chapter, lists of book summaries are given as exercises in number analysis, with Library of Congress-assigned classifications to provide benchmarks. The last chapter covers book, or author, numbers, which-combined with the classification and often the date-provide unique call numbers for circulation and shelf arrangement. Guidelines in the application of Cutter tables and Library of Congress author numbers complete this comprehensive reference to the use of DDC 21. As with all such works, this was a tremendous undertaking, which coincided with the author completing a new edition of Conversion Tables: LC-Dewey, Dewey-LC (Libraries Unlimited, forthcoming). Helping hands are always welcome in our human existence, and this book is no exception. Grateful thanks are extended to Jane Riddle, at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Library, and to Darryl Hines, at SANAD Support Technologies, Inc., for their kind assistance in the completion of this study manual.

Footnote

Rez. in: Managing information 6(1999) no.2, S.49 (J. Bowman)

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Abstract

Reports on investigations conducted at the Institute for Scientific, Technical and Economic Information (ISTEI) in Warsaw (Poland) in 1992-1993. These investigations aimed at a comparative analysis of four indexing languages (ILs) developed and/or used in Poland and at the establishment of concordances between them. These were the following ILs: Polish Thematic Classification (PTC), descriptor language based on the Thesaurus of Common Topics (TCT), Universal Decimal Classification (UDC), Subject Heading Language of the National Library in Warsaw (SHL). When establishing concordances the PTC was chosen as the master language whereas the three other ILs served as target languages. The research in question comprised: a) pilot investigations; b) main investigations consisting in the elaboration of the Concordance Dictionary of Indexing Languages (CDIL). The pilot investigations comprised of three approaches: a) use of a random sample of 144 PTC headings to which the equivalent lexical units of the target ILs were assigned; b) generation of alphabetical comparison matrices (MI) enumerating the lexical units of the ILs under investigation belonging to 4 selected subject fields; c) establishment of concordance tables between the PTC and the 4 target ILs within the same 4 subject fields. The elaboration of the CDIL consisted in the assignment of the (more or less) equivalent lexical units of the 3 target ILs to all 1330 headings comprised in the PTC main table. The coincidence rate of the ILs under comparison was computed in the framework of the pilot investigations as well as when analysing the results of the elaboration of the CDIL. The computed coincidence rate was very low when only the full (exact) equivalence of the lexical units belonging to all ILs under investigation was taken into consideration but it considerably increased when also the partial equivalence was taken into account

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Abstract

Different approaches to the classification of a knowledge field include empiristic, rationalistic, historistic, and pragmatic methods. This paper demonstrates how these different methids have been applied to the classification of psychology. An etymological apporach is insufficient to define the subject matter of psychology, because other terms can be used to describe the same domain. To define the subject matter of psychology from the point of view of its formal establishment as a science and academic discipline (in Leipzig, 1879) it is also insufficient because this was done in specific historical circumstances, which narrowed the subject matter to physiologically-related issues. When defining the subject area of a scientific field it is necessary to consider how different ontological and epistemological views have made their influences. A subject area and the approaches by which this subject area has been studied cannot be separated from each other without tracing their mutual historical interactions. The classification of a subject field is theory-laden and thus cannot be neutral or ahistorical. If classification research can claim to have a method that is more general than the study of concrete developments in the single knowledge fields the key is to be found in the general epistemological theories. It is shown how basic epistemological assumptions have formed the different approaches to psychology during the 20th century. The progress in the understanding of basic philosophical questions is decisive both for the development of a knowledge field and as the point of departure of classification. The theoretical principles developed in this paper are applied in a brief analysis of some concrete classification systems, including the one used by PsycINFO / Psychologcal Abstracts. The role of classification in modern information retrieval is also briefly discussed

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Abstract

The physical organisation of items on library shelves using any classification scheme is inevitable a compromise. The best efforts to achieve an arrangement that is helpful to users will be thwarted by the multifaceted nature of these items and the specific needs of the user and the library. Items on a particular subject will be scattered throughout the library building(s) across disciplines, by physical form, by frequency of use and whether and for how long they may be borrowed. Even thought he rich information content of multifaceted items may be represented in the notation, the items required by a user will be scattered across library shelves when the item is placed in a single relative location. This paper explores these issues uisng examples from a University Library classified using the DDC. The electronic context of the library OPAC can transcend the constraints imposed by the predominantly physical nature of library collections, yet the current use of classification schemes in on-line systems retains many of these limitations. Examples of such systems applying DDC on the WWW are discussed and compared with a system that seeks to use DDC in what is called view-based searching. The interface and the resulting browsing and searching capability of a view-based OPAC are described. Ways in which subject access to library collections can be improved and disciplinary scatter resolved by assigning multiple class number to items and exploiting the rich Dewey structure in a faceted form are discussed. It is suggested that the informative power of visual classificatory structures at the search interface will be beneficial to the broader learning experience of the user. The paper concludes that the application of classification schemes in electronic interfaces should not be bound by the the physical constraints that no longer apply in an electronic context but be exploited to provide a complete, flexible and individual interface as determined by the needs of each user

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Footnote

Übers. d. Titels: Knowledge organisation with a view to integration with representation systems and information retrieval