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  1. Hofstadter, D.R.; Fluid Analogies Group: ¬Die FARGonauten : über Analogie und Kreativität (1996) 0.27
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    Abstract
    Bericht über die Arbeit einer Forschungsgruppe, die sich über ca. 15 Jahre mit Kreativität und Analogiefähigkeit von KI-Systemen (Künstlicher Intelligenz) beschäftigt haben. Die entscheidende Frage für Hofstadter und seine Crew, die Fluid Analogies Research Group, lautet: Können Computer Analogien erkennen, und ist nicht gerade diese Mustererkennung ein Zeichen von höherer Intelligenz? Was ist Kreativität anderes, als starre Formen, Sequenzen zu verflüssigen, um hinter das Geheimnis ihrer Zusammenhänge zu kommen und neue Muster bilden zu können? "Der liebe Gott würfelt nicht", meinte Einstein. Wenn er es dennoch täte, dann ergäbe die Zahlenfolge sicherlich ein Muster besonderer Art.
    Content
    Originaltitel: Fluid concepts and creative analogies
  2. Cory, K.A.: Discovering hidden analogies in an online humanities database (1999) 0.19
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  3. Barr, P.; Tucker, A.: Beyond saints, spies ans salespeople : new analogies for library liaison programmes (2018) 0.17
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    Abstract
    Academic libraries in the UK are placing an increased emphasis on engagement and partnership building with academics. Attempts to articulate what is meant by this engagement rely on analogies from the commercial world, notably from sales- driven environments. This language can prove counteractive to true faculty engagement. It retains a focus on a transactional approach to the detriment of partnership and often alienates academics (and librarians) reacting against their increasingly marketised and managerialised institutions. Therefore, we argue that it is necessary to abandon the technical vocabulary of sales and customer relations and develop better analogies to describe library liaison work.
  4. Buckland, M.K.: Interrogating spatial analogies relating to knowledge organization : Paul Otlet and others (2012) 0.17
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    Abstract
    The author provides an examination of how ideas about place and space have been used in thinking about the organization of knowledge. The spatial analogies of Paul Otlet (1868-1944) in relation to his overall vision are traditional and conventional. Notions of space, place, position, location, and movement are frequent in the work of other leading innovators (Martin Schrettinger, Melvil Dewey, Wilhelm Ostwald, Emanuel Goldberg, and Suzanne Briet) concerning specific practical aspects of knowledge organization. Otlet's spatial imagery is more original and more ingenious when applied to technical problems compared to his overall vision.
    Content
    Beitrag in einem Themenheft: 'Information and Space: Analogies and Metaphors'.
  5. Warner, J.: Analogies between linguistics and information theory (2007) 0.16
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    Abstract
    An analogy is established between the syntagm and paradigm from Saussurean linguistics and the message and messages for selection from the information theory initiated by Claude Shannon. The analogy is pursued both as an end in itself and for its analytic value in understanding patterns of retrieval from full-text systems. The multivalency of individual words when isolated from their syntagm is contrasted with the relative stability of meaning of multiword sequences, when searching ordinary written discourse. The syntagm is understood as the linear sequence of oral and written language. Saussure's understanding of the word, as a unit that compels recognition by the mind, is endorsed, although not regarded as final. The lesser multivalency of multiword sequences is understood as the greater determination of signification by the extended syntagm. The paradigm is primarily understood as the network of associations a word acquires when considered apart from the syntagm. The restriction of information theory to expression or signals, and its focus on the combinatorial aspects of the message, is sustained. The message in the model of communication in information theory can include sequences of written language. Shannon's understanding of the written word, as a cohesive group of letters, with strong internal statistical influences, is added to the Saussurean conception. Sequences of more than one word are regarded as weakly correlated concatenations of cohesive units.
  6. Austin, D.; Sørensen, J.: PRECIS in a multilingual context : Pt.2: A linguistic and logical explanation of the syntax. (1976) 0.15
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    Abstract
    In this second paper in the series on PRECIS we set out to establish a theoretical model of the indexing operation to account for the growing empirical evidence that PRECIS can be applied successfully to the terms and phrases of more than one natural language (NL). For this purpose, the system is examined from two different but related viewpoints, the first linguistic and the second logical. In linguistic terms, the schema of role operators is related to certain features of NL which are regarded by linguists as language-independent, particular attention being paid to Chomsky's 1965 theory, the notion of deep cases, and the idea that roles, as used in an indexing language (IL) are related to deep cases in NL. It is realised that we should not rely too heavily on analogies between NL and IL, on the grounds that these two kinds of language have different structures and to some extent different functions, Consequently, the structure of a PRECIS string is also considered in terms of an alternative logic, and it is suggested that the order of terms in strings and entries, explained in the earlier paper through reference to the dual properties of context-dependency and one-toone relationships, is also amenable to a different but reinforcing explanation in terms of time-dependency. These two types of explanation, the linguistic and the logical, form the basis for a proposed theoretical model of the 'stages of indexing'. Finally, the authors consider the implications of this model for multilingual indexing.
  7. Ribeiro, F.: ¬The use of classification in archives as a means of organization, representation and retrieval of information (2014) 0.15
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    Abstract
    In this paper we discuss the interest in and the use of classification in archives, both in terms of the intellectual organization of information in an organic-functional, functional or thematic hierarchical structure and at the level of information representation and retrieval of the informational content. Starting by looking at the concept of "classification," we go on to analyze the information access tools relative to Portuguese archives. This enables us to understand how classification has been used to establish the organizational schedules that provide context to the informational production of the entities (persons, families, corporate bodies) that generate the archives, and how such schedules represent (or not) with scientific objectivity the informational reality being considered. We then discuss the usefulness of classification in archives as a tool for the representation and subsequent retrieval of the informational content, thus enabling an across-the-board access to information, alongside the access by creators and authors that the organic-functional schedules provide. Comparisons, analogies and differences regarding the use of indexing languages in other information systems, especially libraries, where subject classifications have been in widespread use since the end of the 19th century, are also established.
  8. Delsaerdt, P.: Designing the space of linguistic knowledge : a typographic analysis of sixteenth-century dictionaries (2012) 0.15
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    Abstract
    Scrutinizing the ways in which early printed reference works were designed is a way of bringing typography and book history into the domain of library and information science. The core subject of this discipline is the concept of user-oriented organization of knowledge; it has a close connection to information-seeking behavior and retrieval. By studying the typographic arrangement of knowledge in early printed reference works, one can approach the history of the storage, organization, and retrieval of scientific information. The article discusses the typographic "architecture" of the dictionaries published by the Antwerp printer Christophe Plantin and, more specifically, the three dictionaries of the Dutch language compiled by Plantin's learned proofreader Cornelis Kiliaan (ca. 1530-1607). Kiliaan was one of the first authors to introduce etymology and comparative linguistics into his dictionaries. By analyzing the typographic macrostructures and microstructures of his works, it is possible to discover the lines along which they developed-in the words of Paul Valéry-into machines à savoir. The article also compares Plantin's dictionaries with the international benchmark for lexicographic publishing in the Renaissance world, viz. the translation dictionaries compiled and printed by the Parisian publisher Robert Estienne.
    Content
    Beitrag in einem Themenheft: 'Information and Space: Analogies and Metaphors'.
  9. Hapke, T.: Wilhelm Ostwald's combinatorics as a link between in-formation and form (2012) 0.13
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    Abstract
    The combinatorial thinking of the chemist and Nobel laureate Wilhelm Ostwald grew out of his activities in chemistry and was further developed in his philosophy of nature. Ostwald used combinatorics as an analogous, creative, and interdisciplinary way of thinking in areas like knowledge organization and in his theory of colors and forms. His work marginally influenced art movements like the German Werkbund, the Dutch De Stijl, and the Bauhaus. Ostwald's activities and his use of spatial analogies such as bridge, net, or pyramid can be viewed as support for a relation between information-or "in-formation," or Bildung (education, formation)-and form.
    Content
    Beitrag in einem Themenheft: 'Information and Space: Analogies and Metaphors'.
  10. Olsen, K.A.: ¬The Internet, the Web, and eBusiness : formalizing applications for the real world (2005) 0.13
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    Classification
    004.678 22
    DDC
    004.678 22
    Footnote
    Rez. in: JASIST 57(2006) no.14, S.1979-1980 (J.G. Williams): "The Introduction and Part I of this book presents the world of computing with a historical and philosophical overview of computers, computer applications, networks, the World Wide Web, and eBusiness based on the notion that the real world places constraints on the application of these technologies and without a formalized approach, the benefits of these technologies cannot be realized. The concepts of real world constraints and the need for formalization are used as the cornerstones for a building-block approach for helping the reader understand computing, networking, the World Wide Web, and the applications that use these technologies as well as all the possibilities that these technologies hold for the future. The author's building block approach to understanding computing, networking and application building makes the book useful for science, business, and engineering students taking an introductory computing course and for social science students who want to understand more about the social impact of computers, the Internet, and Web technology. It is useful as well for managers and designers of Web and ebusiness applications, and for the general public who are interested in understanding how these technologies may impact their lives, their jobs, and the social context in which they live and work. The book does assume some experience and terminology in using PCs and the Internet but is not intended for computer science students, although they could benefit from the philosophical basis and the diverse viewpoints presented. The author uses numerous analogies from domains outside the area of computing to illustrate concepts and points of view that make the content understandable as well as interesting to individuals without any in-depth knowledge of computing, networking, software engineering, system design, ebusiness, and Web design. These analogies include interesting real-world events ranging from the beginning of railroads, to Henry Ford's mass produced automobile, to the European Space Agency's loss of the 7 billion dollar Adriane rocket, to travel agency booking, to medical systems, to banking, to expanding democracy. The book gives the pros and cons of the possibilities offered by the Internet and the Web by presenting numerous examples and an analysis of the pros and cons of these technologies for the examples provided. The author shows, in an interesting manner, how the new economy based on the Internet and the Web affects society and business life on a worldwide basis now and how it will affect the future, and how society can take advantage of the opportunities that the Internet and the Web offer.
    Each chapter provides suggestions for exercises and discussions, which makes the book useful as a textbook. The suggestions in the exercise and discussion section at the end of each chapter are simply delightful to read and provide a basis for some lively discussion and fun exercises by students. These exercises appear to be well thought out and are intended to highlight the content of the chapter. The notes at the end of chapters provide valuable data that help the reader to understand a topic or a reference to an entity that the reader may not know. Chapter 1 on "formalism," chapter 2 on "symbolic data," chapter 3 on "constraints on technology," and chapter 4 on "cultural constraints" are extremely well presented and every reader needs to read these chapters because they lay the foundation for most of the chapters that follow. The analogies, examples, and points of view presented make for some really interesting reading and lively debate and discussion. These chapters comprise Part 1 of the book and not only provide a foundation for the rest of the book but could be used alone as the basis of a social science course on computing, networking, and the Web. Chapters 5 and 6 on Internet protocols and the development of Web protocols may be more detailed and filled with more acronyms than the average person wants to deal with but content is presented with analogies and examples that make it easier to digest. Chapter 7 will capture most readers attention because it discusses how e-mail works and many of the issues with e-mail, which a majority of people in developed countries have dealt with. Chapter 8 is also one that most people will be interested in reading because it shows how Internet browsers work and the many issues such as security associated with these software entities. Chapter 9 discusses the what, why, and how of the World Wide Web, which is a lead-in to chapter 10 on "Searching the Web" and chapter 11 on "Organizing the Web-Portals," which are two chapters that even technically oriented people should read since it provides information that most people outside of information and library science are not likely to know.
    Chapter 12 on "Web Presence" is a useful discussion of what it means to have a Web site that is indexed by a spider from a major Web search engine. Chapter 13 on "Mobile Computing" is very well done and gives the reader a solid basis of what is involved with mobile computing without overwhelming them with technical details. Chapter 14 discusses the difference between pull technologies and push technologies using the Web that is understandable to almost anyone who has ever used the Web. Chapters 15, 16, and 17 are for the technically stout at heart; they cover "Dynamic Web Pages," " Embedded Scripts," and "Peer-to-Peer Computing." These three chapters will tend to dampen the spirits of anyone who does not come from a technical background. Chapter 18 on "Symbolic Services-Information Providers" and chapter 19 on "OnLine Symbolic Services-Case Studies" are ideal for class discussion and students assignments as is chapter 20, "Online Retail Shopping-Physical Items." Chapter 21 presents a number of case studies on the "Technical Constraints" discussed in chapter 3 and chapter 22 presents case studies on the "Cultural Constraints" discussed in chapter 4. These case studies are not only presented in an interesting manner they focus on situations that most Web users have encountered but never really given much thought to. Chapter 24 "A Better Model?" discusses a combined "formalized/unformalized" model that might make Web applications such as banking and booking travel work better than the current models. This chapter will cause readers to think about the role of formalization and the unformalized processes that are involved in any application. Chapters 24, 25, 26, and 27 which discuss the role of "Data Exchange," "Formalized Data Exchange," "Electronic Data Interchange-EDI," and "XML" in business-to-business applications on the Web may stress the limits of the nontechnically oriented reader even though it is presented in a very understandable manner. Chapters 28, 29, 30, and 31 discuss Web services, the automated value chain, electronic market places, and outsourcing, which are of high interest to business students, businessmen, and designers of Web applications and can be skimmed by others who want to understand ebusiness but are not interested in the details. In Part 5, the chapters 32, 33, and 34 on "Interfacing with the Web of the Future," "A Disruptive Technology," "Virtual Businesses," and "Semantic Web," were, for me, who teaches courses in IT and develops ebusiness applications the most interesting chapters in the book because they provided some useful insights about what is likely to happen in the future. The summary in part 6 of the book is quite well done and I wish I had read it before I started reading the other parts of the book.
    The book is quite large with over 400 pages and covers a myriad of topics, which is probably more than any one course could cover but an instructor could pick and choose those chapters most appropriate to the course content. The book could be used for multiple courses by selecting the relevant topics. I enjoyed the first person, rather down to earth, writing style and the number of examples and analogies that the author presented. I believe most people could relate to the examples and situations presented by the author. As a teacher in Information Technology, the discussion questions at the end of the chapters and the case studies are a valuable resource as are the end of chapter notes. I highly recommend this book for an introductory course that combines computing, networking, the Web, and ebusiness for Business and Social Science students as well as an introductory course for students in Information Science, Library Science, and Computer Science. Likewise, I believe IT managers and Web page designers could benefit from selected chapters in the book."
  11. Open MIND (2015) 0.13
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    Abstract
    This is an edited collection of 39 original papers and as many commentaries and replies. The target papers and replies were written by senior members of the MIND Group, while all commentaries were written by junior group members. All papers and commentaries have undergone a rigorous process of anonymous peer review, during which the junior members of the MIND Group acted as reviewers. The final versions of all the target articles, commentaries and replies have undergone additional editorial review. Besides offering a cross-section of ongoing, cutting-edge research in philosophy and cognitive science, this collection is also intended to be a free electronic resource for teaching. It therefore also contains a selection of online supporting materials, pointers to video and audio files and to additional free material supplied by the 92 authors represented in this volume. We will add more multimedia material, a searchable literature database, and tools to work with the online version in the future. All contributions to this collection are strictly open access. They can be downloaded, printed, and reproduced by anyone.
    Date
    27. 1.2015 11:48:22
    Imprint
    Frankfurt am Main : MIND Group
  12. Mugridge, R.L.; Edmunds, J.: Batchloading MARC bibliographic records (2012) 0.12
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    Abstract
    Research libraries are using batchloading to provide access to many resources that they would otherwise be unable to catalog given the staff and other resources available. To explore how such libraries are managing their batchloading activities, the authors conducted a survey of the Association for Library Collections and Technical Services Directors of Large Research Libraries Interest Group member libraries. The survey addressed staffing, budgets, scope, workflow, management, quality standards, information technology support, collaborative efforts, and assessment of batchloading activities. The authors provide an analysis of the survey results along with suggestions for process improvements and future research.
    Date
    10. 9.2000 17:38:22
  13. Trauth, E.M.: Qualitative research in IS : issues and trends (2001) 0.11
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    Date
    25. 3.2003 15:35:22
    Imprint
    Hershey, PA : Idea Group Publ.
  14. Henry, C.: New technology, more technology : NREN metaphors (1993) 0.11
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    Abstract
    Questions the role of analogies and metaphors in understanding the NREN. Finds the logic of argument when analogous programmes are measured by the reality of contemporary USA questionable. Complex, cognitive issues that are central to the development of NREN are being masked and use of analogy or metaphor delimits discussion, stresses the role of selected groups and preclude flexibility
  15. Meng, M.: ¬A conceptual framework for online education programs (1993) 0.11
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    Abstract
    Stresses the differences between library user training programmes designed for paper besed systems and those for online databases, such as online catalogues. Clarifies 2 aspects of databases, the structure and the access method, and discusses the pitfalls of making analogies to print materials. Searches involving print materials are dominated by linear or sequential patterns, while online searches are dominated by spatial or juxtapositional patterns
  16. McMurdo, G.: Indexing the Internet (1994) 0.11
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    Abstract
    Examines the extent to which the Internet can be said to be 'indexed' from the perspective of librarians and information scientists. The scope and characteristics of the main Internet document and information finding tools as information retrieval system are reviewed and discussed. Explores analogies and contrasts, both with contemporary 'conventional' online indexed IR, and also with some historical developments in information retrieval theory and practice
  17. Huston, M.M.: Extending information universities through systems thinking (1990) 0.11
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    Abstract
    Puts forward the notion that a fundamental definition of information literacy must acknowledge the value of knowing the way around systems that affect everyday existance such as complex social, political, economic and work enviroments. Illustrates, under the following headings, how these everyday references can provide strong instructional analogies for communicating the purposes of information transfer as represented in the nation's libraries'information storage and retrieval systems: contextual needs for information seeking; common purposes of interconnected systems; keys to search success; mental models of information systems; user-based teaching model; and acting on what is known.
  18. Palmquist, R.A.: ¬A qualitative study of Internet metaphors (1996) 0.11
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    Abstract
    Considers which metaphors and analogies communicate the structure and functions of the Internet and the WWW. Examines a set of journal article titles containing metaphorical references. These metaphors are content analyzed and compared against recommended criteria for evaluating the usefulness of metaphors in computer driven environments
  19. Warner, J.: Writing and literary work in copyright : a binational and historical analysis (1993) 0.11
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    Abstract
    Traces the development of significant terms in UK and US copyright and places copyright protection in its historical context. Incorporating computer programs into copyright protection implies that writing constitutes a unifying principle for documents and computers and yields a description of the development of computers of greater explanatory power than the predominant analogies between the computer and the human mind
  20. Chaves Guimarães, J.A.; Oliveira, E.T. de; Cabrini Gracio, M.C.: Theoretical referents in Knowledge Organization : a domain analysis of the Knowledge Organization journal (2012) 0.10
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    Abstract
    Aiming at contributing to the epistemological characterization of the area of knowledge organization, our goal is to analyze the KO journal, since its creation in 1993, as a knowledge domain, from a nuclear community of the most productive and greater impact authors, analyzing the dialogue among citing authors and cited ones, and also the co-citations established by the citing authors. We worked with a corpus of 310 articles published between 1993 and 2011 produced by a total of 360 authors. The relatively more productive authors, a group geographically concentrated in Europe (37%), North America (44%) and Asia (19%), is clearly explained by the historical European origin of the ISKO and by an increasing North American presence along the years. Of the 33 most cited authors, 22 were co-cited in at least 6 works, which suggests that they are the theoretical referential nucleus of the area, in the studied journal. Finally, we observe that the area reveals theme cohesion and coherence in its production, enabling us to clearly visualize its theoretical referential nucleus and to confirm the role performed by the KO magazine as a catalyzing agent of international theoretical construction in the area.

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  • n 10
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  • d 4
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  • u 2
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