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Content

Inhalt: KNOWLEDGE ORGANIZATION Towards a Future for Knowledge Organization Ingetraut Dahlberg Professor Neelameghan's Contribution to the Advancement and Development of Classification in the Context of Knowledge Organization Nancy J. Williamson Knowledge Orgnization System Over Time S. Seetharama The Facet Concept as a Universal Principle of Subdivisio Clare Beghtol Facet Analysis as a Knowledge Management Tool on the Internet Kathryn La Barre and Pauline Atherton Cochrane The Universal Decimal Classification: A Response to a Challenge I. C. Mellwaine Controlled Vocabularies as a Sphere of Influence Anita S. Coleman and Paul Bracke Aligning Systems of Relationship Rebecca Green and Carol A. Bean Terminologies, Ontologies and Information Access Widad Mustafa El Hadi SATSAN AUTOMATRIX Version 1 : A Computer Programme for Synthesis of Colon Class Number According to the Postulational Approach B. G. Satyapal and N. Sanjivini Satyapal. INTEROPERABILITY, DIGITAL LIBRARY AND INFORMATION RETRIEVAL Interoperable Institutional Digital Research Repositories and Their Potential for Open Access Research Knowledge Management T. B. Rajashekar Boundary Objects and the Digital Library Michael Shepherd and Corolyn Watters A PFT-based Approach to Make CDS/ISIS Data based OAI-Compliant Francis Jayakanth and L. Aswath The changing Language Technology and CDS/ ISIS: UNICODE and the Emergence of OTF K. H. Hussain and J. S. Rajeev Text Mining in Biomedicine: Challenges and Opportunities Padmini Srinivasan Determining Authorship of Web Pages Timothy C. Craven
KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT IN SPECIALIZED AREAS Information System for Knowledge Management in the Specialized Division of a Hospital M. C. Vasudevan; Murali Mohan and Amit Kapoor Five Laws of Information Service and Architecting Knowledge Infrastructure for Education and Development k. R. Srivathsan Documentation of Compositions in Carnatic Music: Need for and Utility of a Computerized Database K. S. Nagarajan Saint Tyagaraja CD: A Model for Knowledge Organization and Presentation of Classical Carnatic Music---T. N. Rajan The National Tuberculosis Institute, Bangalore; Recent Development in Library and Information Services Sudha S. Murthy Sri Ramakrishna Math Libraries: Computer Applications D.N. Nagaraja Rao Save the Time of the Godly: Information Mediator's Role in Promoting Spiritual and Religious Accommodation Mohamed Taher INFORMATION SOCIETY Information Society, Information Networks and National Development : An Overview P. B. Mangla Digital Divide in India-Narrowing the Gap: An Appraisal with Special Reference to Karnataka K. N. Prasad Future of the Book: Will the Printed Book Survive the Digital Age? K. A. Isaac Role of Traditional Librarianship in the Internet/Digital Era a. Ratnakar A New Paradigm of Education System for Reaching the Unreached Through Open and Distance Education with Special Reference to the Indian Initiative S. B. Ghosh Knowledge Workers of the New Millennium: An Instance of Interdisciplinary Exchange and Discovery Michael Medland

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Classification

004.678 22

DDC

004.678 22

Footnote

The book is organized into six sections or parts with several chapters within each part. Part 1, does a good job of building an understanding some of the historical aspects of computing and why formalization is important for building computer-based applications. A distinction is made between formalized and unformalized data, processes, and procedures, which the author cleverly uses to show how the level of formalization of data, processes, and procedures determines the functionality of computer applications. Part I also discusses the types of data that can be represented in symbolic form, which is crucial to using computer and networking technology in a virtual environment. This part also discusses the technical and cultural constraints upon computing, networking, and web technologies with many interesting examples. The cultural constraints discussed range from copyright to privacy issues. Part 1 is critical to understanding the author's point of view and discussions in other sections of the book. The discussion on machine intelligence and natural language processing is particularly well done. Part 2 discusses the fundamental concepts and standards of the Internet and Web. Part 3 introduces the need for formalization to construct ebusiness applications in the business-to-consumer category (B2C). There are many good and interesting examples of these B2C applications and the associated analyses of them using the concepts introduced in Parts I and 2 of the book. Part 4 examines the formalization of business-to-business (B2B) applications and discusses the standards that are needed to transmit data with a high level of formalization. Part 5 is a rather fascinating discussion of future possibilities and Part 6 presents a concise summary and conclusion. The book covers a wide array of subjects in the computing, networking, and Web areas and although all of them are presented in an interesting style, some subjects may be more relevant and useful to individuals depending on their background or academic discipline. Part 1 is relevant to all potential readers no matter what their background or academic discipline but Part 2 is a little more technical; although most people with an information technology or computer science background will not find much new here with the exception of the chapters on "Dynamic Web Pages" and "Embedded Scripts." Other readers will find this section informative and useful for understanding other parts of the book. Part 3 does not offer individuals with a background in computing, networking, or information science much in addition to what they should already know, but the chapters on "Searching" and "Web Presence" may be useful because they present some interesting notions about using the Web. Part 3 gives an overview of B2C applications and is where the author provides examples of the difference between services that are completely symbolic and services that have both a symbolic portion and a physical portion. Part 4 of the book discusses B2B technology once again with many good examples. The chapter on "XML" in Part 4 is not appropriate for readers without a technical background. Part 5 is a teacher's dream because it offers a number of situations that can be used for classroom discussions or case studies independent of background or academic discipline.
Chapter 12 on "Web Presence" is a useful discussion of what it means to have a Web site that is indexed by a spider from a major Web search engine. Chapter 13 on "Mobile Computing" is very well done and gives the reader a solid basis of what is involved with mobile computing without overwhelming them with technical details. Chapter 14 discusses the difference between pull technologies and push technologies using the Web that is understandable to almost anyone who has ever used the Web. Chapters 15, 16, and 17 are for the technically stout at heart; they cover "Dynamic Web Pages," " Embedded Scripts," and "Peer-to-Peer Computing." These three chapters will tend to dampen the spirits of anyone who does not come from a technical background. Chapter 18 on "Symbolic Services-Information Providers" and chapter 19 on "OnLine Symbolic Services-Case Studies" are ideal for class discussion and students assignments as is chapter 20, "Online Retail Shopping-Physical Items." Chapter 21 presents a number of case studies on the "Technical Constraints" discussed in chapter 3 and chapter 22 presents case studies on the "Cultural Constraints" discussed in chapter 4. These case studies are not only presented in an interesting manner they focus on situations that most Web users have encountered but never really given much thought to. Chapter 24 "A Better Model?" discusses a combined "formalized/unformalized" model that might make Web applications such as banking and booking travel work better than the current models. This chapter will cause readers to think about the role of formalization and the unformalized processes that are involved in any application. Chapters 24, 25, 26, and 27 which discuss the role of "Data Exchange," "Formalized Data Exchange," "Electronic Data Interchange-EDI," and "XML" in business-to-business applications on the Web may stress the limits of the nontechnically oriented reader even though it is presented in a very understandable manner. Chapters 28, 29, 30, and 31 discuss Web services, the automated value chain, electronic market places, and outsourcing, which are of high interest to business students, businessmen, and designers of Web applications and can be skimmed by others who want to understand ebusiness but are not interested in the details. In Part 5, the chapters 32, 33, and 34 on "Interfacing with the Web of the Future," "A Disruptive Technology," "Virtual Businesses," and "Semantic Web," were, for me, who teaches courses in IT and develops ebusiness applications the most interesting chapters in the book because they provided some useful insights about what is likely to happen in the future. The summary in part 6 of the book is quite well done and I wish I had read it before I started reading the other parts of the book.

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Abstract

Cyberscience will be different from traditional science. For two decades already, the scholarly community has witnessed a considerable increase in the use of information and communication technologies (ICT). As opposed to "traditional" science that does without networked computers, the notion of "cyberscience" captures the use of these ICT-based applications and services for scientific purposes. The basic assumption of this study is that ICT use impacts on the basic parameters of how academia is organised, of how it functions, and of what it produces. This book describes and analyses the use of ICT in the academic world; it explains the status quo based on an analytical model; it draws a realistic and differentiated picture of probable future developments; it assesses the impact of ICT on various aspects of academic activity and on the substance of research; and it discusses the implications for research policy and the steering mechanisms within the scholarly organisations. The overall conclusion is that we are in midstream of a forceful development. Cyberscience is already taking place, but will develop its full shape and potentials only later. The new media have only just begun to play a central role in a large array of scholarly activities, and in regard to the institutional setting. Not only academic communication in the narrow sense, but also the distribution of knowledge and, most importantly, even knowledge production are affected. Hence, the impact of ICT can hardly be underrated.

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Footnote

Rez. in: JASIST 58(2007) no.7, S.1066-1067 (X. Zhu u. J. Liao): "The user, without whom any product or service would be nothing, plays a very important role during the whole life cycle of products or services. The user's involvement should be from the very beginning, not just after products or services are ready to work. According to ISO 9241-11: 1998, Part 11, Usability refers to "the extent to which a product can be used by specified users to achieve specified goals with effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction in a specified context of user." As an academic topic of human-computer interaction, Web usability has been studied widely for a long time. This classroom-oriented book, bridging academia and the educational community, talks about Web usability in a student-friendly fashion. It outlines not only the methodology of user-centered Web site design but also details the methods to implement at every stage of the methodology. That is, the book presents the user-centered Web-design approach from both macrocosm and microcosm points of view, which makes it both recapitulative and practical. The most important key word in Web Usability is "user-centered," which means Web developers should not substitute their own personal preferences for the users' needs. The book classifies Web sites into five types: E-commerce, informational, entertainment, community, and intranet. Since the methods used during Web development differ somewhat depending on the type of Web site, it is necessary to have a classification in advance. With Figure 1.3 on p. 17, the book explains the whole user-centered Webdevelopment life cycle (called "methodology" in this book review), which provides a clear path for Web development that is easy to understand, remember, and perform. Since all the following chapters are based on the methodology, a clear presentation of it is paramount. The table on p. 93 summarizes concisely all types of methods for requirements gathering and their advantages and disadvantages. According to this table, appropriate methods can be easily chosen for different Web site development projects. As the author remarked, "requirements gathering is central to the concept of user-centered design," (p. 98) and "one of the hallmarks of user-centered design is usability testing" (p. 205). Stage 2 (collect user requirements) and Stage 5 (perform usability testing) of the user-centered Web-development life cycle are the two stages with the most user involvement: however, this does not mean that all other stages are user unrelated. For example, in Stage 4 (create and modify physical design), frame is not suggested to be used just because most users are unfamiliar with the concept of frame (p. 201). Note that frequently there are several rounds of usability testing to be performed in the four case studies, and some of them are performed before the physical-design stage or even the conceptual-design stage, which embodies the idea of an iterative design process.

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Date

22. 3.2008 16:17:15

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Footnote

Rez. in: Information - Wissenschaft & Praxis 56(2005) H.3, S.205 (E. Simon): "Wenn eine ältere Dame, so ab 50 aufwärts einen der großen Mediamärkte in Berlin wie z.B. Mediamarkt oder Saturn mit einem bestimmten Wunsch aufsucht, dessen Formulierung aber nicht auf profundem informationstechnologischem Wissen beruht, dann fällt sie entweder in ein schwarzes Loch oder sie hat den großen Wunsch, falls sie etwas furchtsam ist, dass sich ein großes schwarzes Loch auftut, in dem sie verschwinden kann. In den meisten Fällen wird sie ohne das gewünschte Produkt mit dem leichten Gefühl der Verzweiflung diese informationstechnologischen Kundentempel verlassen. Diese schwarzen Löcher hat der Autor mit seiner Titelwahl nicht gemeint, obwohl "im Sog der Informations- und Wissensindustrie" schon die Hilflosigkeit diese Gefühls trifft, sondern es geht ihm um die Kreation eines Schemas für die Verortung von Informationswissenschaft und Informationswirtschaft. Ratzek stellt fest, dass Informationsarbeit zu einem Ouasi-Monopol von Programmierern, Netzwerkingenieuren und - möchten wir hinzufügen - von unwissenden arroganten Verkäufern und Beratern mutiert, wobei die Leistungen der Informationsfachleute wie Bibliothekaren und der sogenannten Information Professionals zu einer Nebensächlichkeit verkommen. Die Arbeit der Informationsfachleute versteckt sich hinter dem, was der Verfasser "Informatikmimikry" nennt mit den Folgen Entmündigung - das können andere viel besser - und letztendlich Verlust des Image. Diesem können die BID-Professionen nur durch Kampagnen für die Public Awareness begegnen, wie sie in dem vom Autor herausgegebenen Buch Spielball Bibliotheken (Berlin 2004) dargestellt wurden. Außerordentlich erschwerend für die Entwicklung des Faches ist aber, dass alles, "Daten, Information und Wissen in einen Topf geworden wird" und dieser Eintopf dann als "Information" oder, weil es gerade angesagt ist, als "Wissen" serviert wird. Daher lässt Ratzek sich nicht darauf ein, den Gegensatz oder die Kongruenz zwischen Information und Wissen näher zu definieren, wie es z.B. in der angelsächsischen Literatur vorherrschend war und immer noch ist, wenn auch damit eine mehr auf case work oder Managementaufgaben im angelsächsischen Sinne gerichtete Blickrichtung gemeint ist, wie es z.B. in dem ausgezeichnet einsetzbaren Buch von Angela Abell und Nigel Oxbrow: Competing with Knowledge, The Information professional in the Knowledge Management Age. (tfpl/LA 1999) deutlich wird. Der Ansatz von Ratzek ist wissenschaftlich und dabei transdisziplinär. Er gibt nicht nur einen profunden Überblick über den Stand der Informationswissenschaft als Ausbildungsdisziplin, sondern er zieht auch die Entwicklungslinien z.B. zu den Grundlagen der Semiotik als Basis unserer durch das Icon beherrschten Informationsumwelt. Er setzt sich auch mit der Theorienbildung durch Gernot Wersig und Rainer Kuhlen auseinander und man würde sich diese knappen und präzisen Ausführungen in die Köpfe mancher Politiker wünschen, die heute noch einem diffusen Bildungsbegriff nachhängen, ohne die dafür notwendige Informationsinfrastruktur im Blick zu haben: So zitiert Ratzek nach Wersig:

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Series

Information science and knowledge management; 6