-
Malsburg, C. von der: ¬The correlation theory of brain function (1981)
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- Abstract
- A summary of brain theory is given so far as it is contained within the framework of Localization Theory. Difficulties of this "conventional theory" are traced back to a specific deficiency: there is no way to express relations between active cells (as for instance their representing parts of the same object). A new theory is proposed to cure this deficiency. It introduces a new kind of dynamical control, termed synaptic modulation, according to which synapses switch between a conducting and a non- conducting state. The dynamics of this variable is controlled on a fast time scale by correlations in the temporal fine structure of cellular signals. Furthermore, conventional synaptic plasticity is replaced by a refined version. Synaptic modulation and plasticity form the basis for short-term and long-term memory, respectively. Signal correlations, shaped by the variable network, express structure and relationships within objects. In particular, the figure-ground problem may be solved in this way. Synaptic modulation introduces exibility into cerebral networks which is necessary to solve the invariance problem. Since momentarily useless connections are deactivated, interference between di erent memory traces can be reduced, and memory capacity increased, in comparison with conventional associative memory
- Content
- Originally published July 1981 as Internal Report 81-2, Dept. of Neurobiology, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 3400 Gottingen, W.-Germany.
- Source
- http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F1380%2F1%2FvdM_correlation.pdf&usg=AOvVaw0g7DvZbQPb2U7dYb49b9v_
-
Donsbach, W.: Wahrheit in den Medien : über den Sinn eines methodischen Objektivitätsbegriffes (2001)
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- Source
- Politische Meinung. 381(2001) Nr.1, S.65-74 [https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dgfe.de%2Ffileadmin%2FOrdnerRedakteure%2FSektionen%2FSek02_AEW%2FKWF%2FPublikationen_Reihe_1989-2003%2FBand_17%2FBd_17_1994_355-406_A.pdf&usg=AOvVaw2KcbRsHy5UQ9QRIUyuOLNi]
-
Cole, C.; Mandelblatt, B.: Using Kintsch's discourse comprehension theory to model the user's coding of an informative message from an enabling information retrieval system (2000)
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- Abstract
- With new interactive technology, information science can use its traditional information focus to increase user satisfaction by designing information retrieval systems (IRSs) that inform the user about her task, and help the user get the task done, while the user is on-line interacting with the system. By doing so, the system enables the user to perform the task for which the information is being sought. In previous articles, we modeled the information flow and coding operations of a user who has just received an informative IRS message, dividing the user's processing of the IRS message into three subsystem levels. In this article, we use Kintsch's proposition-based construction-integration theory of discourse comprehension to further detail the user coding operations that occur in each of the three subsystems. Our enabling devices are designed to facilitate a specific coding operation in a specific subsystem. In this article, we describe an IRS device made up of two separate parts that enable the user's (1) decoding and (2) encoding of an IRS message in the Comprehension subsystem
- Source
- Journal of the American Society for Information Science. 51(2000) no.11, S.1033-1046
-
Cole, C.: Activity of understanding a problem during interaction with an 'enabling' information retrieval system : modeling information flow (1999)
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- Abstract
- This article is about the mental coding processes involved in the flow of 'information' when the user is interacting with an 'enabling' information retrieval system. An 'enabling' IR system is designed to stimulate the user's grasping towards a higher understanding of the information need / problem / task that brought the user to the IR system. C. Shannon's (1949/1959) model of the flow of information and K.R. Popper's (1975) 3 worlds concept are used to diagram the flow of information between the user and system when the user receives a stimulating massage, with particluar emphasis on the decoding and encoding operations involved as the user processes the message. The key difference between the model of information flow proposed here and the linear transmission, receiver-oriented model now in use is that we assume that users of a truly interactive, 'enabling' IR system are primarily message senders, not passive receivers of the message, because they must create a new message back to the system, absed on a reconceptualization of their information need, while they are 'online' interacting with the system
- Date
- 22. 5.1999 14:51:49
- Source
- Journal of the American Society for Information Science. 50(1999) no.6, S.544-552
-
Sutcliffe, A.; Emnis, M.: Towards a cognitive theory of information retrieval (1998)
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- Abstract
- Describes a framework for constructing a cognitive model of users' information searching behaviour. Reports on progress in developing the pre-theoretical framework into a theoretical model. Its major components are a process model of information searching and knowledge representations necessary to support the process. The process model contains activities, which describe information searching as the cognitive tasks and strategies that dictate physical or cognitive user actions. The main activities performed in the retrieval process are: problem identification, need articulation, query formulation and results evaluation
- Source
- Interacting with computers. 10(1998) no.3, S.321-351
-
Kolleck, B.: Computer information and human knowledge : new thinking and old critique (1993)
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- Abstract
- Controversies in modern ideas in social work directly reflect controversies in attitudes toward computer applications. Fundamental to modern problems with technology is the persisting dispute between 2 philosophical traditions. On one side there is the formal and technically oriented thinking: on the other the reflexive, dialectical and hermeneutical approach. The reappearance of the conflict in actual discussion is described considering data storage, formal methodology and the social impact of computer use
- Source
- Computers in human services. 9(1993) nos.3/4, S.455-463
-
Savolainen, R.: Tiedon kayton tutkimus informaatiotutkimuksessa (1994)
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- Abstract
- Presents an overview of research on information use. The majority of use and user studies are surveys which focus on the consulting of different information sources and channels. In most studies, however, the substantial issues of information use are omitted. Discusses conceptual and terminological questions of information use and knowledge utilization. No consensus on the definition of these concepts exists among researchers because they can have no direct access to individual processes of information use. Examines the contributions made to information use theory by Brenda Dervin and Robert S. Taylor. Reviews the categories of uses specified in Dervin's sense making theory and discusses Taylor's concept of information use environments. Considers some methodological questions concerning the challenges of empirical research on information use
- Footnote
- Research on information use in the field of information studies
-
Cole, C.: Interaction with an enabling information retrieval system : modeling the user's decoding and encoding operations (2000)
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- Abstract
- With new interactive technology, we can increase user satisfaction by designing information retrieval systems that inform the user while the user is on-line interacting with the system. The purpose of this article is to model the information processing operations of a generic user who has just received an information message from the system and is stimulated by the message into grasping at a higher understanding of his or her information task or problem. The model consists of 3 levels, each of which forms a separate subsystem. In the Perseption subsystem, the user perceives the system message in a visual sense; in the Comprehension subsystem, the user must comprehend the system message; and in the Application subsystem, the user must (a) interpret the system message in terms of the user's task at hand, and (b) create and send a new message back to the system to complete the interaction. Because of the information process stimulated by the interaction, the user's new message forms a query to the system that more accurately represents the user's information need than would have been the case if the interaction had not taken place. This article proposes a device to enable clarification of the user's task, and thus his/her information need at the Application subsystem level of the model
- Source
- Journal of the American Society for Information Science. 51(2000) no.5, S.417-426
-
Buckland, M.K.: Information as thing (1991)
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- Abstract
- Three meanings of "information" are distinguished: "information-as-process"; "information-as-knowledge"; and "information-as-thing", the attributive use of "information" to denote things regarded as informative. The nature and characteristics of "information-as-thing" are discussed, using an indirect approach ("What things are informative?"). Varieties of "information-as-thing"include data, text, documents, objects, and events. On this view "information" includes but extends beyond communication. Whatever information storage and retrieval systems store and retrieve is necessarily "information-as-thing"
- Source
- Journal of the American Society for Information Science. 42(1991), S.351-360
-
Budd, J.M.; Raber, D.: Discourse analysis : methods and application in the study of information (1996)
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- Abstract
- Library and information science (LIS) is a discipline based on communication. Research questions in LIS include those focusing on the retrieval use of information, information services, and information technology. Moreover, the questions asked and the thought relevant to the study of information are communicated formally within the profession primarily through the literature. This sensitivity to communication suggests that discourse analysis has the advantage of being able to address questions regarding both spoken and written communications and so can be applied to matters of articulations of purpose in the field. 2 key elements of language form the heart of discourse analysis: form and function. Applications of discourse analysis to information include investigations of the social, political, and technical uses of the word information as they have implications for theory and practice
-
Bates, M.J.: Hjoerland's critique of Bates' work on defining information (2008)
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- Abstract
- In a recent article, Birger Hjørland (2007) critiqued the author's efforts in defining and conceptualizing information as a core concept in information science (Bates, 2005, 2006). It is argued that Hjørland has seriously misrepresented and confused the actual line of argument in those articles. Specifics of that case are presented, and the reader is urged to return to the original Bates articles to understand her claims. In those articles, Bates attempted to develop a broad conception of information, as well as a number of subtypes of information, for use in the field of information science. The development of information was related to evolutionary processes, with emergence as a significant theme.
- Content
- Bezugnahme auf: Hjoerland, B.: Information: Objective or subjective/situational? In: Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 58(2007) no.10, S.1448-1456. - Vgl. Erwiderung: Hjoerland, B.: The controversy over the concept of information: a rejoinder to Professor Bates. In: Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 60(2009) no.3, S.643. Vgl. auch: Bates, M.J.: Birger Hjørland's Manichean misconstruction of Marcia Bates' work. In: Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 62(2011) no.10, S.2038-2044.
- Source
- Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 59(2008) no.5, S.842-844
-
Huvila, I.: Making and taking information (2022)
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- Abstract
- Information behavior theory covers different aspects of the totality of information-related human behavior rather unevenly. The transitions or trading zones between different types of information activities have remained perhaps especially under-theorized. This article interrogates and expands a conceptual apparatus of information making and information taking as a pair of substantial concepts for explaining, in part, the mobility of information in terms of doing that unfolds as a process of becoming rather than of being, and in part, what is happening when information comes into being and when something is taken up for use as information. Besides providing an apparatus to describe the nexus of information provision and acquisition, a closer consideration of the parallel doings opens opportunities to enrich the inquiry of the conditions and practice of information seeking, appropriation, discovery, and retrieval as modes taking, and learning and information use as its posterities.
- Series
- JASIS&Tspecial issue on information behavior and information practices theory
- Source
- Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology. 73(2022) no.4, S.528-541
-
Repo, A.J.: ¬The dual approach to the value of information : an appraisal of use and exchange values (1989)
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- Source
- Information processing and management. 22(1986) no.5, S.373-383
-
Tuominen, K.; Savolainen, R.: ¬A social constructionist approach to the study of information use as discursive action (1997)
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- Abstract
- Presents a study of information seeking behaviour and information use viewed from the social constructionist viewpoint. Introduces social constructionism and presents a social constructionist critique of previous research into information use. Reviews generally the nature of discursive action and its analysis and focuses on the principle issue of information use as a discursive action
- Source
- Information seeking in context: Proceedings of an International Conference on Research in Information Needs, Seeking and Use in Different Contexts, 14-16 August 1996, Tampere, Finland. Ed.: P. Vakkari u.a
-
Karamuftuoglu, M.: Situating logic and information in information science (2009)
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- Abstract
- Information Science (IS) is commonly said to study collection, classification, storage, retrieval, and use of information. However, there is no consensus on what information is. This article examines some of the formal models of information and informational processes, namely, Situation Theory and Shannon's Information Theory, in terms of their suitability for providing a useful framework for studying information in IS. It is argued that formal models of information are concerned with mainly ontological aspects of information, whereas IS, because of its evaluative role with respect to semantic content, needs an epistemological conception of information. It is argued from this perspective that concepts of epistemological/aesthetic/ethical information are plausible, and that information science needs to rise to the challenge of studying many different conceptions of information embedded in different contexts. This goal requires exploration of a wide variety of tools from philosophy and logic.
- Source
- Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 60(2009) no.10, S.2019-2031
-
Dyer, H.: Beyond relevance, precision and recall : the 'worth' of information retrieval results (1994)
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- Abstract
- The existing tools of relevance, recall and precision have their place in the evaluation of information retrieval systems, but do not tell the whole story. They cannot, for example, make allowance for the enquirer already knowing of the existence of a document or the subsequent availability of items. Utility theory goes part way towards meeting the need by assessing the likely usefulness of documents. Arguing that information is not information until it is used, the paper suggests an additional approach to information system evaluation - the 'use-value' of information
- Source
- Journal of document and text management. 2(1994) no.1, S.35-47
-
Badia, A.: Data, information, knowledge : an information science analysis (2014)
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- Abstract
- I analyze the text of an article that appeared in this journal in 2007 that published the results of a questionnaire in which a number of experts were asked to define the concepts of data, information, and knowledge. I apply standard information retrieval techniques to build a list of the most frequent terms in each set of definitions. I then apply information extraction techniques to analyze how the top terms are used in the definitions. As a result, I draw data-driven conclusions about the aggregate opinion of the experts. I contrast this with the original analysis of the data to provide readers with an alternative viewpoint on what the data tell us.
- Date
- 16. 6.2014 19:22:57
- Source
- Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology. 65(2014) no.6, S.1279-1287
-
Cole, C.: ¬A theory of information need for information retrieval that connects information to knowledge (2011)
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- Abstract
- This article proposes a theory of information need for information retrieval (IR). Information need traditionally denotes the start state for someone seeking information, which includes information search using an IR system. There are two perspectives on information need. The dominant, computer science perspective is that the user needs to find an answer to a well-defined question which is easy for the user to formulate into a query to the system. Ironically, information science's best known model of information need (Taylor, 1968) deems it to be a "black box"-unknowable and nonspecifiable by the user in a query to the information system. Information science has instead devoted itself to studying eight adjacent or surrogate concepts (information seeking, search and use; problem, problematic situation and task; sense making and evolutionary adaptation/information foraging). Based on an analysis of these eight adjacent/surrogate concepts, we create six testable propositions for a theory of information need. The central assumption of the theory is that while computer science sees IR as an information- or answer-finding system, focused on the user finding an answer, an information science or user-oriented theory of information need envisages a knowledge formulation/acquisition system.
- Source
- Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 62(2011) no.7, S.1216-1231
-
Verdi, M.P.; Kulhavy, R.W.; Stock, W.A.; Rittscho, K.A.; Savenye, W.: Why maps improve memory for text : the influence of structural information on working-memory operations (1993)
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- Abstract
- In order to test how associated verbal and spatial stimuli are processed in memory, undergraduates studied a reference map as either an intact unit or as a series of individual features, and read a text containing facts related to map features. In Addition, the map was presented either before or after reading the text. Seeing the intact map prior to the text led to better recall of both map information and facts from the text. These results support a dual coding modell, where stimuli such as maps possess a retrieval advantage because they allow simultaneous representation in working memory. This advantage occurs because information from the map can be used to cue retrieval of associated verbal facts, without exceeding the processing constraints of the memorial system
- Date
- 22. 7.2000 19:18:18
- Source
- European journal of cognitive psychology. 5(1993) no.4, S.375-392
-
Savolainen, R.: Information use as gap-bridging : the viewpoint of sense-making methodology (2006)
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- Abstract
- The conceptual issues of information use are discussed by reviewing the major ideas of sense-making methodology developed by Brenda Dervin. Sense-making methodology approaches the phenomena of information use by drawing on the metaphor of gap-bridging. The nature of this metaphor is explored by utilizing the ideas of metaphor analysis suggested by Lakoff and Johnson. First, the source domain of the metaphor is characterized by utilizing the graphical illustrations of sense-making metaphors. Second, the target domain of the metaphor is analyzed by scrutinizing Dervin's key writings on information seeking and use. The metaphor of gap-bridging does not suggest a substantive conception of information use; the metaphor gives methodological and heuristic guidance to posit contextual questions as to how people interpret information to make sense of it. Specifically, these questions focus on the ways in which cognitive, affective, and other elements useful for the sense-making process are constructed and shaped to bridge the gap. Ultimately, the key question of information use studies is how people design information in context.
- Source
- Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 57(2006) no.8, S.1116-1125
