-
Malone, C.K.; Elichirigoity, F.: Information as commodity and economic sector : its emergence in the discourse of industrial classification (2003)
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- Abstract
- Malone and Elichirigoity review the concept of "information" as it exists in the 1997 implemented North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), the current scheme for the organization of governmental data about the economies of the U.S., Canada, and Mexico. The term represents one of 20 major economic sectors based upon processes of production and upon which data may be reported. It also represents a measurable commodity based upon the concept of copyright. A review of the background studies and reports which document the development of NAICS shows the desire for a single underlying principle, similarity of production processes rather than a marketing approach, and the construction of the information sector within the context of globalization and the internet. The three nations agreed in 1996 that the information sector should consist of industries engaged in the "transformation of information into a commodity that is produced, manipulated and distributed...," or as the NAICS manual states, industries that "primarily create and disseminate a product subject to copyright." However, industries that transfer or transport such products are also included which seems inconsistent with the production principle. In 2002 the category was modified to separate internet publishing and broadcasting from these subcategories and to create an internet services category.
- Source
- Journal of the American Society for Information Science and technology. 54(2003) no.6, S.511-518
-
Elichirigoity, F.; Malone, C.K.: Measuring the new economy : industrial classification and open source software production (2005)
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- Abstract
- This paper analyzes the way in which the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) handles the categorization of open source software production, foregrounding theoretical and political aspects of knowledge organization. NAICS is the industry classification seheme used by the governments of Canada, Mexico and the United States to carry out their respective economic censuses. NAICS is considered a rational system that uses the underlying economic principle of similar production processes as the basis for its classes. For the Information Sector of the economy, as formulated in NAICS, a key production process is the acquisition and defense of copyright. With open source, copyleft licensing eliminates copyright acquisition and protection as major production processes, suggesting that the open source software industry warrants a separate NAICS category. More importantly, our analysis suggests that NAICS cannot be understood as a taxonomy of objective economic activity but is instead a politically and historically contingent system of data classification.
-
Elichirigoity, F.; Knott Malone, C.: Representing the global economy : the North American Industry Classification System (2003)
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- Abstract
- The recent transformation of separate economic classification schemes in Canada, Mexico, and the United States into a single North American system makes it possible to collect and organize data across these nations' boundaries. In reconstructing the development of the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) as it coincided with the creation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), we foreground the fundamental roles of economic theory and political context. Although it remains to be seen how effective NAICS will be as a component of an information infrastructure designed to support a new regime of production and consumption, it is clear that the system makes possible the transnational data collection and analysis that will shape future understanding of the NAFTA-generated space of economic activity. 1. Background of NAICS In the past decade, the United States govemment transformed its industrial classification scheme for the organization of economic data from a purely national to a supranational endeavor involving Canada and Mexico. The change coincided with the three countries' signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and reflected their interest in facilitating the integration of businessrelated knowledge across national boundaries in the new NAFTA-generated spaces of production. The result is the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), which divides the economy into twenty broad "Sectors" designated by two-digit class numbers and then into finer distinctions down to the five-digit level for transnational comparability and down to the six-digit level for country-specific data. NAICS replaces the U.S. Standard Industrial Classification (SIC), Canada's Standard Industrial Classification, and Mexico's Clasificación Mexicana de Actividades y Productos.
- Source
- Challenges in knowledge representation and organization for the 21st century: Integration of knowledge across boundaries. Proceedings of the 7th ISKO International Conference Granada, Spain, July 10-13, 2002. Ed.: M. López-Huertas
-
Vischer, J.: ¬Das Harmonisierte System zur Bezeichnung und Codierung der Waren des internationalen Handels (1990)
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- Source
- Tools for knowledge organization and the human interface. Proceedings of the 1st International ISKO Conference, Darmstadt, 14.-17.8.1990. Pt.1
-
Pagell, R.A.; Weaver, P.J.S.: NAICS: NAFTA's industrial classification system (1997)
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- Abstract
- Industrial classification systems provide an important method for collecting, sorting and analyzing industry and company data. Individual countries have developed their own standard industrial codes (SICs), as have regional and international organizations. Examines existing classification systems and describes the progress being made towards creating and implementing the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Industrial Classification System (NAICS). Raises important issues and implications for business information professionals. Concludes that the NAICS will facilitate international research and analysis of company and industry information
- Source
- Business information review. 14(1997) no.1, S.36-44
-
Campbell, G.: Chronotope and classification : how space-time configurations affect the gathering of industrial statistical data (2003)
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- Abstract
- Bakhtin's theory of the chronotope is used to examine how representations of space and time affect the first six classes of the North American Industrial Classification System. By examining the class sequence as a narrative of the product life cycle, the study suggests that this new classification system, designed to harmonize the gathering of statistical data among the three countries of North America, manifests an economic paradigm which diminishes the visibility of community ties based an geographical proximity, community identity, and communication across social and economic barriers.
- Source
- Challenges in knowledge representation and organization for the 21st century: Integration of knowledge across boundaries. Proceedings of the 7th ISKO International Conference Granada, Spain, July 10-13, 2002. Ed.: M. López-Huertas
-
O'Connor, L.: Approaching the challenges and costs of the North American Industrial Classification System (2000)
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-
Marloth, H.: Symposium über das Material-Klassifizierungssystem der NATO. (1969)
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- Source
- Nachrichten für Dokumentation. 20(1969), S.282
-
Meinl, F.: ¬Der Begriff 'Sachmerkmal' als Ansatz für eine 'technische Ordnungslehre' (1989)
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- Source
- Klassifikation und Ordnung. Tagungsband 12. Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für Klassifikation, Darmstadt 17.-19.3.1988. Hrsg.: R. Wille
-
DPMA: Änderungen internationale Klassifikation von Waren und Dienstleistungen (2007)
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- Content
- "Das Deutsche Patent- und Markenamt informiert auf seiner Website unter www.dpma.de/veroeffentlichungen/mit teilungen/anlage_mittlg_16.pdf. (5 Seiten PDF-Format) über die zum 1. Januar 2007 in Kraft getretenen Änderungen der Internationalen Klassifikation von Waren und Dienstleistungen für die Eintragung von Marken (Klassifikation von Nizza). Änderungen für Dienstleistungen des Groß- und Einzelhandels in Klasse 35 waren bereits vorher erfolgt. Auf Basis des Urteils des EuGH vom 7. Juli 2005 C-418/02 ("Praktiker") (www. dpma.de/infos/einsteiger/einsteiger_ marke03b.html) ergaben sich einige Veränderungen bezüglich akzeptierter Formulierungen bei Markenanmeldungen in der Klasse 35. Was ist jetzt zulässig? Neben der vom EuGH ausdrücklich entschiedenen Formulierung wird das Deutsche Patent- und Markenamt im Vorgriff auf die am 1. Januar 2007 in Kraft tretende 9. Ausgabe der Klassifikation von Nizza eine Reihe weiterer Dienstleistungsbezeichnungen zulassen, die sachlich Bleichgelagert sind und nicht anders behandelt werden können als die Einzelhandelsdienstleistungen. Dazu gehören etwa - Großhandelsdienstleistungen mit ... - Einzelhandelsdienstleistungen für den Versandhandel mit ... - Dienstleistungen des Einzel-/Großhandels über das Internet mit ... - Einzelhandelsdienstleistungen mittels Teleshopping-Sendungen mit ... Was ist nach wie vor nicht zulässig? Alle Beteiligte in dem Verfahren vor dem EuGH sind davon ausgegangen, dass der reine "Verkauf" keine Dienstleistung darstellt, sondern mit der Warenmarke umfasst ist. Für Formulierungen wie "Verkauf", "Vertrieb", "Handel" kann daher nach wie vor keine Dienstleistungsmarke in Klasse 35 erlangt werden. Auch ist deutlich zu machen, dass Dienstleistungen für Dritte erbracht werden, deshalb sind Formulierungen wie "Betrieb eines Verkaufsgeschäfts...", "Betreiben eines Versandhandels..." nicht zulässig. In der Klasse 35 betreffen wesentliche Neuerungen die Klassen 14 und 42. Gebrauchsgegenstände "aus Edelmetall" werden künftig nicht mehr in der Klasse 14, sondern in der Klasse der Funktion klassifiziert; der Zusatz "aus Edelmetall/nicht aus Edelmetall" wird dadurch überflüssig. Die erstmals in der 9. Ausgabe so genannten "Juristischen Dienstleistungen" werden der Klasse 45 anstatt wie bisher der Klasse 42 zugeordnet."
- Source
- Information - Wissenschaft und Praxis. 58(2007) H.1, S.4
-
Gasthuber, H.: ¬Die Begriffe 'Eigenschaft' und 'Merkmal' in der Warenbeschreibung und -klassifikation (1982)
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- Abstract
- Ähnlich wie bei den Begriffen 'Name' und 'Benennung' wird auch beim Begriffspaar 'Eigenschaft' und 'Merkmal' von der Unterscheidung der Ware als Ding und als Begriff ausgegangen
- Source
- Numerische und nicht-numerische Klassifikation zwischen Theorie und Praxis. Proc. der 5. Fachtagung der Gesellschaft für Klassifikation, Hofgeismar, 7.-10.4.1981. Hrsg.: Peter Ihm u.a
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Hölzl, J.: Name und Benennung in der Warenklassifikation (1979)
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- Source
- Klassifikation und Erkenntnis II. Proc. der Plenarvorträge und der Sektion 2 u. 3 "Wissensdarstellung und Wissensvermittlung" der 3. Fachtagung der Gesellschaft für Klassifikation, Königstein/Ts., 5.-6.4.1979
-
Potkowik, G.: ¬Die Systematik in der amtlichen Statistik (1982)
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- Abstract
- Überblick über die beim Statistischen Bundesamt zum Einsatz kommenden Systematiken und Beschreibung ihrer Struktur und ihrer Funktionen. Bestrebungen der Harmonisierung von Wirtschaftszweig- und Warengliederungen der Produktion und des Außenhandels zur besseren Vergleichbarkeit in der internationalen Statistik und zur Erzielung von Standard-Systematiken
- Source
- Numerische und nicht-numerische Klassifikation zwischen Theorie und Praxis. Proc. der 5. Fachtagung der Gesellschaft für Klassifikation, Hofgeismar, 7.-10.4.1981. Hrsg.: Peter Ihm u.a
-
Schnegelsberg, G.: Wissenschaftstheoretische Grundlagen einer Warenklassifikation (1978)
0.00
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- Abstract
- Am Beispiel der Ware 'Garn' werden Begriffsmerkmale und Begriffsbeziehungen sowie das 'Erfassen' und das 'Schaffen' eines Begriffes dargestellt. Auch werden wissenschaftstheoretische Implikationen, wie Objektivität, Systemkonformität und das Rangfolgeproblem der Merkmale diskutiert
-
Schulze, J.-P.: ¬Das Katalogisierungssystem der Bundesverwaltung als Beispiel für internationale Zusammenarbeit mit einheitlicher Warenordnung (1978)
0.00
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- Abstract
- Beschreibung der Entwicklungen, Voraussetzungen und Grenzen einer einheitlichen Warebeschreibung und -klassifikation für die Bundesverwaltung. Erläuterung der Verfahren zur Identifizierung und Klassifizierung mit einem in den USA entwickelten und von allen NATO-Partnern akzeptierten Ordnungssystem, des Aufbaus einer Warendatenbank bei der Bundesmaterialkatalogisierungszentrale und der internationalen Zusammenarbeit mit diesem System einschließlich der entsprechenden Ausbildung. Im Anhang werden Hinweise zur identifizierung und benennung von Versorgungsartikeln am Beispiel von Textilien in der Einheitlichen Materialkatalogisierung gegeben
-
Gekeler, O.: Problemskizze zu einem Wörterbuch deutschsprachiger Warenbenennungen (1978)
0.00
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- Abstract
- Die gewaltige und langwierige Aufgabe des Aufbaues eines quasi vollständigen, gut durchstrukturierten und aktuell bleibendem Wörterbuchs der Warenbenennungen läßt sich sukzessive nutzbringend lösen, indem unter Verzicht auf Perfektion und umfängliche semantische Analysen und Erklärungen die in wichtigen Teilsystemen schon vorhandenen Schätze zusammengetragen werden ('Stufe I' des Wörterbuches). Diese Möglichkeit wird am Beispiel 'Hammer' veranschaulicht. Mit aus 15 'Benennungssystemen' zusammengetragenen 237 Hammer-Benennungen und Angabe ihres Vorkommens, fremdsprachiger Benennungen, gelegentlicher Definitionen und semantischer Relationen dürfte ein die Teilsysteme übertreffendes Wörterbuch vorliegen, das die Praxis durchaus schon nutzen könnte
-
Ahlhaus, O.: Klassifikations- und Ordnungssysteme für das Produkt-, Qualitäts- und Verpackungswesen (1988)
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-
Hölzl, J.: Systemtheorie und Klassifikation (1980)
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- Abstract
- Die allgemeine Systemtheorie stellt ein brauchbares Mittel dar, die äußere wie die innere Wirklichkeit von Systemen in adäquater Weise zu strukturieren. Sie zeigt uns den Modellcharakter dieser Strukturierung in richtiger, d.h. realitätsnaher Weise auf, wobei zwischen dynamischen und statischen Systemen zu unterscheiden ist. Klassifikationen im allgemeinen und Warenklassifikationen im besonderen gehören zur letzteren. Die systemtheoretische Betrachtung von Warenklassifikationen lehrt, das Machbare vom Unmöglichen zu unterscheiden
- Source
- Wissensstrukturen und Ordnungsmuster. Proc. der 4. Fachtagung der Gesellschaft für Klassifikation, Salzburg, 16.-19.4.1980. Red.: W. Dahlberg
-
Hölzl, J.: Rahmenempfehlung zur Warenbeschreibung (1986)
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- Source
- Die Klassifikation und ihr Umfeld: Proc. 10. Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für Klassifikation, Münster, 18.-21.6.1986. Hrsg.: P.O. Degens u.a
-
Gasthuber, H.: Produktklassifikation/Produktbeschreibung als Gegenstand normativer Festlegungen (1989)
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- Source
- Klassifikation und Ordnung. Tagungsband 12. Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für Klassifikation, Darmstadt 17.-19.3.1988. Hrsg.: R. Wille
