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Footnote

Rez. in: nfd - Information 54(2003) H.6, S.379-380 (U. Thiel): "Kannte G. Salton bei der Entwicklung des Vektorraummodells die kybernetisch orientierten Versuche mit assoziativen Speicherstrukturen? An diese und ähnliche Vermutungen, die ich vor einigen Jahren mit Reginald Ferber und anderen Kollegen diskutierte, erinnerte mich die Thematik des vorliegenden Buches. Immerhin lässt sich feststellen, dass die Vektorrepräsentation eine genial einfache Darstellung sowohl der im Information Retrieval (IR) als grundlegende Datenstruktur benutzten "inverted files" als auch der assoziativen Speichermatrizen darstellt, die sich im Laufe der Zeit Über Perzeptrons zu Neuronalen Netzen (NN) weiterentwickelten. Dieser formale Zusammenhang stimulierte in der Folge eine Reihe von Ansätzen, die Netzwerke im Retrieval zu verwenden, wobei sich, wie auch im vorliegenden Band, hybride Ansätze, die Methoden aus beiden Disziplinen kombinieren, als sehr geeignet erweisen. Aber der Reihe nach... Das Buch wurde vom Autor als Dissertation beim Fachbereich IV "Sprachen und Technik" der Universität Hildesheim eingereicht und resultiert aus einer Folge von Forschungsbeiträgen zu mehreren Projekten, an denen der Autor in der Zeit von 1995 bis 2000 an verschiedenen Standorten beteiligt war. Dies erklärt die ungewohnte Breite der Anwendungen, Szenarien und Domänen, in denen die Ergebnisse gewonnen wurden. So wird das in der Arbeit entwickelte COSIMIR Modell (COgnitive SIMilarity learning in Information Retrieval) nicht nur anhand der klassischen Cranfield-Kollektion evaluiert, sondern auch im WING-Projekt der Universität Regensburg im Faktenretrieval aus einer Werkstoffdatenbank eingesetzt. Weitere Versuche mit der als "Transformations-Netzwerk" bezeichneten Komponente, deren Aufgabe die Abbildung von Gewichtungsfunktionen zwischen zwei Termräumen ist, runden das Spektrum der Experimente ab. Aber nicht nur die vorgestellten Resultate sind vielfältig, auch der dem Leser angebotene "State-of-the-Art"-Überblick fasst in hoch informativer Breite Wesentliches aus den Gebieten IR und NN zusammen und beleuchtet die Schnittpunkte der beiden Bereiche. So werden neben den Grundlagen des Text- und Faktenretrieval die Ansätze zur Verbesserung der Adaptivität und zur Beherrschung von Heterogenität vorgestellt, während als Grundlagen Neuronaler Netze neben einer allgemeinen Einführung in die Grundbegriffe u.a. das Backpropagation-Modell, KohonenNetze und die Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART) geschildert werden. Einweiteres Kapitel stellt die bisherigen NN-orientierten Ansätze im IR vor und rundet den Abriss der relevanten Forschungslandschaft ab. Als Vorbereitung der Präsentation des COSIMIR-Modells schiebt der Autor an dieser Stelle ein diskursives Kapitel zum Thema Heterogenität im IR ein, wodurch die Ziele und Grundannahmen der Arbeit noch einmal reflektiert werden. Als Dimensionen der Heterogenität werden der Objekttyp, die Qualität der Objekte und ihrer Erschließung und die Mehrsprachigkeit genannt. Wenn auch diese Systematik im Wesentlichen die Akzente auf Probleme aus den hier tangierten Projekten legt, und weniger eine umfassende Aufbereitung z.B. der Literatur zum Problem der Relevanz anstrebt, ist sie dennoch hilfreich zum Verständnis der in den nachfolgenden Kapitel oft nur implizit angesprochenen Designentscheidungen bei der Konzeption der entwickelten Prototypen. Der Ansatz, Heterogenität durch Transformationen zu behandeln, wird im speziellen Kontext der NN konkretisiert, wobei andere Möglichkeiten, die z.B. Instrumente der Logik und Probabilistik einzusetzen, nur kurz diskutiert werden. Eine weitergehende Analyse hätte wohl auch den Rahmen der Arbeit zu weit gespannt,

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Abstract

The selection and arrangement of the thousand headings of the classification cannot be explained in detail for want of space. In all the work, philosophical theory and accuracy have been made to yield to practical usefulness. The impossibility of making a satisfactory classification of all knowledge as preserved in books, has been appreciated from the first, and nothing of the kind attempted. Theoretical harmony and exactness has been repeatedly sacrificed to the practical requirements of the library or to the convenience of the department in the college. As in every scheme, many minor subjects have been put under general heads to which they do not strictly belong. In some cases these headings have been printed in a distinctive type, e. g., 429 =Anglo-Saxon=, under =ENGLISH PHILOLOGY=. The rule has been to assign these subjects to the most nearly allied heads, or where it was thought they would be most useful. The only alternative was to omit them altogether. If any such omission occurs, it is unintentional and will be supplied as soon as discovered. Wherever practicable the heads have been so arranged that each subject is preceded and followed by the most nearly allied subjects and thus the greatest convenience is secured both in the catalogues and on the shelves. Theoretically, the division of every subject into just nine heads is absurd. Practically, it is desirable that the classification be as minute as possible without the use of additional figures, and the decimal principle on which our scheme hinges allows nine divisions as readily as a less number. This principle has proved wholly satisfactory in practice though it appears to destroy proper co-ordination in some places. It has seemed best in our library to use uniformly three figures in the class number. This enables us to classify certain subjects very minutely, giving, for example, an entire section to Chess. But the History of England has only one section, as our scheme is developed, and thus the two might be said to be co-ordinated. The apparent difficulty in such cases is entirely obviated by the use of a fourth figure, giving nine sub-sections to any subject of sufficient importance to warrant closer classification. In history where the classification is made wholly by countries, a fourth figure is added to give a division into _periods_. As the addition of each figure gives a ten-fold division, any desired degree of minuteness may be secured in the classing of special subjects. The apparent lack of co-ordination arises from the fact that only the first three figures of these more important heads are as yet printed, the fourth figure and the sub-sections being supplied on the catalogues in manuscript. Should the growth of any of these sub-sections warrant it, a fifth figure will be added, for the scheme admits of expansion without limit.

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Content

Enthält die Beiträge: Zumer, M.: Dedication [to Zlata Dimec]; P. Le Boeuf: FRBR: Hype or Cure-All? Introduction; O.M.A. Madison: The origins of the IFLA study an functional requirements for bibliographic records; G.E. Patton: Extending FRBR to authorities; T. Delsey: Modeling subject access: extending the FRBR and FRANAR conceptual models; S. Gradmann: rdfs:frbr - Towards an implementation model for library catalogs using semantic web technology; G. Johsson: Cataloguing of hand press materials and the concept of expression in FRBR; K. Kilner: The AustLit Gateway and scholarly bibliography: a specialist implementation of the FRBR; P. Le Boeuf: Musical works in the FRBR model or "Quasi la Stessa Cosa": variations an a theme by Umberto Eco; K. Albertsen, C. van Nuys: Paradigma: FRBR and digital documents; D. Miller, P Le Boeuf: "Such stuff as dreams are made on": How does FRBR fit performing arts?; Y. Nicolas: Folklore requirements for bibliographic records: oral traditions and FRBR; B.B. Tillett: FRBR and cataloging for the future; Z. Dimec, M. Zumer, G.J.A. Riesthuis: Slovenian cataloguing practice and Functional Requirements for Bibliography Records: a comparative analysis; M. Zumer: Implementation of FRBR: European research initiative; T.B. Hicley, E.T. O'Neill: FRBRizing OCLC's WorldCat; R. Sturman: Implementing the FRBR conceptual approach in the ISIS software environment: IFPA (ISIS FRBR prototype application); J. Radebaugh, C. Keith: FRBR display tool; D.R. Miller: XOBIS - an experimental schema for unifying bibliographic and authority records

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Content

Perspectives on the Tasks in which Information Behaviors Are Embedded (Barbara M. Wildemuth and Anthony Hughes) - Phenomenography (Louise Limberg) - Practice of Everyday Life (Paulette Rothbauer) - Principle of Least Effort (Donald O. Case) - Professions and Occupational Identities (Olof Sundin and Jenny Hedman) - Radical Change (Eliza T. Dresang) - Reader Response Theory (Catherine Sheldrick Ross) - Rounding and Dissonant Grounds (Paul Solomon) - Serious Leisure (Jenna Hartel) - Small-World Network Exploration (Lennart Björneborn) - Nan Lin's Theory of Social Capital (Catherine A. Johnson) - The Social Constructionist Viewpoint on Information Practices (Kimmo Tuominen, Sanna Talja, and Reijo Savolainen) - Social Positioning (Lisa M. Given) - The Socio-Cognitive Theory of Users Situated in Specific Contexts and Domains (Birger Hjoerland) - Strength of Weak Ties (Christopher M. Dixon) - Symbolic Violence (Steven Joyce) - Taylor's Information Use Environments (Ruth A. Palmquist) - Taylor's Question-Negotiation (Phillip M. Edwards) - Transtheoretical Model of the Health Behavior Change (C. Nadine Wathen and Roma M. Harris) - Value Sensitive Design (Batya Friedman and Nathan G. Freier) - Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development (Lynne (E. E) McKechnie) - Web Information Behaviors of Organizational Workers (Brian Detlor) - Willingness to Return (Tammara Combs Turner and Joan C. Durrance) - Women's Ways of Knowing (Heidi Julien) - Work Task Information-Seeking and Retrieval Processes (Preben Hansen) - World Wide Web Information Seeking (Don Turnbull)

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Footnote

Rez. in: JASIST 55(2004) no.11, S.1025-1026 (D.E. Agosto): ""Did you ever feel as though the Internet has caused you to lose control of your library?" So begins the introduction to this volume of over 50 articles, essays, library policies, and other documents from a variety of sources, most of which are library journals aimed at practitioners. Volume editor Block has a long history of library service as well as an active career as an online journalist. From 1977 to 1999 she was the Associate Director of Public Services at the St. Ambrose University library in Davenport, Iowa. She was also a Fox News Online weekly columnist from 1998 to 2000. She currently writes for and publishes the weekly ezine Exlibris, which focuses an the use of computers, the Internet, and digital databases to improve library services. Despite the promising premise of this book, the final product is largely a disappointment because of the superficial coverage of its issues. A listing of the most frequently represented sources serves to express the general level and style of the entries: nine articles are reprinted from Computers in Libraries, five from Library Journal, four from Library Journal NetConnect, four from ExLibris, four from American Libraries, three from College & Research Libraries News, two from Online, and two from The Chronicle of Higher Education. Most of the authors included contributed only one item, although Roy Tennant (manager of the California Digital Library) authored three of the pieces, and Janet L. Balas (library information systems specialist at the Monroeville Public Library in Pennsylvania) and Karen G. Schneider (coordinator of lii.org, the Librarians' Index to the Internet) each wrote two. Volume editor Block herself wrote six of the entries, most of which have been reprinted from ExLibris. Reading the volume is muck like reading an issue of one of these journals-a pleasant experience that discusses issues in the field without presenting much research. Net Effects doesn't offer much in the way of theory or research, but then again it doesn't claim to. Instead, it claims to be an "idea book" (p. 5) with practical solutions to Internet-generated library problems. While the idea is a good one, little of the material is revolutionary or surprising (or even very creative), and most of the solutions offered will already be familiar to most of the book's intended audience.

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Content

Das relationale Unbewusste Diese wenigen Fundstellen, die man um weitere ergänzen könnte, reichen zwar nicht aus, um den Gründungsvater der Psychoanalyse zum Kronzeugen ihrer intersubjektiven Wende zu erklären (die in den Nachbarwissenschaften mit Bubers Anthropologie, Wittgensteins Sprachphilosophie oder G. H. Meads symbolischem Interaktionismus zu Freuds Zeiten bereits eingesetzt hatte); denn ungeachtet seiner anhaltenden Ambivalenz ist Freud letztlich bei der cartesianischen Trennung von Subjekt und Objekt geblieben, die ein vermittelndes Drittes und damit ein inter, ein Zwischen, nicht kennt. Es ist vielmehr umgekehrt: Erst ihr verspätet vollzogener "relational turn" versetzt die Psychoanalyse in die Lage, jene von Freud schon registrierte eigentümliche Weltbezogenheit neu zu entdecken, die in den mentalen Tiefen des Subjekts auf die virtuelle Gegenwart des Anderen verweist. Aus dieser Perspektive erscheint auch das Unbewusste, das in der klassisch-psychoanalytischen Topographie eine Art innere Unterwelt darstellt, als relational. Es drängt geradezu auf zwischenmenschliche Beziehungen und situiert den Einzelnen psychisch in seiner sozialen Umgebung - ohne dass es dabei immer harmonisch zuginge: Auch Hass, Neid oder Eifersucht verbinden. Hier trifft sich jenseits des boomenden Naturalismus modernes psychoanalytisches Denken mit dem einer aufgeklärten Neurobiologie. Diese favorisiert nämlich ihrerseits - nachdem sie Jahrhunderte lang vergeblich nach der Steuereinheit an der Spitze der neuronalen Hierarchie (dem Descartes'schen Homunkulus im Kopf) gesucht hat und dabei auf eine nicht-hierarchische Gehirnarchitektur gestoßen ist - die Hypothese einer intersubjektiven bzw. sozialen Konstruktion des Selbst. Hier bahnt sich eine fruchtbare interdisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit an, zu der die Psychoanalyse einiges beizutragen hat - eine Zusammenarbeit auf Augenhöhe, die immer noch vom "intersubjektiven Freud" profitieren kann.

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Content

- Manche Seminararbeiten sind "wie Kraut und Rüben" Es mangelt demnach häufig an der Fähigkeit, etwa die Idee eines Textes an seinen ganz konkreten Strukturen zu erkennen und beschreiben zu können oder hinter der konkreten Gleichung das mathematische Prinzip zu realisieren. Derweil beklagen nicht nur Lehrer, sondern auch immer mehr Dozenten an Hochschulen und Universitäten, dass schriftliche Arbeiten ihrer Studenten häufig unstrukturiert daherkommen, "wie Kraut und Rüben". Seminare, die dieses Defizit beheben sollen, sind ein Renner bei Studenten. Offensichtlich spielt eben nicht nur die bildungspolitisch primär diskutierte Hardware wie etwa die Einrichtung von Ganztagsschulen eine wichtige Rolle, sondern auch die Frage, ob es auch in der Software an Schulen Änderungen geben sollte oder muss. Die Vermittlung von Kompetenzen und Lernmethoden steht zwar prominent in den Bildungsplänen, worauf gerne auch der ehemalige Lehrer und heutige Ministerpräsident Winfried Kretschmann verweist. Doch auf Knopfdruck oder Kommando lassen sich solche Fähigkeiten nicht abrufen - man muss sie lehren und lernen. Und Realität sei, so beklagen zahlreiche Gymnasiallehrer, dass gerade beim G 8 die Vermittlung des verdichteten Lernstoffes kaum Zeit dafür lasse, den Schülern intensiv genug Kompetenzen und Methoden nahezubringen. "Ist das jetzt die Vogel- oder die Spatzebene?" "Ich glaube, ich brauche für meine GFS noch mehr Spatzen oder Meisen." In etlichen Schulklassen, die wir in den vergangenen Wochen besucht haben, kursieren inzwischen tierisch merkwürdige Codesätze. Egal, ob es um Gedichtinterpretation geht, die Französische Revolution oder die Weimarer Republik, die Globalisierung, das Klima in Afrika, das deutsche Wahlrecht oder die Entwicklung des Musicals. Die Schüler lächeln dabei souverän: Wir haben verstanden.

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Footnote

Erwiderung von C. Koch u. G. Tononi in: The New York Review of Books, 07.03.2013 [https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2013/03/07/can-photodiode-be-conscious/?pagination=false&printpage=true] mit einer weiteren Erwiderung von J. Searle.

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Date

22. 6.2003 12:13:13

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Date

22. 9.1997 19:16:05

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Date

2. 1.2004 10:35:22

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Date

22. 1.2005 19:05:37

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Footnote

Rez. in: KO 31(2004) no.2, S.117-118 (D. Campbell): "This excellent volume offers 22 papers delivered at an IFLA Satellite meeting in Dublin Ohio in 2001. The conference gathered together information and computer scientists to discuss an important and difficult question: in what specific ways can the accumulated skills, theories and traditions of librarianship be mobilized to face the challenges of providing subject access to information in present and future networked information environments? The papers which grapple with this question are organized in a surprisingly deft and coherent way. Many conferences and proceedings have unhappy sessions that contain a hodge-podge of papers that didn't quite fit any other categories. As befits a good classificationist, editor I.C. McIlwaine has kept this problem to a minimum. The papers are organized into eight sessions, which split into two broad categories. The first five sessions deal with subject domains, and the last three deal with subject access tools. The five sessions and thirteen papers that discuss access in different domains appear in order of in creasing intension. The first papers deal with access in multilingual environments, followed by papers an access across multiple vocabularies and across sectors, ending up with studies of domain-specific retrieval (primarily education). Some of the papers offer predictably strong work by scholars engaged in ongoing, long-term research. Gerard Riesthuis offers a clear analysis of the complexities of negotiating non-identical thesauri, particularly in cases where hierarchical structure varies across different languages. Hope Olson and Dennis Ward use Olson's familiar and welcome method of using provocative and unconventional theory to generate meliorative approaches to blas in general subject access schemes. Many papers, an the other hand, deal with specific ongoing projects: Renardus, The High Level Thesaurus Project, The Colorado Digitization Project and The Iter Bibliography for medieval and Renaissance material. Most of these papers display a similar structure: an explanation of the theory and purpose of the project, an account of problems encountered in the implementation, and a discussion of the results, both promising and disappointing, thus far. Of these papers, the account of the Multilanguage Access to Subjects Project in Europe (MACS) deserves special mention. In describing how the project is founded an the principle of the equality of languages, with each subject heading language maintained in its own database, and with no single language used as a pivot for the others, Elisabeth Freyre and Max Naudi offer a particularly vivid example of the way the ethics of librarianship translate into pragmatic contexts and concrete procedures. The three sessions and nine papers devoted to subject access tools split into two kinds: papers that discuss the use of theory and research to generate new tools for a networked environment, and those that discuss the transformation of traditional subject access tools in this environment. In the new tool development area, Mary Burke provides a promising example of the bidirectional approach that is so often necessary: in her case study of user-driven classification of photographs, she user personal construct theory to clarify the practice of classification, while at the same time using practice to test the theory. Carol Bean and Rebecca Green offer an intriguing combination of librarianship and computer science, importing frame representation technique from artificial intelligence to standardize syntagmatic relationships to enhance recall and precision.

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Date

22. 1.2006 18:34:49

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Date

23. 3.2008 19:10:22

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Date

22. 6.2005 9:52:00

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Date

17. 7.1996 9:33:22

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Footnote

Chapter 2 (Technology and People) focuses an several theories of technological acceptance and diffusion. Unfortunately, Bruce's presentation is somewhat confusing as he moves from one theory to next, never quite connecting them into a logical sequence or coherent whole. Two theories are of particular interest to Bruce: the Theory of Diffusion of Innovations and the Theory of Planned Behavior. The Theory of Diffusion of Innovations is an "information-centric view of technology acceptance" in which technology adopters are placed in the information flows of society from which they learn about innovations and "drive innovation adoption decisions" (p. 20). The Theory of Planned Behavior maintains that the "performance of a behavior is a joint function of intentions and perceived behavioral control" (i.e., how muck control a person thinks they have) (pp. 22-23). Bruce combines these two theories to form the basis for the Technology Acceptance Model. This model posits that "an individual's acceptance of information technology is based an beliefs, attitudes, intentions, and behaviors" (p. 24). In all these theories and models echoes a recurring theme: "individual perceptions of the innovation or technology are critical" in terms of both its characteristics and its use (pp. 24-25). From these, in turn, Bruce derives a predictive theory of the role personal perceptions play in technology adoption: Personal Innovativeness of Information Technology Adoption (PIITA). Personal inventiveness is defined as "the willingness of an individual to try out any new information technology" (p. 26). In general, the PIITA theory predicts that information technology will be adopted by individuals that have a greater exposure to mass media, rely less an the evaluation of information technology by others, exhibit a greater ability to cope with uncertainty and take risks, and requires a less positive perception of an information technology prior to its adoption. Chapter 3 (A Focus an Usings) introduces the User-Centered Paradigm (UCP). The UCP is characteristic of the shift of emphasis from technology to users as the driving force behind technology and research agendas for Internet development [for a dissenting view, see Andrew Dillion's (2003) challenge to the utility of user-centerness for design guidance]. It entails the "broad acceptance of the user-oriented perspective across a range of disciplines and professional fields," such as business, education, cognitive engineering, and information science (p. 34).